Transactions of the Entomological Society of London

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TRANSACTIONS

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF

LONDON

THE

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

ye ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF
LONDON

BO ed, FAB OYE ALR

Toph ms a

Anee GF ° Otte

OK ace

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED,
LONDON AND BUNGAY.

SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S ROOMS, 11, CHANDOS STREET,
CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.,

AND BY LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO,
PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C. ; AND NEW YORK.

1911-1912.

DATES OF PUBLICATION IN PARTS.

Part I. (TRans., p. 1-188, Proc., i-xvi) was published 21 June, 1911
“cian | ee ee 189-500, _,, XVii—xxxii) e 21:Oct.

. v4 wy 501-767,

> Vv. (ee ——_ ,,,___ I xxxi-eeiv) s 19 April ,,

4 SER -IREEY 10 Feb., 1912

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON

FouNDED, 1833.

INCORPORATED BY RoyaL CHARTER, 1885

OFFICERS and COUNCIL for the SESSION 1911-1912.

President.
Rev. FRANCIS DAVID MORICE, M.A.

Vice=Presidents,

GEORGE T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.LS., F.Z.S.
FREDERICK AUGUSTUS DIXEY, M.A., M.D., F.RB.S.
HORACE Sr. J. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S:

Treasurer,
ALBERT HUGH JONES.

Secretaries,

CommanDER JAMES J. WALKER, M.A., R.N., F.L.S.
Rev. GEORGE WHEELER, M.A., F.Z.S.

Librarian.
GEORGE CHARLES CHAMPION, A.LS., F.Z.S.

Otber Members of Council.

ROBERT ADKIN.

Pror. T. HUDSON BEARE, B.Sc., FRSE.
MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.L.S., E.ZS., etc.
JOHN HARTLEY DURRANT.

Pror. SELWYN IMAGE, M.A.

KARL JORDAN, Pu.D.

ALFRED SICH.

J. R. te B. TOMLIN, M.A.

HENRY JEROME TURNER.

Resident Librarian.
GEORGE BETHELL, F._R.Hi1st.S.

CONTENTS.

PAGE
List of Fellows... “fe Bes a a ~ ze ate ies ix
Additions to the Library x ue ES ve ae i .. XXVili
Errata... ees nis Bac oe cob He us “i we XLvil
MEMOIRS
PAGE
I. On the Forms and Geographical Distribution of Acraea lycoa,
Godt., and Acraea johnstoni,Godm. By Harry ELTRINGHAM,
M.A. FB ZS .y ee tet 1
II. Some cndeerbed Budeeritias ie Tater ve feaeew By
Sir Grorcr H. Kenrics, F.E.S.. ate 16
III. A Revision of the Genus ane Serv. (Dermaptera, By
Matcorm Burr, D.Sc., F.L.S8., F.Z.8., F.E.S. 21

IV. Descriptions of some hiner unknown, or little tan ae Wiarvad
and Pupae of South African Rhopalocera, with notes on their
Life-histories. By Marcaret E. Fountaine, F.E.S. . we 48
V. Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria. The Sphegidae.
(Being Part V of the work commenced by the late EpwarpD
SaunpeErs, F.R.S., in Trans. Ent. Soc. 1901, p. 515.) Revised
and completed by "the Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A. , FES. 62
VI. Experiments in 1909 and 1910 upon the ectounielution heewens
lepidopterous larvae and pupae and their surroundings. By
ELIzABETH BripGEs. Communicated by Prof. E. B. Pouron,
D.Sc., M.A., F.B.S., ete. ... 136
VII. On the eo Mapes of Latiorina iipcciend) ee an . amyr-
mecophilous Plebeiid “ Blue” eee By T. A. ‘CHAPMAN,
MDPHAs. 2. 148
VIII. The ees of Orgyia aatendead (ant. By 7. A. CHAPMAN, M. D. 160
IX. New Genera and Species of Striphnopterygidae and Lasiocampidae

in the British Museum. Described by Cur. Aurivituius ... 161

X. Notes on Insect Enemies in the Tropics and their influence on
Mimicry. By HE. A. Cocxayng, F.L.S8., F.ES. ... ass 168

XI. The Hybernation of Vanessa atalanta in Captivity. oy L. W.
Newman, F.E.S. af 173

XII. Further Observations on Wenapoeny Son Brenan ata
Slavery in Ants. By Horace Sr. J. K. Donisruorps, F.Z.S. 175

XIII. Two new species of Lycaenopsis from Borneo (Sarawak). BY

Dr. T. A. CHAPMAN. aa 184

XIV. Description of a new nymphaline Butterfly ou Brae Tadiae
By Hamitron H. Druce, F.L.S., etc. ... 187

XV. New and unrecorded species of aves Heterocera from
Japan. By A. E. Wireman, F.E.S : 189

XVI. Bryocorina nonnulla aethiopica aeecoe ab O. “M. Bromo
Hon. F.E.S., et B. Poprrus, cum tabula colorata ia 408

XVII, A factor in the production of mutual resemblance in alned
species of Butterflies; a presumed Miillerian combination of
Euploeas in South India and Amauris in South Africa. sh
Linut.-Cotonet N. Manners, F.Z.8., F.E.S. ... Ley 417

XVIII. Description de quelques espéces tiservalles de Lucanides appar-
tenant aux collections du British Museum. Par M. Henri
Bo1LEau, F.E.S. aa 426

XIX. On the Hymenopterous Parasites of Gplegpiare. Tie Stele
ment. By Ernest A. Evwiotr, F.Z.8., and CraupE Morey,
BE ZiSe acs mia Mia nee a a. 452

(- way ~)

PAOE

XX. On the Persistence of Bacilli in the Gut of an Insect during
Metamorphosis. By A. Bacor, F.E.S. nae ean oie

XXI. On the British (and a few Continental) species of Scoparia,
Hw. By T. A. Cuapman, M.D., F.Z.S. a jam aad

XXII. Notes on the Genus Catasticta, with descriptions of new
species. By Percy I. Larny, F.Z.S8., F.E.S., and W, F. H,
RoOsENBERG, F.Z.S.,F.E.S.... tis ad ‘< eee b

XXIII. South African A culeate Hymenoptera in the Oxford Museum.
By the late Cor. C. T. Bincuam, F.Z.8. With Introduc-

tion by Pror. E. B. Poutron, D.S8c., M.A., F.R.S. <i

XXIV. A Contribution to the Life History of Hesperia sidae, Esp.
By Harovp Powe tt, F.E.8. ... cis jus “aa <n

XXV. Some Remarkable Ant-friend Lepidoptera of Queensland. By
F. P. Dopp, F.E.8. With Supplement, by E. Meyrick,

XXVI. An Enumeration of the Rhynchota collected during the Ex-
pedition of the British Ornithologists’ Union to Central

Dutch New Guinea. By W. L. Distanr = ity oe

XXVII. Report on a collection of Bombyliidae (Diptera) from Central
Africa, with description of new species. By Pror. Marto

Bezzi1, Turin, Italy a ges tf ge aap ae

XXVIII. Parthenogenesis in Worker Ants, with special reference to
two colonies of Lasius niger, Linn, By W. C. Craw ey,

B.A., F.ES. = +A as ot its a oe

XXIX. Experiments on the Formation of Colonies by Lasius
Suliginosus 92. By Horace Sr. J. K. DonisTHorPr,

F.Z.S., and W. C. CRAWLEY, B.A. ... nie ede --. 664

XXX. Descriptions of South American Micro-Lepidoptera. By

E. Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S. Se = 5 oe (OTD
XXXI. New species of Hawaiian Hymenoptera, with notes on some

previously described. By R. C. L. Perkins, D.Sc., M.A.,

F.E.S. co : 719

XXXII. Notes on Hawaiian Hemiptera, with descriptions of new
species. By R. C. L. Perkins, D.Sc., M.A., F.E.S.... 728
XXXTII. On the nictitans group of the Genus Hydroecia, Gn. By the
Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.E.S. a4 weg vad a
XXXIV. On the Dates of the Publications of the Entomological Society
of London. By the Rev. GrorcE Wueeter, M.A.,F.Z.8. 750

Proceedings for 1911 He wa ae ane ats =. a i-cx
Annual Meeting... a af fas — eq aa wae exi
President’s Address Ae “ee ie ae +c a fe exvii
General Index ae xP 3a she = a Bi ay elvi
Special Index oe xi a oo a py ae PAA elxii

EXPLANATION OF PLATES, TRANSACTIONS.

Plates I, II, See pages 15 | Plates XXXTII, XXXIV.

Plates III-VI. 8 20 See pages 451
Plate VII, VIII. * 47 | Plates XXXV-XLIV. ,, 516-518
Plates IX, X. a 61 | Plates XLV, XLVI. uy 527
Plates XI-X XVII. » 157-159 | Plate XLVIL. is 576
Plate XXVIII. " 186 | Plate XLVIII. mn 590
Plate XXIX. > 188 | Plate XLIX. Z 604
Plates XXX, SEKI: |, 407 | Plate L. = 656

Plate XXXII. ¥ 416 Plates LI-LVIII, Fa 749

Hist of Fellows

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

HONORARY FELLOWS.

Date of Marked * deceased during the year.
Election.

1900 AvRivituius, Professor Christopher, Stockholm.

1905 Boxtvar, Ignacio, Paseo de Recoletos Bajo, 20, Madrid.

1911 Comstock, Professor J. H., Cornell University, Ithaca, New York,
U.S.A.

1901 Fasre, J. H., Sérignan, Vaucluse, France.

1894 Foret, Professor Auguste, M.D., Chigny, prés Morges, Switzerland.

1906 GaneLBAuER, Custos Ludwig, Hof-Musewm, Vienna.

1898 Grassi, Professor Battista, The University, Rome.

1908 OsERTHUR, Charles, Rennes, Ille-et-Vilaine, France.

1906 Reuter, Professor Odo Morannal, The University, Helsingfors,
Finlond.

1895 * ScuppER, Samuel Hubbard, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.

1885 * SNELLEN, P. C. T., Rotterdam.

1911 WasMany, Fr. Erich, 8.J., Valkenburg (L.) Ignatius Kolleg, Holland.

1893. Wartrenwyt, Dr. Carl Brunner von, Schénbirgstrasse 3, Vienna.

1898 Weismann, Dr. August, Frevburg, Baden.

FELLOWS.

Marked + have compounded for their Annual Subscriptions.
Marked * deceased during the year.

Date of
Election.

1908 AckERLEY, F. B., c/o Imperial Tobacco Co., P.O. Box 1159,
Johannesburg, South Africa.

1901 + ApairR, Sir Frederick E. 8., Bart., Flixton Hall, Bungay.

1877 Apams, Frederick Charlstrom, F.Z.S., 50, Ashley-gardens, Victoria-
street, S.W.

1877 Avams, Herbert J., Roseneath, London-road, Enjield, N.

1902 ApKIN, Benaiah Whitley, Trenoweth, Hope-park, Bromley, Kent.

oe Gs

1885 ApKIN, Robert, (CounciL, 1911- ), Wellfeld, Lingards-road, Lewis-
ham, 8.E.

1904 Acar, E. A., La Haut, Dominica, B. W. Indies.

1904 ALprErson, Miss E. Maude, (v. Rosrnson, Lady).

1911 AwnpeERson, T. J., Entomologist, Dept. of Agriculture, Nairobi,
British East Africa.

1910 + ANpDREweEs, H. E., 8, North Grove, Highgate, N.

1899 Anprews, Henry W., Shirley, Welling, S.O., Kent.

1901 AwnnineG, William, 39, Lime Street, E.C.

1908 + AnrRAM, Charles B., Somerdale Estate, Ootacamund, Nilgiri Hills,
S. India.

1911 ArmstroNG, Lionel, Govt. Entomologist to Gold Coast, Eversley,
Harpenden, Herts.

1907 ArRNoLp, G., M.Sc., A.R.C.S., Curator, Rhodesia Museum, Bulawayo,
S. Africa.

1899 + Arrow, Gilbert J., (CouncrL, 1905-7), 87, Union-grove, Clapham,
S.W.; and British Museum (Natwral History), Cromiell-road,S.W.

1911 AsHBy,»Edward Bernard, St. Bernards, Bulstrode-road, Hounslow,
Middlesex.

1907 — AsHBy, Sydney R., 119, Greenvale-road, Eltham-park, Kent.

1886 ArmorE, E. A., 48, High-street, King’s Lynn.

1850 ¢ AveBuryY, The Right Honble. Lord, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S.,
etc., (PRES., 1866-7, 1879-80; V.-Pres., 1862, 1868, 1876, 1881,
1888 ; CouncIL, 1855-7, 1859-61), High Elms, Farnborough, Kent.

1901 Bacor, Arthur W., York Cottuge, York-hill, Loughton, Essex.

1904 + BaGNaLL, Richard §., Penshaw Lodge, Penshaw, Durham.

1909 BaGwe..-PureFoy, Capt. Edward, 34, Sloane-Court, 8.W.

1903 Batpock, G. R., Oakburn Villa, Enfield Highway, Middlesex.

1886 Bankes, Eustace R., M.A., Norden, Corfe Castle, Wareham.

1890 Barcuay, Francis H., F.G.S., Zhe Warren, Cromer.

1886 BarGaaut, Marchese Piero, Piazza S. Maria, Palazzo Tempi No. 1,
Florence, Italy.

1895 Barker, Cecil W., The Bungalow, Escombe, Natal, South Africa,

1902 BarravD, Philip J., Bushey Heath, Watford.

1911 Barrett, J. Platt, Westcroft, South-road, Forest Hill, 8.E.

1907 Barrtvert, H. Frederick D., 1, Myrtle-road, Bournemouth.

1894 + Bateson, Prof. William, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow of St. John’s College,
Cambridge, The Manor House, Merton, Surrey.

1908 Bayrorp, E. G., 2, Rockingham-street, Barnsley.

1904 Bayne, Arthur F., c/o Messrs. Freeman, Castle-street, Framlingham,
Suffolk.

1896 + Beare, Prof. T. Hudson, B.Sc., F.R.S.E., (Councin, 1909- ), 10,
Regent Terrace, Edinburgh.

1908 Brcwer, Major Edward F., Cranfield House, Polzeath, St. Minver,
Cornwall.

1908 Beck, Richard, Red Lodge, Porchester-road, Bournemouth.

( xi)

1905 Beprorp, The Duke of, K.G., Pres. Z.S., ete., Woburn Abbey, Beds.

1899 BeEpwe tt, Ernest C., Bonnicot, The Grove, Coulsdon, Surrey.

1904 Brnetsson, Simon, Ph.D., Lecturer, University of Lund, Sweden ;
Curator, Entomological Collection of the University.

1906 Benratt, E. E., The Towers, Heybridge, Essex.

1885 BrtHunn-BakeR, George T., F.L.S., F.Z.S., (Vick-PRESIDENT,
1910— ; Counctn, 1895), 19, Clarendon-road, Edgbaston, Birm-
ingham.

1895 Brvan, Lieutenant H.G. R., R.N., 38, The Common, Woolwich.

1891 Braper, W. H., F.L.S., 34, Cromavell-road, Hove, Brighton.

1904 Buack, James E., Nethercroft, Peebles.

1904 Buatr, Kenneth G., 23, West Hill, Highgate, N.

1889 BrLaNpFoRD, Walter F. H., M.A., F.Z.S., (V.-PREs., 1896 ; SEc.,
1897-8 ; Councin, 1894-9), The Paragon, Blackheath.

1885 Buatuwayt, Lt.-Col. Linley, F.L.S., Hagle House, Batheaston,
Bath.

1909 BLENKARN, Stanley A., Norham, Cromwell-road, Beckenham.

1904 Buss, Maurice Frederick, Coningsburgh, Montpelier-road, Ealing, W.

1886 BuioomrieLtp, The Rev. Edwin Newson, M.A., Guestling Rectory,
Hastings.

1903 Bogus, W. A., The Bank House, Watchet.

1911 Boreav, H., 99, Rue de la Cote St. Thibault, Bois de Colombes,
Seine, France.

1907 Bonnet, Alexandre, 54, Boulevard Bineau, Newilly-sur-Seine,
Seine, France.

1891 Booru, George A., 6, North-road, Preston.

1902 Bostock, E. D., Holly House, Stone, Staffs.

1904 * BourGcEots, Jules, Ste. Marie-aux-Mines, Markirch, Germany.

1888 Bower, Benjamin A., Langley, Willow Grove, Chislehurst.

1894 + Bowuss, E. Augustus, M.A., Myddelton House, Waltham Cross.

1910 Boyp, A. Whitworth, The Alton, Altrincham, Cheshire.

1852 + Boyp, Thos., Woodvale Lodge, South Norwood Hill, 8.E.

1893 Brapant, Edouard, Chateau de Morenchies, par Cambrai (Nord),
France.

1905 Bracken, Charles W., B.A., 5, Carfrae Terrace, Lipson, Plymouth.

1907 Bratn, Charles Kimberlin, Government Experimental Station, Rose-
bank, Cape Colony.

1904 BripGEeMAn, Commander The Hon. Richard O.B., R.N., 44, Lowndes-
square, S.W.

1877 Brices, Charles Adolphus, Rock House, Lynmouth, R.S.O.,
N. Devon.

1870 Brices, Thomas Henry, M.A., Rock House, Lynmouth, R.S.O.,
N. Devon.

1894 Bricut, Percy M., Fairfield, Wimborne-road, Bournemouth.

1909 Brirren, Harry, Prospect House, Salkeld Dykes, Penrith.

1902 Brovuauton, Captain T. Delves, R.E., R. A. and R. E. Mess, Malta.

1878 Broun, Major Thomas, Mount Albert, Auckland, New Zealand.

al { x })

1904 Brown, Henry H., Crossgate House, Cupar, Fife, N.B.

1910 Browne, Horace B., M.A., 118, Sunny Bank, Hull.

1911 Brurzer, Rev. Henry William, Great Bowden Vicarage, Market
Harborough.

1909 Bryant, Gilbert E., Fir Grove, Esher, Surrey.

1898 + BucHan-Hepsurn, Sir Archibald, Bart., J.P., D.L., Smeaton-
Hepburn, Prestonkirk.

1907 Botuerp, Arthur, F.S.A., Wimboro, Midsomer Norton, Somerset-
shire.

1902 Butier, Arthur Percival, Royal Societies Club, 8.W.

1896 ¢ Burr, Malcolm, D.Sc., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.G.S., A.R.S.M., (Councrn,
1910- ), Castle Hill House, Dover.

1909 Burrows, The Rev. C. R. N., The Vicarage, Mucking, Stanford-le-
Hope, Essex.

1868 + Butier, Arthur G., Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S., (Sec., 1875; Councit,
1876), The Lilies, Penge-road, Beckenham.

1883 Burier, Edward Albert, B.A., B.Se., 56, Cecile-Park, Crouch
End, N.

1902 Burver, William E., Hayling House, Oxford-road, Reading.

1905 BurrEerFievp, Jas. A., B.Sc., Comrie, Eglinton Hill, Plumstead.

1904 Byart, Horace A., B.A., Berbera (vid Aden), Somaliland Protectorate.

1902 Cameron, Malcolm, M.B., R.N., H.M.S. “ Attentive,’ Home
Fleet.

1885 CaMPBELL, Francis Maule, F.L.S., F.Z.S., ete., Byrnllwydwyn,
Machynlleth, Montgomeryshire.

1898 Canpkzr, Léon, Mont St. Martin 75, Liége.

1880 CanspaxrE, W. D., Sunny Bank, South Norwood, 8.E.

1889 Cant, A., 33, Festing-road, Putney, S.W.; and c/o Fredk. Du Cane
Godman, Esq., F.R.S., 45, Pont-street, S.W.

1890 Capper, Samuel James (President of the Lancashire and Cheshire
Entomological Society), Huyton Park, Liverpool.

1894 Caraccroto, H., H.M. Customs, Port of Spain, Trinidad, British
West Indies.

1910 Carrer, E. Wace, M.D., F.R.S.E., Morningside, Granville-road,
Dorridge, and The University, Birmingham.

1892 CaRPENTER, The Honble. Mrs. Beatrice, 22, Grosvenor-road, S.W.

1910 Carpenter, Geoffrey D. H., B.A., Uganda Medical Service,
Uganda Protectorate.

1895 CARPENTER, Professor G. H., B.Se., B.M., B.Ch., Royal College of
Science, Dublin.

1898 CARPENTER, J. H., Redcot, Belmont-voad, Leatherhead,

1868 CARRINGTON, Charles, Meadowcroft, Horley, Surrey.

1911 Carson, George Moffatt, Entomologist to the Government of New
Guinea, Port Moresby, New Guinea.

1895 Carrer, Sir Gilbert, K.C.M.G., Greycliffe, Lower Warberry-road,
Torquay.

(? cmuiy, )

1906 Carter, H. J., B.A., Ascham, Darling Point, Sydney, N.S. Wales.

1900 Carter, J. W., 15, Westfield-road, Manningham, Bradford.

1900 Cassa, R. T., M.R.C.S., Ballaugh, Isle of Man.

1903 Carre, John Rowland, Nettleton Manor, Caistor, Lincolnshire.

1889 + Cave, Charles J. P., Ditcham Park, Petersfield.

1900 CHAMBERLAIN, Neville, Westbourne, Edgbaston, Birmingham.

1871 CuHampton, George C., F.Z.S., A.L.S., (Councit, 1875-7; LIBRARIAN
1891— ), Heatherside, Horsell, Woking; and 45, Pont-street,
S.W.

1891 CHAPMAN, Thomas Algernon, M.D., F.Z.S., (V.-PREs., 1900, 1904-5,
1908 ; Councrt, 1898-1900, 1903-5, 1907-9), Betula, Reigute.

1910 CHARNLEY, J. R.

1897 CHAWNER, Miss Ethel F., Forest Bank, Lyndhurst, R.S.O., Hants.

1902 CHEESMAN, E. M., c/o Mr. John Garson, 150, Umbilo-road, Durban.

1908 Cuerry, B. Chourappa, The Government Musewm, Bangalore, India.

1889 CuHristy, William M., M.A., F.L.S., Watergate, Emsworth.

1909 CuusBs, Ernest C., Curator, Durban Museum, Natal, South Africa.

1909 Curark, C. Turner, F.Z.S., Medina, Pilston, Barnstaple.

1908 Cuark, Edgar L., Congella, Natal.

1867 * CLARKE, Alex. Henry, 109, Warwick-road, Earl's Court, S.W.

1908 CxLuTTERBUCK, Charles G., Heathside, 23, Heathville-road, Gloucester.

1908 CxiurreRBucK, P. H., Indian Forest Department, Naini Tal, United
Provinces, India.

1904 CocKkayNe, Edward A., 16, Cambridge-square, London, W.

1899 CoLLiIn, James E., (Councit, 1904-6), Sussex Lodge, Newmarket.

1906 CoLtiIncE, Walter E., M.Se, F.L.S., 55, Newhall-street, Bir-
mingham.

1911 Corton, Sidney Howard, 14, Chesterfield-street, Mayfair, W.

1892 Cowan, Thomas William, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., Upcott House,
Taunton,

1867 Cox, Herbert Ed., Claremont, Jamaica.

1895 CRaprREE, Benjamin Hill, The Oaklands, Levenshulme, Manchester.

1909 Crawtey, W. C., Tollerton Hall, Nottingham.

1906 CrawsHay, The Rev. George A., M.A., Melchbourne Vicarage,
Sharnbrook, 8.0., Beds.

1890 Crewe, Sir Vauncey Harpur, Bart., Calke Abbey, Derbyshire.

1880 + Crisp, Sir Frank, LL.B., B.A., J.P.

1907 Crort, Edward Octavius, M.D., 28, Clarendon-road, Leeds.

1902 * CrutrweLL, The Rev. Canon Charles Thomas, M.A., Hwelme
Rectory, Wallingford.

1908 Cuxrrn, Millais, M.B., F.R.C.S., The Palace Hotel, Shanghui.

1908 Curtis, W. Parkinson, Aysgarth, Poole, Dorset.

1901 Davpp, Edward Martin, Hohenzollernstrasse 18, Zehlendorf, bei Berlin.
1900 Dauerisn, Andrew Adie, 21, Prince’s-street, Glasgow.

1907 Dawgs, Felix L., 13, Humboldt-strasse, Steglitz, Berlin.

1886 Danwnart, Walter, Donnington, 75, Vanbrugh Park, Blackheath, S.E.

1911

1905
1910
1903
1898

1875

1887

1895

1909
1905
1906
1903
1906

1891
1908
1910
1884
1867
1900
1894

1906
1883

1910
1890
1865

1904
1902

1911
1886

(( -xaey’ )

Davey, H. W., Inspector of Department of Agriculture, Geelong,
Victoria, Australia.

Davipson, James D., 32, Drumsheugh Gardens, Edinburgh.

Dawson, William George, Manor House, Abbots Morton, Worcester.

Day, F. H., 26, Currock-terrace, Carlisle.

Day, G. O., Sahlatston, Duncan's Station, Vancouver Island, British
Columbia.

Distant, William Lucas, -(V.-PRreEs., 1881, 1900; Sxc., 1878-80 ;
CounciL, 1900-2), Shannon-lodge, Selhurst-road, South Norwood,
S.E.

Dixey, Frederick Augustus, M.A., M.D., Fellow and Bursar of
Wadham College, (PRreEs., 1909-10; V.-PREs., 1904-5, 1911;
CounciL, 1895, 1904-6), Wadham College, Oxford.

Dorsson, H. T., Ivy House, Acacia Grove, New Malden, 8.O.,
Surrey.

Dosson, Thomas.

Dopp, Frederick P., Kuranda, vid Cairns, Queensland.

Dotuman, Hereward, Hove House, Newton-grove, Bedford-park, W.

Dotiman, J. C., Hove House, Newton-grove, Bedford-park, W.

Doncaster, Leonard, M.A., The University Musewm of Zoology,
Cambridge.

DontstHorRPE, Horace St. John K., F.Z.S., (Vice-PRresIpEnt,
1911— ; Counc, 1899-1901, 1910— ), 58, Kensington-mansions,
South Kensington, 8.W.

Dovueias-Crompton, Sydney.

Downes-SHaw, Rey. Archibald, Kettlestone Rectory, Fakenham,
Norfolk.

Druce, Hamilton H. C. J., F.Z.S., (Councit, 1903-5), 43, Circus-
road, St. John’s Wood, N.W.

Druce, Herbert, F.L.S., F.Z.S8., (Councrn, 1885, 1892), 43, Circus-
road, St. John’s Wood, N.W.

Drury, W. D., Rocquaine, West Hill Park, Woking.

DunveGeon, G. C., The Imperial Institute, South Kensington.

DUKINFIELD-JonEs, E., Castro, Reigate.

Durrant, John Hartley, (Counct, 1911- ), Merton, 17, Burstock-
road, Putney, S.W., and British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell-road, South Kensington, S.W.

Eaues-Waire, J. Cushny, 47, Chester-terrace, Eaton-square, S.W.

Eastwoop, John Edmund, Enton Lodge, Witley, Godalming.

Eaton, The Rev. Alfred Edwin, M.A., (Counci, 1877-9), Rich-
mond Villa, Northam, R.S.O., N. Devon.

EckrorpD, George, F.Z.S., c/o Sir Morgan Tuite, Bart., Kilruane,
Nenagh, co. Tipperary, Ireland.

EpexstEn, Hubert M., The Elms, Forty Hill, Enfield, Middlesex.

Epwarps, F. W., Kingswear, Cornwall-road, Harrow.

Epwarps, James, Colesborne, Cheltenham.

1886
1903
1908

1909

1899
1907
1900
1861
1886
1908

1910
1889
1900
1874

1905
1900

1898

MP0’)

Epwarps, Stanley, F.L.S., F.Z.S., 15, St. Germans-place, Black-
heath, S.E.

Exxiort, E. A., 16, Belsize Grove, Hampstead, N.W.

Exuis, H. Willoughby, Holly Hill, Berkswell, Warwickshire.

Exuis, John W., M.B., L.R.C.P., 18, Rodney-street, Liverpool.

ELTRiInGHAM, Harry, M.A., F.Z.S., Eastgarth, Westoe, South Shields,
and Hope Department, University Museum, Oxford.

Ewes, Henry John, J.P., F.R.S., F.LS., F.Z.S., (PRres., 1893-4 ;
V.-Pres., 1889-90, 1892, 1895 ; CounciL, 1888-90), Colesborne,
Cheltenham.

Enook, Frederick, F.L.S., 13, Tufnell Park Road, London, N.

ErHerinGE, Robert, Curator, Australian Museum, Sydney, N.S.W.

Evustack, Eustace Mallabone, B.A., Challacombe Rectory, Parra-
combe, R.S.0., N. Devon, and Wellington College, Berks.

Evans, Frank J., The Botanical Department, Trinidad, B. WI.

FarRMBOROUGH, Percy W., Lower Edmonton, Middlesex.

FEATHER, Walter, Voi, British Hast Africa.

Feiruam, H. L. L., P. O. Box 46, Johannesburg, Transvaal.

Fenn, Charles, Hversden House, Burnt Ash Hill, Lee, S.K,

Fenwick, Nicolas Percival, The Gables, New-road, Esher.

Fenwick, Norman Percival, Junior, The Gables, New-road,
Esher.

Fenyss, A., M.D., 61, Hast Colorado-street, Pasadena, California,
U.S.A.

FERNALD, Prof. C. H., Amherst, Mass., U.S.A.

Fiera, J. Digby, F.L.S., Boys’ Modern School, Leeds.

Fircu, Edward A., F.L.S., (Src., 1881-5 ; CounciL, 1879, 1886),
Brick House, Maldon, Essex.

FLEET, Wilfred James, Imatra, King’s Road, Bowrnemouth.

Fiemyne, The Rev. W. Westropp, M.A., Coolfin, Portlaw, Co.
Waterford.

FietcHer, T. Bainbrigge, R.N., Agricultwral Research Institute,
Pusa, Bengal, India.

1883 + FLercuer, William Holland B., M.A., Aldwick Manor, Bognor.

1905
1885
1900
1898
1880
1908

1896
1888

FLoERSHEIM, Cecil, 16, Kensington Court Mansions, S.W.

Foxker, A. J. F., Zierikzee, Zeeland, Netherlands.

Foutxkegs, P. Hedworth, B.Sc., Harper-Adams Agricultwral College,
Newport, Salop.

Fountainé, Miss Margaret, 1, Zhe Studios, Sheriff-road, West
Hampstead, N.W.

Fow.er, The Rev. Canon, D.Sc., M.A., F.L.S., (PReEs., 1901-2 ;
V.-Pres., 1903 ; Sec., 1886-96), Harley Vicarage, near Reading.

FrasgER, Frederick C., Capt., M.D., I.M.S., Assist. Superint., Govt.
Maternity Hospital, Madras, India.

FREKE, Perey Evans, Southpoint, Limes-road, Folkestone.

FreMuin, H. Stuart, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., St. Stephens, St. Albans.

all

1903 Frencn, Charles, F.L.S., Government Entomologist, Melbourne,
Victoria, Australia.

1910 Frissy, G. E., 40, Windmill-street, Gravesend.

1908 FroaGarr, Walter W., F.L.S., Government Entomologist, 138, George-
street, Sydney, New South Wales.

1891 Frowawk, F. W., Ashmount, Rayleigh, Essex.

1906 + Fry, Harold Armstrong, P.O. Box 46, Johannesburg, Transvaal
Colony.

1900 Fryer, H. Fortescue, The Priory, Chatteris, Cambs.

1907 Fryer, John Claud Fortescue, The Priory, Chatteris, Cambs.

1876 Futter, The Rev. Alfred, M.A., The Lodge, 7, Sydenham-hill,
Sydenham, 8.E.

1898 Funuer, Claude, Government Entomologist, Pielermaritzburg, Natal.

(iat )

1887 GaHAN, Charles Joseph, M.A., (Sec., 1899-1900 ; CouncIL, 1893-5,
1901), 8, Lonsdale-road, Bedford Park, W.; and British Museum
(Natural History), Cromwell-road, 8.W.

1910 Garckeg, Emile, M.LE.E., Witton House, Maidenhead.

1892 GARDE, Philip de la, R.N., 8, Queen’s-terrace, Exeter.

1890 GaRDNER, John, Laurel Lodge, Hart, West Hartlepool.

1901 ¢ GarDNER, Willoughby, F.L.S., Deganwy, N. Wales.

1910 Grary, T. H., Enderby, Leicestershire.

1899. GrELpDaRT, William Martin, M.A., 27, Beawmont-street, Oxford.

1906 + Grass, Arthur Ernest, F.L.S., F.R.H.S., Kitchener's Meads, St. Albans.

1908 GrFFARD, Walter M., P.O. Box 308, Honolulu, Hawaii.

1907 Gres, Henry Murray, Head Keeper of Zoological Gardens, Perth,
W. Australia.

1902 GitLaNnpers, A. T., Park Cottage, Alnwick.

1904 Grwtrat, Francis, B.A., c/o Rey. G. Gilliat, Haselbury Vicarage,
Crewkerne, Somerset.

1865 +t Gopman, Frederick Du Cane, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S.,(PRes.,
1891-2; V.-PrEs., 1882-3, 1886, 1889-90, 1902; Councr, 1880-
1, 1900), South Lodge, Lower Beeding, Horsham; and 45, Pont-
street, S.W.

1886 + GoopricH, Captain Arthur Mainwaring, Brislington House, near
Bristol.

1904 Goopwin, Edward, Canon Court, Wateringbury, Kent.

1898 Gorpon, J.G. McH., Corsemalzie, Whauphill, R.S.O., Wigtownshire.

1898 Gorpon,R.S.G. McH.,Corsemalzie, Whauphill, R.S.O., Wigtownshire.

1855 Goruam, The Rev. Henry Stephen, F.Z.S., (Councrt, 1882-3), High-
croft, Great Malvern.

1910 Gorrmann, A. M.S.,94, Niddastrasse, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany.

1909 Gowpey, Carlton C., B.Sc., c/o Dr. A. Gowdey, 209, Camden-road,
N.W.

1911 Graves, P. P., Club de Constantinople, Constantinople, Turkey.

1891 | GreEeN, E. Ernest, Government Entomologist, Royal Botanic
Gardens, Peradeniya, Ceylon ; and Mote Hall, Bearsted, Kent.

(( xen'y,’)

1910 Green, Herbert A., The Central Fire Station, Durban, Natal.

1894 GreEeEn, J. F., F.Z.S., West Lodye, Blackheath, S.E.

1898 GREENSHIELDS, Alexander, 38, Blenheim-gardens, Cricklewood,
N.W.

1893 + GreENWwoopD, Henry Powys, F.L.S., Whitsbury House, Salisbury.

1888 GrirFituHs, G. C., F.Z.S., Penhurst, 3, Leigh-road, Clifton, Bristol.

1894 GrimsHaw, Percy H., Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh.

1905 Grist, Charles J., Elgin House, Knockholt, Sevenoaks,

1909 Grosvenor, G. H., M.A., Blakedown, nr. Kidderminster.

1906 GurRNeEy, Gerard H., Keswick Hall, Norwich.

1910 Gurney, William B., Asst. Govt. Entomologist, Department of
Agriculture, Sydney, Australia.

1906 Hatt, Arthur, 7, Park-lane-mansions, Croydon.

1890 + Hatz, Albert Ernest, Cranfield House, Southwell, Notts.

1885 Hatt, Thomas William, Stanhope, The Crescent, Croydon.

1898 Hamuyn-Harris, R., D.Sc., F.Z.S., F.R.M.S., Director of the Queens-
land Museum, Brisbane, Australia.

1891 Hampson, Sir George Francis, Bart., B.A., F.Z.S., (V.-PREs., 1898 ;
CounciL, 1896-8), 62, Stanhope-gardens, 8.W.

1891 Hawnpoury, Frederick J., F.L.8S., Brockhurst, E. Grinstead.

1905 + Hancock, Joseph L., 5466, Lexington Avenue, Chicago, U.S.A.

1903 Harg, E. J.. Dunham, Boscombe, Hants. ,

1904 Harris, Edward, St. Conan’s, Chingford, Essex.

1897 * Harrison, Albert, F.L.S., F.C.S., Delamere, Grove-road, South
Woodford, Essex.

1910 Harwoop, Philip, 23, Northgate End, Bishop’s Stortford.

1910 Hawksuaw, J. C., Hollycombe, Sussex.

1910 Hepesgs, Alfred van der, 42, Kensington Park Gardens, W.

1910 HenpeErson, J., Clifton, Ashbourne, Derby.

1898 Hero, Francis A., B.A., Abbeyfield, Harpenden.

1903 Herrop, William, W.B.C. Apiary, Old Bedford-road, Luton,
Beds.

1908 Hewirr, C. Gordon, D.Sc., Central Experimental Farm, Dept. of
Agricultwre, Ottawa, Canada.

1876 + Hituman, Thomas Stanton, Hastgate-street, Lewes.

1907 Hoar, Thomas Frank Partridge, Mercia, Albany-road, Leighton-
Buzzard.

1888 Hopson, The Rev. J. H., B.A., B.D., Rhyddington, Clifton Drive,
Lytham.

1902 Hots, R.§., c/o Messrs. King and Co., Bombay.

1910 Ho.rorp, H. Oliver, Elstead Lodge, Godalming, Surrey.

1887 Ho.tianp, The Rev. W. J., D.D., Ph.D., 5th Avenue, Pitisburg,
Penn., U.S.A.

1898 Hotman-Hunvt, C. B., Asst. Entomologist, Department of Agri-
culture, Kuala Lumpur, Federated Malay States.

1910 Ho.umes, Edward Morrell, Ruthven, Sevenoaks.

G xviii)

1901 Hopson, Montagu F., L.D.S., R.C.S.Eng., F.L.S., 30, Thurlow-road,
Rosslyn Hill, N.W.

1897 Horne, Arthur, 60, Gladstone-place, Aberdeen,

1903 Hoveuron, J. T., 1, Portland-place, Worksop.

1907 t Howarp, C. W., Entomologist Department of Agriculture, Box 255,
Lourengo Marques, Portuguese East Africa.

1900 Howes, George W., 812, George-street, Dunedin, New Zealand.

1907 Howzert, Frank M., M.A., Wymondham, Norfolk.

1865 + Hupp, A. E., 108, Pembroke-road, Clifton, Bristol.

1888 Hupson, George Vernon, Hill View, Karori, Wellington, New
Zealand,

1907 Huaues, C. N., 3, Wyndham Place, Bryanston-square, W.

1897 ImaaeE, Prof. Selwyn, M.A., (Councrt, 1909-), 20, Fitzroy-street,
Fitzroy-square, W.

1908 Irpy, Captain Leonard Paul, Brook House, Eastry, S.0., Kent.

1891 IsapELy, The Rev. John, Sunnycroft, St. Sennen, R.S.O., Cornwall.

1907 Jack, Rupert Wellstood, Government Entomologist, Department
of Agriculture, Salisbury, Rhodesia.

1907 Jackson, P. H., 112, Balham-park-road, S.W.

1907 Jacopt, Professor A., Ph.D., Director of the R. Zoological and
Anthrop.-Ethnographical Museum, Dresden, Saxony.

1911 Jacoss, Capt. J. J., R.E., 2, Sowthport-street, Gibraltar.

1910 Jacogps, Lionel L., P. O. Bow 445, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario,
Canada.

1869 Janson, Oliver E., Cestria, Claremont-road, Highgate, N.; and 44,
Great Russell-street, Bloomsbury, W.C.

1898 Janson, Oliver J., Cestria, Claremont-road, Highgate, N.

1886 JENNER, James Herbert Augustus, Hast Gate House, Lewes.

1899 Jennies, F. B., 152, Silver-street, Upper Edmonton, N.

1909 Jepson, Frank P., Department of Agriculture, Suva, Fiji Islands.

1886 JouN, Evan, Llantrisant, R.S.0., Glamorganshire.

1907 Jounson, Charles Fielding, Mayfield, Brinington Crescent, Stockport.

1889 Jonnson, The Rev. W. F., M.A., Acton Rectory, Poyntz Pass,
Co. Armagh.

1908 Jotcry, James J., The Homestead, Abbots Brook, Bourne End, Bucks.

1888 Jones, Albert H., (Counctt, 1898-1900; TREASURER, 1904- ),
Shrublands, Eltham, Kent.

1910 Jones, Ernest P., 7, Sherwin-street, Nantwich-road, Crewe.

1894 + Jorpan, Dr. K., (V.-PReEs., 1909 ; CouncrL, 1909- ), The Museum,
Tring.

1910 Josxpn, E, G., 23, Clanricarde-gardens, W.

1910 Joy, Ernest Cooper, Eversley, Dale-road, Purley.

1902 Joy, Norman H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Bradfield, Reading.

1884 Kane, W. F. de Vismes, M.A., M.R.L.A., Drumleaske House,

Monaghan.

by seis ¥)

1884 Kappen, A. W., F.L.S., Linnean Society, Burlington House, W.

1876 ¢ Kay, John Dunning, Leeds.

1896 + Kayr, William James, (Councizt, 1906-8), Caracas, Ditton Hill,
Surbiton.

1907 Ketuy, Albert Ernest McClure, Assistant Entomologist, Department
of Agriculture, Pietermaritzburg, Natal, S.A.

1902 Kemp, Stanley W., The Indian Museum, Calcutta.

1890 Kenrick, Sir George H., Whetstone, Somerset-road, Edgbaston,
Birmingham.

1904 KersHaw, G. Bertram, Ingleside, West Wickham, Kent.

1906 Keynes, John Neville, M.A., D.Sc., 6, Harvey-road, Cambridge.

1900 Keys, James H., Morwell, Freedom-villas, Lipson-road, Plymouth.

1911 Kuunan, Kunui, M.A., Asst. Entomologist to the Govt. of Mysore,
Bangalore, South India.

1889 Kine, J. J. F. X., Lecturer on Economic Entomology at the West of
Scotland Agricultural College, 1, Athole Gardens-terrace, Kelvin-
side, Glasgow.

1861 Kirey, William F., F.L.S., (Sec., 1881-5 ; Counctt, 1886), Hilden,
46, Sutton Court-road, Chiswick, W.

1889 KuapALEK, Professor Franz, Karlin 263, Prague, Bohemia.

1887 | Kier, Sydney T., F.LS., F.R.AS., Hatherlow, Raglan-road,
Reigate.

1908 Kyipsrn, Jens Marius.

1911 Kune, Thien Cheng, Guardian Superintendent of Chinese Students
in British India, c/o The Curator, Mysore Govt. Museum, Banga-
lore, India.

1910 Latpraw, William, The Cedars, Eustern-road, Romford, Essex.

1910 Lakin, C. Ernest, M.D., F.R.C.S., 2, Park-crescent, Portland-place, W.

1911 + Lampory, W. A., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Oni Camp, Lagos, W. Africa.

1868 Lana, Colonel A. M., C.B., R.E., Box Grove Lodge, Guildford.

1901 Laray, Percy I., Fox Hall, Enfield.

1895 Larrer, Oswald H., M.A., Charterhouse, Godalming.

1908 Lawn, G. W., Tudor House, Wealdstone, Harrow.

1899 Lea, Arthur M., Government Entomologist, Musewm, Adelaide,
S. Australia.

1901 Lerten, George F., 45, Cuthbert’s Buildings, West-street, Durban,
Natal.

1910 Leics, H.8., The University, Manchester.

1909 LericgH-CuLareE, Reginald L., c/o Messrs. Allen & Gledhill, Solicitors,
Singapore.

1900 LericH-Puiuuies, Rev. W. J., Garfield, Clevedon, Somerset.

1892 Les.iz, J. Henry, 84, Hwron-road, Tooting Common, S.W.

1898 LeTaBriper, Ambrose G., Guards Club, Pall Mall, S.W.

1903 + Levert, The Rev. Thomas Prinsep, Frenchgate, Richmond, Yorks.

1876 Lewis, George, F.L.S., (Counc, 1878, 1884), 87, Frant-road,
Tunbridge Wells.

( a =)

1908 + Lewis, John Spedan, Spedan Towers, Hampstead, N.W., and 277,
Oxford-street, W.

1892 Licurroor, R. M., Bree-st., Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope.

1908 Lister, W. K., Street End House, Ash, near Dover.

1903 Lirrier, Frank M., Box 114, P.O., Launceston, Tasmania.

1865 ¢ Luewetyy, Sir John Talbot Dillwyn, Bart, M.A. F.LS.,
Penllergare, Swansea,

1881 + Luoyp, Alfred, F.C.S., Zhe Dome, Bognor.

1885 + Luoyp, Robert Wylie, (Councrr, 1900-1), I, 5 and 6, Albany,
Piccadilly, W.

1903 LorrHousr, Thomas Ashton, The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.

1908 Lonespon, D., 20, Holland-park, W.

1904 + Lonestarr, George Blundell, M.D., (V.-PRes., 1909; CounciL,
1907-9), Highlands, Putney Heath, S.W.

1899 Lounssury, Charles P., B.Sc., Government Entomologist, Cape
Town, S. Africa.

1894 Lown, The Rev. Frank E., M.A., St. Stephen’s Vicarage, Guernsey.

1893 Lower, Oswald B., St. Oswalds, Bartley Crescent, Wayville, South
Australia.

1901 Lower, Rupert 8., Davonport-terrace, Wayville, South Australia.

1909 Lucas, Dr. T. P., Wakefield-buildings, Adeluide-street, Brisbane,
Australia.

1898 Lucas, William John, B.A., (CounctL, 1904-6), 28, Knight’s Park,
Kingston-on- Thames.

1880 Lupron, Henry, Courtlands, Chelston, Torquay.

1903 Lye.t, G., Junr., Gisborne, Victoria, Australia.

1901 Lyman, Henry H., M.A., F.R.G.S., 74, MeTavish-street, Montreal,
Canada.

1909 Lyon, Francis Hamilton, 89, Clarence Gate-gardens, Upper Baker-
street, N.W.

1906 McCarrison, D. L., Indian Police Forces, Madras Club, Madras.

1887 M‘DougatL, James Thomas, Dunolly, Morden-road, Blackheath,
S.E.

1910 Macpougatt, R. Stewart, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.E., Edinburgh Uni-
versity.

1888 Mackinnon, P. W., Lynndale, Mussoorie, N.W.P., India.

1900 Mackwoop, The Hon. F. M., M.L.C., Colombo, Ceylon.

1911 Macrean, Dr. Ivan Clarkson, M.D., B.Se., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.,
28, Hill-street, Knightsbridge, S.W.

1899 + Mary, Hugh, B.Sc., (CouncrL, 1908-10), Almondale, Buckingham-
road, South Woodford, N.E.

1911 Mauurnson, Rufus, Oakland, Windermere.

1905 Matty, Charles Wm., M.Sc., Graham’s Town, Cape Coloiy.

1887 Manpers, Lieut.-Colonel Neville, R.A.M.C., F.Z.S., c/o Sir C.
McGrigor, 25, Charles-street, St. Jumes’s-square, 8.W.

1892 Manssringg, William, 4, Norwich-road, Wavertree, Liverpool.

Oe

1894 f Marswatt, Alick, Auchinraith, Bexley, S.O., Kent.

1895 MarsHatt, Guy Anstruther Knox, F.Z.S., (Councin, 1907-8),
6, Chester-place, Hyde Park-square, W.

1896 Marswatt, P., M.A., B.Se., F.G.S., University School of Mines,
Dunedin, New Zealand,

1856 | Marswaty, William, V.M.H., F.R.H.S., Auchinraith, Bexley, S.O.,
Kent.

1897 Martinrav, Alfred H., 54, Holly-lane, W. Smethwick.

1910 + Mason, C. W., St. Denis, Shaftesbury, Dorset.

1895 Massey, Herbert, Ivy-Lea, Burnage, Didsbury, Manchester.

1865 -MarnHew, Gervase F., F.L.S., Paymaster-in-chief, R.N., (CounciL,
1887), Lee House, Dovercourt, Harwich.

1887 MatrHews, Coryndon, Stentaway, Plymstock, S. Devon.

1900 Maxwe.t-Lerroy, H., Imperial College of Science and Technology,
South Kensington, S.W.

1899 May, Harry Haden, Blackfriars House, Plymouth.

1904 MerapE-Watpo, Geoffrey, Hever Warren, Edenbridge, Kent, and
British Musewm (Natural History), Cromwell-road, S.W.

1872 f Metpoua, Professor Raphael, F.R.S., F.C.S., (PREs., 1895-6 ;
V.-PREs., 1881, 1884, 1897, 1903, 1908 ; Sxc., 1876-80 ; CouNcIL,
1874-5, 1884-5, 1889-92, 1903, 1907-8), 6, Brunswick-square,
W.C.

1885 Metvitt, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S., Meole Brace Hall, Shrewsbury.

1887 MERRIFIELD, Frederic (PrEs., 1905-6 ; V.-PRES., 1893, 1907 ; SEc.,
1897-8 ; CouncIL, 1894, 1899), 14, Clifton-terrace, Brighton.

1906 Merriman, Gordon, The Quick Laboratory, New Museums,
Cambridge.

1905 Merry, Rev. W. Mansell, M.A., St. Michael’s, Oxford.

1888 Meyer-Darcis, G., 5, Viale Poggio Imperiale, Florence.

1880 Meyrick, Edward, B.A. F.RS., F.Z.S., Thornhanger, Marl-
borough.

1894 Mratz, Louis Compton, F.R.S. (Councrn, 1903, 1908), Norton Way
N., Letchworth.

1908 MrppueTon, Ivan E., 11, High-street, Serampore, Bengal.

1883 Minzs, W. H., The New Club, Calcutta.

1910 Minar, F. Grahame, The Tangga Batu Rubber Co., Malacca,
Straits Settlement.

1906 MircHeLi-Hepers, Frederic Albert, 62 d: 65 London Wall, London,
E.C.

1905 Mrrrorp, Robert Sidney, C.B., 35, Redcliffe-square, S.W.

1879 Monreiro, Dr. Antonio Augusto de Carvalho, 70, Rua do Alecrinar,
Lisbon.

1902 Montcomery, Arthur Meadows, 34, Shalimar Gardens, Pembridge-
road, North Acton, W.

1899 Moors, Harry, 12, Lower-road, Rotherhithe.

1907 Moorg, Mrs. Catharine Maria, Holmefield, Oakholme-rd., Sheffield.

1886 Morean, A. C. F., F.L.S., 135, Oakwood-court, Kensington, W.

( <a)

1889 + Morice, The Rey. F. D., M.A., Fellow of Queen’s College, Oxford,

PRESIDENT, (V.-PREs., 1902, 1904 ; CounciL, 1902-4), Brunswick,
Mount Hermon, Woking.

1895 + Morey, Claude, The Hill House, Monk's Soham, Suffolk.

1910

1907
1893
1910
1900
1882
1911
1907
1911

Morner, Count Birger, Consul for H.M. the King of Sweden,
Sydney, Australia.

Mortimer, Charles H., Royton Chase, Byfleet, Surrey.

Morron, Kenneth J., 138, Blackford-road, Edinburgh.

Mose Ly, Martin E., 21, Alexwandra-court, Queen’s-gate, S.W.

Moser, Julius, 59, Bulow-strasse, Berlin.

Mostey, 8. L., The Musewm and Technical College, Huddersfield.

Moss, Rev. A. Miles, Helm, Windermere.

Mouton, John C., The Hall, Bradford-on-Avon, Wilts,

MounseEy, J. Jackson, 24, Glencairn-crescent, Edinburgh.

1901 + Murr, Frederick, H.S.P.A. Experiment Station, Honolulu, Oahu, H.T.
1869 + Miuuer, Albert, F.R.G.S., (Councrn, 1872-3), c/o Herr A. Miiller-

1906
1909

1903
1901
1907
1909
1890

1909

1886
1906
1878
1895
1908

1877

Mechel, Grenzacherstrasse, 60, Basle, Switzerland.
Muscuamp, Percy A. H., Institut, Stiifa, nr. Zurich, Switzerland.
MusHaom, John F., 53, Brook-street, Selby, Yorks.

NEAvVE, 8. A., B.A., Mill Green Park, Ingatestone.

Nevinson, E. B., Morland, Cobham, Surrey.

Newman, Leonard Woods, Bexley, Kent.

NewstTeEaD, Alfred, The Grosvenor Museum, Chester.

NewsteEaD, Robert, M.Sc., A.L.S., Hon. F.R.H.S., Dutton Memorial
Professor of Entomology, The School of Tropical Medicine, Univer-
sity of Liverpool.

NicHotson, Gilbert W., M.A., M.D., Cancer Hospital Research
Institute, Brompton, 8.W.

NicuHoson, William E., School Hill, Lewes.

Nix, John Ashburner, Tilgate, Crawley, Sussex.

NorripGe, Thomas, Ashford, Kent.

Norsk, Lt.-Colonel C. G., Timworth Hall, Bury St. Edmunds.

Norsk, H. A., Botanical Department, Trinidad, B.W.LI.

OBERTHUR, René, Rennes (Ille-et-Vilaine), France.

1893 + OGLE, Bertram S., Steeple Aston, Oxfordshire.

1910
1873

1895
1907
1911
1883

OLDAKER, Francis A., M.A., The Red House, Haslemere.
OLIviER, Ernest, Ramillons, prés Moulins (Allier), France.

Paag, Herbert E., Bertrose, Gellatly-road, St. Catherine's Park, S.E.

PeaD, Clement H., Box 252, Bulawayo, South Africa.

PEARSON, Douglas, Chilwell House, Chilwell, Notts.

PérinGuEy, Dr. Louis, South African Museum, Cape Town, South
Africa.

1903 + Perkins, R. C. L., M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.S., Park Hill House, Paignton,

Devon, and Board of Agriculture, Division of Entomology,
Honolidu, Hawaii.

emia -)

1879 PrERKINsS, Vincent Robert, Wotton-under-Edge.

1907 ¢ Perrins, J. A. D., 3rd Seaforth Highlanders, Daxenham, Malvern.

1897 Puiniips, Hubert C., M.R.C.S., L.S.A., 262, Gloucester-terrace, Hyde-
park, W.

1903 ¢ Putuires, Montagu A., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., 22, Petherton-road, High-
bury New Park, N.

1901 Pickett, C. P., 28, Colwith-road, Leytonstone, S.E.

1891 PierRcz, Frank Nelson, 1, The Elms, Dingle, Liverpool.

1903 PincHER, Colonel Jesse George, I.M.S., F.R.C.S., 133, Gloucester.
road, Kensington, S.W.

1910 Pinuar, A. Raman, University Union, Edinburgh, and Trivan-
dram, India.

1885 Pout, J. R. H. Neerwort van der, Driebergen, Netherlands.

1870 ¢ Porritt, Geo. T., F.L.S., lm Lea, Dalton, Huddersjield.

1884 + PouLTon, Professor Edward B., D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.GS.,
F.Z.S., Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford,
(Pres., 1903-4 ; V.-Pres., 1894-5, 1902, 1905 ; CouncrL, 1886-8,
1892, 1896, 1905-7), Wykeham House, Banbury-road, Oxaford.

1905 Powe.., Harold, 7, Rue Mireille, Hyéres (Var), France.

1906 Pratt, H.C., Government Entomologist, Federated Malay States,
Kuala Lumpur, Malay States.

1908 Prarr, William B., 10, Lion Gate Gardens, Richmond, Surrey.

1878 Prick, David, 48, West-street, Horsham.

1908 PripEaux, Robert M., Woodlands, Brasted Chart, Sevenoaks.

1904 PrisKE, Richard A. R., 9, Melbourne Avenue, West Ealing.

1911 Provuproot, Rev. Samuel, 6, Lyme-grove, Altrincham, Cheshire.

1893 Prout, Louis Beethoven, (CounciL, 1905-7), 62, Graham-road,
Dalston, N.E.

1910 Punnert, Professor Reginald Crundall, M.A., Caius College,
Cambridge. *

1900 Rarnsow, William J., The Australian Musewm, Sydney, N.S. W.

1907 Raywarp, Arthur Leslie, 3, Albert Mansions, Lansdowne Road,
Croydon.

1893 Ret, Captain Savile G., late R.E., Zhe Elms, Yalding, Maidstone.

1898 Rewron, R. H., c/o Perkins and Co., Ltd., Brisbane, Queensland.

1898 Reuter, Professor Enzio, Helsingfors, Finland.

1910 De Rus#-Puinipr, G. W. V., c/o Grindlay & Co., Hustings-street,
Calcutta.

1894 * Ripine, William Steer, B.A., M.D., Stamlands, Buckerell, Honiton.

1908 Rrppon, Claude, M.A., 28, Walton-street, Oxford.

1905 Rosrnson, Herbert C., Curator of State Museum, Kuala Lumpur,
Selangor.

1904 Rosinson, Lady, Worksop Manor, Notts.

1892 Roprnson, Sydney C., 10, Inchmory-road, Cutford, S.E.

1869 ¢ Roprnson-Dovetas, William Douglas, M.A., F.L.S., F.R.G.S.,
Orchardton, Castle Douglas.

alll xxiv )

1908 RoGers, The Rev. K. St. Aubyn, M.A., Rabai, Mombasa, British
East Africa.

1909 * Rotnason, Wm. Alfred, Lamorna, 7'rwro, Cornwall.

1886 Rosg, Arthur J., 1, Harewood-road, 8. Croydon.

1907 Rosrnspera, W. F. H., 57, Haverstock-hill, N.W.

1868 Roruney, George Alexander James, Pembury, Tudor-road, Upper
Norwood, S.E.

1894 + Roruscaiip, The Honble. Nathaniel Charles, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.,
(CounciL, 1904), Arwndel-house, Kensington Palace Gardens, W.

1888 ¢ RoruscuiLp, The Honble. Walter, D.Se., F.L.S., F.Z.S., (Councrn,
1900), Zoological Museum, Tring.

1890 RovuriepaE, G. B., Tarn Lodge, Heads Nook, Carlisle.

1887 Rownanp-Brown, Henry, M.A., (V.-PRes., 1908, 1910; Sec.,
1900-10), Oxhey-grove, Harrow Weald.

1910 RupGeE, Miss Carlotta, 1, Hamilton House, Grove-end-road, St.
John's Wood, N.W.

1910 Rupee, Charles Henry, 1, Hamilton House, Grove-end-road, St.
John’s Wood, N.W.

1898 RussELL, A., Wilverley, Dale-road, Purley.

1892 RussEL1, S. G. C., 19, Lombard-street, E.C.

1899 RyweEs, William E., B.A., 14, Arthur-street, Nottingham.

1905 Sr. Quintin, W. H., Scampton Hall, Rillington, York.

1906 Sampson, Colonel F. Winn, 20, Arundel Mansions, 8.W., and Junior
Carlton Club, Pall Mall, 8.W.

1910 Saunvers, H. A., Brookfield-house, Swanage.

1886 SaunpErs, Prof. Wm., Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada.

1901 Scuauvs, W., F.Z.S., 97, Elm Park Gardens, S.W.

1907 ScHMassMan, W., Bewlah Lodge, London-road, Enfield, N.

1881 Scouuick, A. J., 8, Mayfield-road, Merton Park, Wimbledon.

1911 Scorer, Alfred George, Hill Crest, Chilworth, Guwildford.

1909 Scorr, Hugh, B.A., University Musewm of Zoology, Cambridge.

1911 Scorr, Perey William Affleck, Chinese Imperial Customs Service,
Hangchow, China.

1911 SExovs, Cuthbert F., M.D., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Agra, Barton-on-
Sea, New Milton, Hants.

1911+ Sennett, Noel Stanton, 32, Bolton-gardens, S. Kensington, 8.W.

1862 Swarp, David, M.A., M.B., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S. (Pres., 1887-8 ;
V.-Pres., 1889, 1891-2, 1896, 1902-3; Sxc., 1867; Counc,
1893-5, 1902-4), Lawnside, Brockenhurst, Hants.

1902 SHarp, W. E., 9, Queen’s-road, South Norwood, 8.E.

1886 SHaw, George T. (Librarian of the Liverpool Free Public Library),
William Brown-street, Liverpool.

1905 SHetpon, W. George, Youlgreave, South Croydon.

1901 | SHELFoRD, Robert, M.A., F.Z.S., (Counctt, 1907-8), University
Museum (Hope Department), Oxford.

1900 | SHePHEARD-Watwyyn, H. W., M.A., Dalwhinnie, Kenley, Surrey.

1887
1909

1911
1904
1902
1904
1902
1907
1906
1901
1911
1898
1885

1908
1889

1910
1898

1898
1910
1910
1896
1900
1895
1882
1908
1884

1894
1876
1911

1910
1908
1911
1893
1911
1903
1910
1909
1910
1901
1892

(c\ eay )

Sicu, Alfred, (Councin, 1910- ), Corney House, Chiswick, W.

* SILVERLOCK, Oscar C,, c/o P. M. O. Livingstone, Esq., N.W. Rhodesiu,

S. Africa.
Smes, James A., 2, The Bryn, Whitehall-road, Woodford, Essex.
Srmmonps, Hubert W., Sussex View, Tunbridge Wells.
SLaDEN, Frederick William Lambart, The Firs, Ripple, Dover.
Surpper, The Rev. T. J. R. A., M.A., Tivetshall Rectory, Norwich.
Storer, Gerard Orby, F.Z.S., J.P., Badminton Club, Piccadilly, W.
Sty, Harold Baker, Mapledean, Ringley-avenue, Horley.
SmauutMay, Raleigh S., Homeside, Devonshire Park, Eastbourne.
Smirn, Arthur, County Museum, Lincoln.
Smiru, B. H., B.A., Edgehill, Warlingham, Surrey.
Sorp, Erasmus John Burgess, F.R.Met.S,
Soutn, Richard, (Councin, 1890-1), 96, Drakefield-road, Upper
Tooting, S.W.
Speyer, Edward R., Ridgehurst, Shenley, Herts.
SranpeEv, Richard S., F.L.S., (Councrt, 1906), Townlands, Lindfield,
Sussex.
Sranuey, The Rev. Hubert George, Marshfield Vicarage, Cardiff.
Srarsgs, C. L. B., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., The Limes, Swanley Junction,
Kent.
SrepBine, Henry, Chasewood, Rownd Oak Wood, Weybridge.
StTeNTON, Rupert, St. Edward’s, St. Mary Church, Torquay.
SroneHay, Hugh Frederick, Lieut. E. Surrey Regt., Kinsale, Co.Cork.
SrrRicKLaAnpD, T. A. Gerald, Southcott, Poulton, Fairford.
Strupp, E. A. C., Kerremens, British Columbia.
Strupp, E. F., M.A., B.C.L., Oxton, Exeter.
Swanzy, Francis, The Quarry, Sevenoaks.

Swierstray, Commr. T., Ist Assistant, Transvaal Museum, Pretoria.
SwinHog, Colonel Charles, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., (V.-PRES., 1894 ;
Councin, 1891-3 ; 1902-4), 6, Gunterstone-road, Kensington, W.

SwinuHog, Ernest, 6, Gunterstone-road, Kensington, W.
Swinton, A. H., Oak Villa, Braishfield, Romsey, Hants.
Swynverton, C. F. M., Mt. Chirinda, Melsetter, S.-E. Rhodesia.

Tait, Robt., junr., Roseneath, Hurborough-road, Ashton-on-Mersey.
Tazot, G., 17, Steeles-road, Haverstock-hill, N.W.

Tautz, P. H., Cranleigh, Pinner, Middlesex.

Taytor, Charles B., Gap, Lancaster County, Penn., U.S.A.
TayLor, Frank, Technological Museum, Sydney, N.S.W.

Taytor, Thomas Harold, M.A., Yorkshire College, Leeds.

* Terry, Frank Wray, P.O. Box 411, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Terttey, Alfred, M.A., 22, Avenwe-road, Scarborough.

THEOBALD, F. V., M.A., Wye Cowrt, Wye.

THompson, Matthew Lawson, 40, Gosford-street, Middlesbrough.

THORNLEY, The Rey. A., M.A., F.L.S., “ Hughenden,” Coppice-road,
Nottingham.

( soem)

1907 Tintyarp, R. J., BA., Kuranda, Mount Errington, Hornsby, New
South Wales.

1911 Topp, R. G., The Limes, Hadley Green, N.

1897 Tomy, J. R. le B., M.A., (Counctn 1911- ), Stoneley, Alexandra-
road, Reading.

1907 Tonee, Alfred Ernest, Aincroft, Reigate, Surrey.

1907 TraGarpu, Dr. Ivar, The University, Upsala, Sweden.

1859 ¢ TRimEN, Roland, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., (PREs., 1897-8; V.-PREs.,
1896, 1899 ; CounctL, 1868, 1881, 1890), Fawley, Onslow-crescent,
Woking.

1906 TryYHANE, George E., Pedro Miguel Canal Zone, Panama.

1906 Turtocn, Major James Bruce Gregorie, The King’s Own Yorkshire
Light Infantry; Head Quarters, South China Command, Hong
Kong.

1895 Tunatry, Henry, 13, Begmead-avenue, Streatham, S.W.

1910 Turati, Conte Emilio, 4, Piazza S. Alessandro, Milan, Italy.

1898 Turner, A. J., M.D., Wickham Terrace, Brisbane, Australia.

1893 TurNER, Henry Jerome, (Councit, 1910- ), 98, Drakefell-road,
St. Catherine’s Park, Hatcham, 8.E.

1906 Turner, Rowland E.,(Councrt, 1909-10), 21, Emperor’s Gate, S.W.

1894 Turner, Thomas, Cullompton, Devon.

1893 Uricu, Frederick William, C.M.Z.S., Port of Spain, Trinidad,
British West Indies.

1904 7 VauGuan, W., Badulla, India.

1866 * VERRALL, George Henry, (PREs., 1899, 1900; V.-PREs., 1892-3,
1902, 1907; Sec., 1873-4; CounciL, 1891, 1897-8; 1903-4,
1907-8), Sussex Lodge, Newmarket.

1909 Vivier, Leopold A., The Carmelite Stone House, Rye, Sussex.

1911 Vrrauts, R., Commis de 1 classe, Pnom-Penk, Cambodia, French
Indo-China.

1895 WacHeEr, Sidney, F.R.C.S., Dane John, Canterbury.

1899 Wane, Albert, 12, Cadogan-place, Preston, Lancashire.

1897 Watnwricat, Colbran J., (CounciL, 1901), 45, Handsworth Wood-
road, Handsworth, Birmingham.

1878 WatkeEr, James J.. M.A., R.N., F.L.S., (Councit, 1894, 1897-8 ;
Secretary, 1905- ), Aorangi, Lonsdale-road, Summertown,
Oxford.

1863 + Watiace, Alfred Russel, O.M., D.C.L. Oxon., F.R.S., F.LS.,
F.Z.S., (PREs., 1870-1; V.-PREs., 1864, 1869; CouNcIL, 1866,
1872), Broadstone, Wimborne, Dorset.

1866 + WatsrncHaM, The Right Honble. Lord, (PREs., 1889-90 ; V.-PREs.,
1882, 1888, 1891-2, 1894-5; Councrn, 1896), British Museum
(Natural History), Cromwell-road, 8.W.

1910 Warp, John J., Rusinurbe House, Somerset-road, Coventry.

1908
1886
1869

(: xvi»)

WaRREN, Brisbane C.S., Innis, Claygate, Surrey.

WarREN, Wmm., M.A., East Croft, Langdon-street, Tring, Herts.

WarteERHOUSE, Charles O., I.S.0., (PRES., 1907-8 ; V.-Prxs., 1900,
1909 ; CounciL, 1873, 1882-3; 1898-1900), Ingleside, Avenue-
gardens, Acton, W.

1901 +} WATERHOUSE, Gustavus A., B.Sc., F.C.S., Allonrie, Stanhope-road

1904

1893
1908

Killara, New South Wales, Australia.

Watson, The Rev. N. Beresford, S#. Martin's Vicarage, St. Philip,
Barbados, W. Indies.

Wess, John Cooper, 218, Upland-road, Dulwich, S.E.

WELLMAN, F. Creighton, M.D., U.S. Musewm, Washington, U.S.A.

1876 | WestERN, E. Young, 36, Lancaster Gute, Hyde Park, W.

1886

1906

1910

1907
1911

1911
1906
1903
1896
1910

1911
1894

1900
1881

1905

1888

1892

WHEELER, Francis D., M.A., LL.D., Bracondale Cottage, Lower
Hellesdon, Norwich. 0

WHEELER, The Rev. George, M.A., F.Z.5., (SecrETARY, 1911- ), 37,
Gloucester-place, W.

Wuite, Edward Barton, M.R.C.S., Cardiff City Mental Hospital,
Cardiff.

WuitE, Harold J., 42, Nevern-square, Kensington, S.W.

Wuitenouss, H. Beckwith, M.S., F.R.C.S., 52, Newhall-street, Bir-
mingham.

WuirtineHaM, Rev. W. G., Knighton Rectory, Leicester.

Wickwar, Oswin 8., Charlemont, Gregory-road, Colombo, Ceylon.

Wiaarns, Clare A., M.R.C.S., Entebbe, Uganda.

Witemay, A. E., H.B.M. Consul, Manila, Philippine Islands.

Wittcocks, Frank C., Entomologist to the Khedivial Agricultural
Society, Cairo, Egypt.

WiuiaMs, C. B., Mostyn-road, Merton, Surrey.

WotteEy-Don, F. H., Millarville P. O., Alberta, N.W.T., Canada.

Woop, H., Kennington, near Ashford, Kent.

Woop, The Rev. Theodore, The Vicarage, Lyford-road, Wandsworth
Common, 8. W.

WoopsRIDGE, Francis Charles, The Briars, Gerrard’s Cross, S.O.,
Bucks.

YerBuRY, Colonel John W., late R.A., F.Z.S., (Councin, 1896,
1903-5), Army and Navy Club, Pall Mall, S.W.

YoupaLE, William Henry, F.R.M.S., 21, Belle-Isle-street, Work-
ington.

( xxviii )

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY

DvuRING THE YEAR 191].

Aperz (Gottfrid). Lefnadsforhallanden och Instinkter inom Familjerna
Pompilidae och Sphegidae, 1IT.

[Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl. Band 45, No. 12, 1910.]
By Exchange.

ANNANDALE (N.). Fauna of British India. Freshwater Sponges, Hydroids

and Polyzoa, 1911. The India Office.
Notes: Correction as regards the Ceylon species of Phlehotomus.
{Spolia Zeylanica, Vol. VII, Pt. XX VII, May 1911.]

The Author.

Avurivittius (Chr.). Svensk Insektfauna, 13. Steklar Hymenoptera, 1.
Gaddsteklar Aculeata, Formicidae. Stockholm och Uppsala,
1903-1908.

Von Dr. I. Tragirdh in Natal und dem Zululande gesammelten
Cerambyciden.
[Ent. Tidskr., 1908.]
Neue oder wenig bekannte Coleoptera Longicornia, 10.
[Arkiv for Zoologi. Band 4, 1908.)
Cerambyciden.
{Deukschr. mediz.—naturw. Ges. Bd. XIII, 1908.]
Neue Coleoptera Longicornia.
[Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr., 1908, ]
——_—— Cerambyciden aus den Grenzgebieten zwischen Peru und Bolivien,
[Arkiv for Zoologi. Band 5, 1908.]
————— Diagnosen neuer Lepidopteren aus Afrika, 9.
[Arkiv for Zoologi. Band 5, 1909.]

——-—— Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera und Heterocera (Pars I), von Madagaskar,

den Comoren und den Inseln Ostafrikas.
[Reise in Ostafrika in den Jahren 1903-1905. Wissensch. Ergebn.
Zweiter Band, 1909. }
———— Carl von Linné als Entomolog.
[Jena, 1909. ]
———— Neue oder wenig bekannte Coleoptera Lonyicornia.
[Arkiv for Zoologi. Band 7, 1910.}

——_—— Schmetterlinge Gesammelt in Westafrika, von Leonardo Fea in den
Jahren 1897-1902.

[Ann. Museo Civico di Storia Nat. Genova, 1910.]

——_—— Wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der Schwedischen zoologischen expedi-
tion nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den umgebenden
massaisteppen Deutsch-Ostafrikas 1905-1906. Coleoptera, 11 ;
Cerambycidae, 21; Curculionidae. Lepidoptera, 9. 1908-1910.

The Author.

AusTEN (E. E.). A Handbook of the Tsetse-Flies. London, 1911.
By Exchange.
Racor (A. W.). The persistence of Bacillus pyocyaneus in pupae and
imagines of Musca domestica raised from larvae experimentally
infected with the Bacillus.
{ Parasitology, Vol. IV, No. 1, March 31, 1911.] The Author.

( xi )

Bangs (C. 8.). A Manual of Philippine Silk Culture.
{Philippine Journ. Sci., Manila, 1911.]
Philippine Bureau Science.
Barser (T. C.). Damage to Sugar Cane in Louisiana by the Sugar-Cane
Borer (Diatraea saccharalis, Fab.).
LU. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 139, 1911.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
BarGaGut (P.). Di un Altro insetto nocivo al Populus canadensis, Desf.

[Atti R. Accad. Georgofili, Vol. VIII, 1911.] The Author.
Beare (T. Hudson). Retrospect of a Coleopterist for 1910.
[Entom. Rec., Vol. XXIII, 1911.] The Author.

Bericur iiber die wissenschaftlichen Leistungen im Gebiete der Entom-
ologie wahrend des Jahres 1907-1909.
{Published in 1909-1911. By W. La Baume, K. Griinberg, G. Illig,
R. Lucas, F. W. Rithe, H. Schouteden, G. Seidlitz, and E.
Strand. | Purchased.
BERNHAUER (M.) et ScuusBert (K.). [See Coleopterorum Catalogus. ]
BisHorr (F. C.). An annotated bibliography of the Mexican Cotton Boll
Weevil.
(U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 140, 1911.]

——-— The distribution of the Rocky Mountain Spotted-fever Tick.
[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 136, March 1911.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
———— [See Hunter (W, D.).|
Bortvak (Ignacio). Analecta Orthopterologica.
[An. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., Tomo VII, 1878].

———— Notas Entomoldgicas.
[An. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., Tomo X, 1881.]
———— Sobre la estructura de las patas prensoras de la Mantispa perla,
Pallas.
[An. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1882. ]
———— Artrépodos del Viaje al Pacifico. Insectos : Neurdpteros y Ortépteros.
[Madrid, 1884. ]
———— Ortdépteros de Africa del Museo de Lisboa.
{Jorn. Sci. Math., Phys. e Nat., 2d serie, Nos. III, IV, 1889, 1890.]
———— Diagnosis de Ortépteros Nuevos.
[An. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., Tomo XIX, 1890. ]
Ortdépteros recogidos en las Azores por el Sr. Affonso Chaves.
[Act. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1891.]
———— Noticias Entomoldgicas.
[Act. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1892.]

—-— Liste des Orthoptéres recueillis en Syrie par le Dr. Th. Barrois.
[Rev. Biol. du Nord de la France, Tome V, 1892-1893. ]

———— Voyage de M. Ch. Alluaud dans le territoire d’Assinie (Afrique
occidentale) en juillet et aodt, 1886. Orthoptéres.
{Ann. Soe. Ent. Fr., 1893.]

———— Viaje de M. Ch. Alluand a las Islas Canarias. Ortépteros de las Islas
Canarias.
[Act. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1893.]
————— Tableau pour la détermination des espéces du genre T'rywalis, F.
[Feuille des Jeunes Nat., No. 275, Sept. 1893.]
———— Ad cognitionem Orthopterorum Europae et confinium.
[Act. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1893, 1894. |

Ortépteros recogidos por el Sr. Uraz en la cuenca del Rio Atalapo,
afluente del Amazonas.
[Act. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1896, ]
————. Taentosoma sanchezt, gen. et sp. nov.
[Act. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1897.]

- az )

Bottvar (Ignacio). Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regione vicine :
Nouvelle espéce cavernicole de la famille des Blattaires.
[Ann. Mus. Civico Storia Nat. Genova, 1897.]

——_—-— Insectos recogidos en Cartagena por D. José Sanchez Gomez.
[Act. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1897.]

Nueva especie de Mantido europeo (A meles paut).
[ Act. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1898.)

————— Contributions 4 l'étude des Acridiens espéces de la faune Indo et
Austro-Malaisenne.
{Ann. Mus. Civico Storia Nat. Genova, 1898. ]

Ortépteros recogidos en Marruecos por D. Jerénimo Olcese.
[Act. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1898.]

——-—— Ortépteros nuevos de Borneo y de Nueva Guinea.
[Act. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1898.]
———— Notas entomoldgicas (Aphlebia chavesi, sp. nov., and Anaxiphus
averni, Costa).
[Act. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1898.]
———— Revisién de los Pirgomorphinos de la Seccién ‘‘ Ommexechae.”
[Revista Chilena de Hist. Nat., Tomo III, 1899.]
——-—— Observaciones acerca de la primera mérfosis de la Langosta (Stau-
ronotus maroccanus, Thunberg).
[Act. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1899.]
Dos formas larvarias de Lampiridos.
[Act. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1899.]
———— Anaételia, género nuevo de Forfictilido de las Islas Canarias.
[Act. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1899. ]
——— El género Taeniopoda, Stal.
[Bol. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1901.]
——— Un nuevo Ortdéptero mirmecéfilo Attaphila bergi.
{Comun. Museo Nac. Buenos Aires, Tomo I, 1901.]
——-——. Les Orthoptéres de St. Joseph’s College 4 Trichonopoly (sud de
l’Inde), Parts I-III.
{Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1897, 1900, 1902.]
———— Nuevo Helioscirtus de Rio de Oro.
[ Bol. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1902.]
——-——— Apuntes para el estudio de los Pérlidos de Espana.
[Bol. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1902.]
———— Observaciones sobre la Ephippigera coronata, A. Costa.
{Ann. Mus, Zool. Napoli (Nuova Serie), Vol. L, 1903. |
Contributions a l'étude des Mecopodinae.
[Ann. Mus, Nat. Hung., I, 1903. ]
Nuevas especies de Eumastacinos.
[Bol. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1903.]
————- El género Phymateus, Thunberg.
[Bol. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1903. ]
————— Algunos Conocefalinos Sud-Americanos.
[ Revista Chilena de Hist. Nat., Ano VII, 1903.]
Notas sobre los Pirgomérfidos (Pyrgomorphidae), I, Subfam.
Sphenariinae.

{Bol. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1904. ]
———— Notas sobre los Pirgomérfidos (Pyrgomorphidae).
[ Bol. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1904, 1905.]
————-— Sobre algunos Decticinos Africanos.,
[Bol. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1905.
———— (Ignacio). Ortdépteros Acridioideos de la Guinea Espanola,
{Mem. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., Tomo I, 1905.}

() Seat)

Botivar Nueva especie de Xzphidzum de las Azores.
[Bol. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1905.]
———— Conocéphalides de la Nouvelle-Guinée appartenant au Musée de
Budapest.
[Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung., ITI, 1905.]
———— El genero Tetraconcha, Karsch.
[Bol. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1906.]
———— Rectificaciones y observaciones ortopteroldgicas.
[Bol. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1906.]
———— Fasgonurideos de la Guinea Espanola.
[Mem. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., Tomo I, 1906.]
Los Pamphagus de Marruecos.
[Bol. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1907.]
——-— Revision des Ephippigerinae.
[Ann. Sci. Nat., Neuvieme série, V, 1907. |
———— Description d’une espéce nouvelle d’Orthoptére de la famille des
Blattidés (Ectobia kervillez, Bol.).
[Bull. Soc. des Amis Sci. Nat. Rouen, 1907.]
———— Note sur les Orthoptéres recueillis par M. Henri Gadeau de Kerville
en Khroumirie (Tunisie).
[Voyage Zool. en Khroumirie, Paris, 1908. }
————Uber die Gattung Amorphoscelis, Stal.
[Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr., 1908. ]
———— Mantidos de la Guinea Espanola.
[Mem. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., Tomo I, 1908.]
—-— Dos nuevas especies de Hololampra de Marruecos.
[Bol. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1908.

———— Algunos Ortépteros nuevos de Espana, Marruecos y Canarias.
[Bol. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1908. ]

re AER gel. nov., nuevo género préximo al Acrida (L.),
tal.
[Bol, Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1908.]
———— Acridiens d’Afrique du Musée royal d’Histoire naturelle de
Belgique.
[Mém. Soc. Ent. Belg., Tome XVI, 1908.]
———— Orthoptera, Fam. Acridiidae, Subfam. Pyrgomorphinae.
[Wytsman’s Gen. Ins. 90™* fascicule, 1909. |
El Argas reflexus en Espana.
[Bol. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1909. ] The Author.
BRAUCcHER (R. W.). [See Quarntance (A. L.).]
Brown (H. Rowland). Notes on a Butterfly Hunt in France in 1910.
[Entomologist, 1910 and 1911.] The Author.
Berr (Malcolm). Dermaptera.
[Wiss. Ergebn. Deutsch. Zentr.-Afric. Exped., 1907-1908. ]
The Author.
Fauna of British India, Dermaptera (Earwigs), 1910.
The India Office.
—— A Revision of the Genus Diplatys (Serv.) (Dermaptera).
[Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1911. ]
——_—— Brachypterous Earwigs.
[Entomologist, June 1911. ]
———— Note sur la Distribution en Angleterre du Forficula lesne?, Finot.
[Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1911.]
Notes on the Forficularia.—X VIII. More new Species.
[Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., July 1911.]
——~—— Notes on the Forficularia.—XIX. On little-known Earwigs from
Formosa.
[Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., July 1911.]

¢ . <xah )
Burr (Malcolm). On some South African Dermaptera (Earwigs) in the
South African Museum, Cape Town.
{Ann. 8. African Museum, Vol. X, Pt. 1, 1911.]
———— Ueber einige interessante Dermapteren der Dohrn’schen Sammlung.
({Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1911.]
———— Vorlaufige Revision der Labiiden.
{Deutsche Ent. National-Bibliothek, II, 1911.] The Author.
Busck (A.). Descriptious of Tineoid Moths (Microlepidoptera) from South
America.
[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XL, 1911.]
The Smithsonian Institution.
CarpPENTER (G. H.). Injurious Insects and other Animals observed in
Ireland during the year 1910.
{Econ. Proc. Royal Dublin Soc., Vol. II, 1911.] By Exchange.
Caupett (A. N.). [See Curries (R. P.).]

Cuampion (G. C.). [See Gopman (F. D.), Biologia Centrali-Americana. |
CHITTENDEN (F. H.). A list of Insects affecting stored cereals. The
Mexican Grain-beetle. ‘The Siamese Grain-beetle.

(U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No, 96, Pt. 1, March 1911. ]
Notes on various Truck-crop Insects.
{U. 8S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 82, Pt. 7, 1911.]
The Asparagus Miner (dgromyza simplex, Loew) }.
[U.8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 135, March 1911.]
The Broad-nosed Grain Weevil. The Long-headed Flour Beetle.
[U. 8S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 96, Pt. 2, 1911.]
The Lesser Grain-borer. The Larger Grain-borer.
(U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 96, Pt.3, March 1911.)
——-— The Fig Moth.
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 104, 1911.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
-— The Southern Beet-webworm.
{U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 109, Pt. 2, 1911.]
and Popenor (C. H.). Carbon Tetrachlorid asa substitute for Carbon
Bisulphid in Fumigation against Insects.
[U.S, Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 96, Pt. 4, 1911.]
U.S. Dept. Ayric.
CockrereE_t (T. D. A.). Bees in the Collection of the United States National
Museum, I.
[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XX XIX, 1911.]
—— Bees in the Collection of the United States National Museum.
[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XL, pp. 241-264, 1911.]
Names applied to Bees of the Genus WVomada found in North
America.
{Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLI, pp. 225-243, 1911.]
The Smithsonian Institution.
CoLroprerorum Caratocus. Junk (W.) editus a Schenkling (S.). Berlin,
1911.
Pars 27. Raffray (A.). Pselaphidae.
28. Gebien (H.). Tenebrionidae, ITI.
29. Bernhauer (M.) et Schubert (K.). Staphylinidae, II.
30. Dalla Torre (K. W. von). Cioidae.
31. Dalla Torre (K. W. von). Aglycyderidae, Proterrhinidae.
» 32, Csiki (E.). Hydroscaphidae, Ptiliidae.
33. Dalla Torre (K. W. von). Nosodendridae, Byrrhidae,
Dermestidae.
» 34. Kubnt (P.). Erotylidae.
Ritsema (C.). Helotidae.
» 35. Weise (J.). Chrysomelidae: Hispinae.
36. Pic (M.). Anthicidae.
» 37. Gebien (H.). Tenebrionidae,1V. Trictenotomidae.
38. Gillet (J. J. E.). Scarabaeidae: Coprinae, I. Purchased.

C mem |}

Coox (O. F.). New Tropical Millipeds of the Order Merocheta, with an
example of kinetic evolution.
[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XL, 1911.]
Notes on the distribution of Millipeds in Southern Texas, with
descriptions of New Genera and Species from Texas, Arizona,
Mexico and Costa Rica.
[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XL, 1911.]
The Hothouse Milliped as a New Genus.
[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XL, 1911.]
The Smithsonian Institution.
Crawrorp (D. L.). American Psyllidae, I-III (Triozinae); IV (A Partial
Revision of the Subfamilies).
[Pomona Journ, Entom., Vols. IT, III, 1910-11.] The Author.
————(J.C.). New South American Parasitic Hymenoptera.
[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol, XX XIX, 1910.]
———— Descriptions of New Hymenoptera, I.
[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XX XIX, 1911.]
Descriptions of New Hymenoptera, II.
[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XL, 1911.]
———— Descriptions of New Hymenoptera, III. ,
[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLI, 1911.]
The Smithsonian Institution.
Crossy (C. R.). On certain Seed-infesting Chalcis-Flies.
[Cornell Univ. Agric. Exper. Station, Bull. No. 265, April 1909. ]
———— The Apple Red Bugs.
[Cornell Univ. Agric. Exper. Station, Bull. No. 291, 1911.]
The Author.
Csixr (E.). [See Coleopterorum Catalogus. ]
Currie (R. P.) and Caupett (A. N.). An Index to Circulars 1 to 100 of the
Bureau of Entomology.
[U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 100, 1911.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
CusHMaN, (R. A.). Notes on the Peach and Plum Slug.
[U. 8S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 97, 1911.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
Datta Torre (K. W. von). [See Coleopterorum Catalogus. ]
Dzan (W. Be: The Sorghum Midge (Contarinia [Diplosis| sorghicola,

'oq.).
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bull. No. 85, Pt. 4 (revised), April 1911].
U.S. Dept. Agric.
Dr Rut-Paitiez (G. W. V.). Notes on some Butterflies from the Indian
Region.
[Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 1911. ] The Author.

Doane (R. W.). An Annotated List of the Literature on Insects and
Disease for the year 1910.

(Journ. Econ. Ent., Vol. IV, No. 4, 1911.] The Author.
Doenin (Paul). Hétérocéres nouveaux de l'Amérique du Sud. Fase. IT, IIT,
and IV, 1911. The Author,

DonistHoRPE (H. St. J. K.). Amphisbatis tncongruella, Stn., probably
myrmecophilous in the Larval Stage, and a few notes on some
other Myrmecophiles.

[Entom. Rec., Vol. XXIII, No. 6, 1911.]
———— Lasius miztus, Nyl., in Britain.
[Entom. Rec., Vol. XXIII, No. 9, 1911.]
———— Myrmecophilous Notes for 1910.
[Entom. Rec., Vol. XXIII, 1911.]
Fourmis et leurs hétes.
[ler Congrés Intern. d’Entom, 1910. Issued 1911.] The Author.
Dvueaar (B. M.). See GRrossENBACHER (J. G.).
Fiske (W. F.). [See Howarp (L. O.).]

-

( <¥aly )

Foret (A.). Fourmis du Musée de Bruxelles. Fourmis de Benguela
récoltées par M. Creighton-Wellman, et Fourmis de Congo
récoltées MM. Luja, Kohl et Laurent.

{Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., Tome LIII, 1909.]

Fourmis d’Espagne récoltées par M. O. Vogt et Mme. Cécile Vogt.
[Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., Tome LIII, 1909.]

——-—— Ameisen aus Guatemala, u.s.w., Paraguay und Argentinien.
[Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr., 1909.]

———— Apercu sur la distribution géographique et la phylogénie des
Fourmis,
[ler Congrés Intern. d’Entom. 1910.]
———— Formicidae.
[Fortsetzung von, Bd. II. X. Insecta 3te Ser., Jena, 1910.]

———— Fourmis d'Afrique surtout du Musée du Congo Belge.
{Rev. Zool. Africaine, Vol. I., Fase. 2, 1911.]

————— Die Ameisen des K. Zoologischen Museums in Miinchen.
[Sitz. Konigl. Bayer. Akad. der Wissens., 1911. ]
———— Fourmis de Bornéo, Singapore, Ceylan, ete.
[Revue Suisse Zool., Vol. XIX, 1911.]

—————— Fourmis nouvelles ou intéressantes,
[Bull. Soc. Vaudoise des Sciences Nat., Vol. XLVII, 1911. }

Sur le Genre Metapone, n.g., nouveau groupe des Formicides et sur
quelques autres formes nouvelles.
[Revue Suisse Zool., Vol. XIX, 1911.]} The Author.

Fosrer (8. W.). Life-history of the Codling Moth and its Control on Pears
in California.
[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 97, Pt. 2, 1911.]
U.S, Dept. Agric.
Frocecarr(W. W.). Friendly Insects.
[Dept. Agric. N.S. W., Farmers’ Bull. No. 34, Dec. 1910. ]

———— The Diamond-backed Cabbage Moth.
[Agric. Gazette, N. 8. W., Oct. 1910.]

The French Bean Fly (daromyea ee te Coquillet).
[Agric. Gazette, N. S. W., Feb. 2, 1911.]

———— The Nasal Fly of Shee ‘uibiva se in Australia.
[Agric. Gazette, N.S. W., March 2, 1911.]
——_——— Pests and Diseases of the Coconut Palm.
[Dept. Agric. N. S. W., Science Bull. No. 20, May 1911.]
The Author.

Fuiitaway (David T.). Description of a new Coccid Species, Ceroputo
ambigua, with notes on its Life-history and Anatomy.
{Proc. Davenport Acad. Sciences, Vol. XII, June 1910.]
Davenport Acad, Sciences.

Gerpten (H.). [See Coleopterorum Catalogus. |
Gress (A. E.). An Algerian Holiday.
{Entomologist, April and May 1911. ] The Author.
Gopman (F. D.). Biologia Centrali-Americana, Pts. CCIX, CCX, CCXIa,
1911; JZnsecta, by G. C. Champion, D. Sharp and Lord

Walsingham.
. [Coleoptera concluded in Pt. CCOXIa.] The Editor.
GrrEN (E. Ernest). Insects associated with the Cotton Plant in Ceylon.
{Paper read before the Board of Agriculture on Oct, 18, 1909.)
Entomological Notes.
{Tropical Agriculturist, Vols. XX XIII, Nos. 3,5 (1909), XXXIV,
No. 2 (1910). ]
——— Entomological Notes.
{Spolia Zeylanica, Vol. VII, Pt. 26, Dec. 1910.]

Gooey)

GREEN (E. Ernest). Notes on Current Literature. Economic Entomology.
[Tropical Agriculturist, Vol. XXXIV, No. 3, 1910.]

—_ — Eotacioncal Notes: Tea Chests Damaged by Boring Beetles,

[Tropical Agriculturist, Vol. XXXVI, No. 1, Jan. 1911.]

—-—— Entomological Notes: Remedy for Slugs and Snails.
[Tropical Agriculturist, Vol. XXXVI, No. 2, Feb. 1911.]
———— Entomological Notes: Tea Tortrix.
[Tropical Agriculturist, Vol. XXXVI, No. 4, April 1911.]
———— On some Coccidae affecting Rubber Trees in Ceylon, with descrip-
tions of New Species.
[Journ. Economic Biology, Vol. VI, May 1911.]
—-— The Rubber Slug.
{Circulars and Agric. Journ. Royal Botanic Gardens, Ceylon, Vol. V,
No. 22, Aug. 1911.] The Author.
GROSSENBACHER (J. G.) and Duccar (B. M.). A Contribution to the
Life-history, Parasitism, and Biology of Botryosphaeria ribis.
{New York Agric. Exper. Station, Techn. Bull. No. 18, July 1911.]
N. York Exper. Station.
Guppy (P. L.). The Life-history and Control of the Cacao Beetle (Stezra-
stoma depressum, L,).
[Dept. Agric., Trinidad, Circular No, 1, May 1911.]
Dept. Agric., Trinidad.
———— [See Uricu (F. W.).]
———— and Tuornrton (T.). The Cotton Stainer Bug.
[Board of Agric., Trinidad and Tobago, Circular No. 6, 1911.]
Dept. Agric., Trinidad.
Hampson (Sir G. F.). Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae, Vol. X
(text and plates), 1910-1911. By Exchange.
Hetier (K. M.). Finfter Beitrag zur Papuanischen Kaferfauna.
[| Abhandl. Kénigl. Zool. Anthr. Ethn. Mus, Dresden, Band XIII,
1910. | The "Author.

Hink (James §.). Robberflies of the Genera Promachus and Proctacanthus.
[Ann. Entom. Soc. America, Vol. IV, No. 2, June 1911.]
Ohio State University.
Hopaxiss (H. E.). The Apple and Pear Membracids.
[N. York Agric. Exper. Station, Geneva, N. York, Techn. Bull. No.
17, Dec. 1910.] LV. York Exper. Station.
Hormeren (Nils). Termiten studien. 2. Systematik der Termiten die
Familien Mastotermitidae, Protermitidae und Mesotermitidae.

[Kungl. Svenska Vetensk. Akad. Hand]. Band XLVI, 1911. ]
By Exchange.

Horpxtins (A. D.). [See Kraus (E. J.).]
Horton (J. R.). [See Jonzs (P. R.). |
Howarp (L. O.). Remedies and Preventives against Mosquitoes.
[U.S. Dept. Agric., Farmers’ Bull. No. 444, April 1911. ]
—-— House Flies.
{U. S. Dept. Agric., Farmers’ Bull. No. 459, 1911.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
———— and Fiske (W. F.). The Importation into the United States of
the Parasites of the Gipsy Moth and the Brown-tail Moth.

[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 91, 1911.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.

Hunter (W. D.) and Bisuorr (F. C.). Some of the more important Ticks
of the United States.
[Year-book Dept. Agric. for 1910.] U.S. Dept. Agric.
and BisHorr (F. C,). The Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Tick.
[U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 105, 1911.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.

all

( “Sxxvi .)

JANET (Charles). Note sur la Phylogénése de I’ Insecte, Rennes, 1909.
——~-—— Sur la Morphologie de |’Insecte, Limoges, 1909.
———— Sur la Morphologie des Membranes Basales de 1|’Insecte.
{Mém. Soe. Acad. de l’Oise, 1909. |
—- Sur la Parthénogénése Arrhénotique de la Fourmi ouvrieére.
[Mém Soc. Acad. de l’Oise, 1909. ]
-———— Sur l’Ontogénése de I’Insecte, Limoges, 1909. ]
—-—w— Sur un Nématode qui se développe dans la téte de Formica fusca.
[Mém. Soc. Acad, de l’Oise, 1909.] The Author.
JENNE (E.L.). [See QuainTance (A. L.).]
JOHANNSEN (O. A.). The Mycetophilidae of North America, Pt. 2.
Maine Agric. Exper. Station, Bull. No. 180, 1910.]
——-—— (O. A.). Insect Notes for 1910.
[Maine Agric. Exper. Station, Bull. No. 187, Jan. 1911.]
Maine Agric. Exper, Station.
Jounson (Fred). Spraying Experiments against the Grape Leaf-hopper in
the Lake Erie Valley.
LU. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 97, Pt. 1, 1911.]
———_— Vineyard Spraying Experiments against the Rose-chafer in the
Lake Erie Valley.
[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 97, Pt. 3, 1911.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
Jones (P. R.) and Horton (J. R.). The Orange Thrips: a Report of Pro-
gress for the years 1909 and 1910.
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 99, Pt. 1, 1911.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
Kettoee (V. L.). An Experiment in Double Mating.

(Science, N.S., Vol. XX XIII, May 1911.] The Author.
—--——and Paine (J. H.). Anoplura and Mallophaga from African
Hosts.

[ Bull. Entom. Research, Vol. II, July 1911.]

———— ———— Mallophaga from Birds and Mammals.
{Entom. News, Vol. XXI, 1910.]
———— ———— Mallophaga from Bolivian Birds,
[Entom. News, Vol. XXII, 1911.]
ee Mallophaga from Californian Birds.
[Entom. News, Vol. XXII, 1911.] The Authors.
Ketty (E. O. G.). The Maize Billbug (Sphenophorus maidis, Chittn.).
[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 95, Pt. 2, April
1911.] U.S. Dept. Agric.
KeErRREMANS (Ch.). Monographie des Buprestides. Vol. V, Livr. 9-18, 1911.
Purchased.
Kersuaw (J. C.). [See Murr (F.).]
Kravs (KE. J.) and Hopxtins (A. D.). A Revision of the Powder-Post
Beetles of the family Lyctzdae of the United States and Europe.
[U.S. Dept. Agric., Techn. Ser., No. 20, Pt. III, 1911.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
Kreiwi (A.) und Rreen (Johann). Physiologische Untersuchungen itiber
Tierstimmen. Stridulation of Gryllus campestris.
[Sitz. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Band CXIV, 1905.]

The Authors.
Kuunt (P.). [See Coleopterorum Catalogus. ]

Lerroy (H. Maxwell-). Indian Insect Life.
[Tropical Agriculturist, Vol. XX XIII, No. 6, 1909. ]

——— Insecticides: Mixtures and Recipes for use against Insects in the
Field, the Orchard, the Garden, and the House.
[Agric. Research Instit. Pusa, Bull. No. 23, 1911.]

The Author.

(7 Sex Vi: -)

Lerroy (H. Maxwell-). The Training of an Economic Entomologist
[Journ. Econ. Biology. Vol. VI, 1911.]
The Auther.
——— Note on Entomology Boxes.
[ Parasitology, Vol. IV, No. 21, 1911.]
The Author.
Nomenclature of Hconomic Insects.
[Journ. Econ. Biology, Vol. VI, 1911.]
The Author.

Marcuat (Paul). Sur une nouvelle espéce de Thrips (Thysanopt.) nuisible
aux Ficus en Algérie.
[ Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1908.]

———— Notes sur les Coatteshites de Europe et du nord de l'Afrique.
[Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1908. ]

—-— Le Lecanium du Robinia.
[Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., Tome LXV, 1908. ]

—- Contribution 4 l'étude biologique des Chermes (cinquiéme note).
[Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., Tome LXV, 1908. ]

—————. La ponte des Aphelinus et Vintérét individuel dans les actes liés a la

conservation de l’espéce.
[Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 1909.]

La génération sexuée chez les Chermes des Pins aux environs de
Paris.
[Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 1909. ]
—— Contribution 4 ]’étude des Coccides de |’Afrique occidentale.
[Mém. Soc. Zool. Fr., Tome XXII, 1909.]

La Sériciculture, l’Apiculture, les Insectes utiles ou nuisibles aux
Colonies.
[Rapport de Exposition d’Agric. Coloniale. Paris, 1910.]
——— Contributions 4 l’étude biologique des Chermes.
[Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 1910-11.]
——— Physiologie des Insectes.
[Dict. de Physiologie. Paris, Vol. IX.] The Author.
Martratr (C. L.). The Periodical Cicada in 1911.
[U. 8S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 132.]

———— The Mango Weevil (Cryptorhynchus mangiferae, Fab.).
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 141, 1911.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.

Marsu (H. O.). The Hawaiian Beet-webworm.
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 109, Pt. 1, 1911.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.

MenveEs (Candido). Lzthocolletes et Nepticulae novae ex Lusitania.
[Broteria, Zool., Vol. IX, 1910.] The Author.

Mortey (Claude). Ichneumonologica Britannica : The Ichneumons of Great
Britain. Vol. IV, Tryphoninae. London, 1911. Purchased.

Movtton (Dudley). Synopsis, Catalogue, and Bibliography of North
American Thysanoptera, with descriptions of New Species.
[U. 8S. Dept. Agric., Techn. Ser., No. 21, 1911.]

———\ The California Peach-borer (Sanninoidea opalescens, Hy. Edw.).
[U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Ent., Bull. No. 97, Part 4, Oct. 1911.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
Murr (F.) and Kersuaw (J. C.). On the Homologies and Mechanism of the
Mouth-parts of Hemiptera.
[Psyche, Vol. XVIII, No. 1, 1911.]

——_—— ———— On the later Embryological stages of the head of
Pristhesancus papuensis (Reduvirdae).
[Psyche, Vol. XVIII, No. 2, 1911.] The Authors.

@ x xxviii )

Newstegap (R.). A Revision of the Tsetse-Flies (Glossina), based on a study
of the male genital armature.
{ Bull. Entom. Research, Vol. II, 1911.]
———— On the genital armature of the males of Glossina medicorum, Austen,
and Glossina tabaniformis, Westwood.
[ Bull. Entom, Research, Vol. IT, 1911. ]
———— Observations on African Scale Insects (Coccidae) (No. 3), and On a
New Genus of Psyllidae from Nyasaland.
[ Bull. Entom. Research, Vol. II, 1911.]
—-— The Papataci Flies (Phlebotomus) of the Maltese Islands.
{Bull. Entom. Research, Vol. II, 1911.] The Author.
Opinions rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomen-
clature, 30-37.
[Smithsonian Publication 2013, July 1911.]
The Smithsonian Institution.
Osporn (Herbert). Remarks on the Genus Scaphotdeus, with a Revised
Key and Description of new American Species.
[Ohio Naturalist, Vol. XI, No. 3, Jan. 1911.]
Ohio State University.
PatnE (J. H.). [See Kutxroae (V. L.).]
Parcu (Edith M.). Gall Aphids of the Elm.
[Maine Agric. Exper. Station, Bull. No. 181, May 1910. ]
——-—— Four rare Aphid Genera from Maine.
[Maine Agric. Exper. Station, Bull. No. 182, June 1910.]
———— Macrosiphum destructor and Macrosiphum solanifolit.
[Maine Agric. Exper. Station, Bull. No. 190, June 1911.]
Maine Agric. Exper. Station.
PatreRSON (I.L.). Investigations into the Habits of certain Sarcophagidae,
with an introduction by W. F. Fiske.
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Techn. Ser., No, 19, Pt. III,
Marclr 1911. | U. 8. Dept. Agric.
Paitiuirs (W. J.). The Timothy Stem-borer: a new Timothy Insect
(Mordellistena ustulata, Lec.).
[U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 95, Pt. 1, March 1911.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
————(E.F.). Bees.
[U. 8S. Dept. Agric., Farmers’ Bull. No. 447, 1911.]
——_-— The Occurrence of Bee Diseases in the United States (Preliminary
Report).
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 138, May 1911.]
—-—— The Treatment of Bee Diseases,
[U. 8S. Dept. Agric., Farmers’ Bull. No. 442, May 1911.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
Pirrce (W. Dwight). Notes on Insects of the order Strepsiptera, with
descriptions of New Species.
[ Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XL, pp. 487-511, 1911.]
The Smithsonian Institution.
PruatKau (Félix). Recherches experimentales sur les fleurs entomophiles
peu visitées par les Insectes, rendues attractives au moyen de
liquides sucrés odorants.
[Mém. Acad. Royale Belg., Ser. 2, Tome II,1910.] By Exchange.
PorENnoE (C. H.). The Indian-meal Moth and “ Weevil-cut”’ Peanuts.
[U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 142, Sept. 1911.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
———— [See CuitTEenpEn (F. H.).]
QuatnTance (A. L.) and Jenne (E. L.) and Scorr (BE. W.) and BraucHEerR
(R. W.). The One-spray method in the control of the Codling
Moth and the Plum Curculio.
(U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 80, Pt. 7 (revised),
March 1911, ] U.S. Dept. Agric.

(Cy es) )

Rarrray (A.). [See Coleopterorum Catalogus. |
REGEN (Dr. Johann). Kastration und ihre Folgeerscheinungen bei Gryllus
campestris, Li.
[Zool. Anzeiger, Bd. XX XV, 1910.]
—-— Untersuchungen iiber die Atmung von Insekten unter anwendung
der Graphischen Methode.
[Pfliiger’s Archiv, Bd. 138, Bonn, 1911.] The Author.
———— [See Krernn (A.).]
Reports, Twenty-first and twenty-second, of the New Hampshire College,
Agricultural Experiment Station.
(Bulletin No. 151, Nov. 1, 1910.] The College.
———— to the Local Government Board on Public Health and Medical
Subjects (New Series, No. 53). Further Reports (No. 4) on
Flies as Carriers of Infection, 1911. Local Govt. Board.
Ricarpvo (Gertrude). A Revision of the Species of Tabanus from the
Oriental Region, including notes on Species from Surrounding
‘Countries. ,
[Records of the Indian Museum, Vol. IV, No. 6, 1911. ]
The Author.

Ritsema (C.). [See Coleopterorum Catalogus. ]

Ritter (Wolfgang). The Flying Apparatus of the Blowfly.
{Smithsonian Misc. Coll., Vol. LVI, No. 12, 1911.]
The Smithsonian Institution.
Rouwer (S. A.). On some Hymenopterous Insects from the Island of
Formosa.
[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXIX, 1911.]
—_—-+— Descriptions of New Species of Wasps, with Notes on Described
Species.
[Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XL, 1911.]
——— — New Sawflies in the Collections of the United States National
Museum.
[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLI, 1911.]
The Smithsonian Institution.
——-—— The Glenotypes of the Sawflies and Woodwasps, or the Superfamily
Tenthredinoidea,
[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Techn. Ser., No. 20, Pt. IT,
1911.]
——~—\ — Studies in the Sawfly Genus Hoplocampa.
[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Techn. Ser., No. 20, Pt. IV,
1911.] U. S. Dept. Agric.
Sack (P.). Aus dem Leben unserer Zuckmiicken (Chironomiden).
[Bericht der Senckenb. Naturforsch. Gesellschaft in Frankfurt am
Main, 1910.]
The Senckenb. Naturf. Gesellschaft.
Satem (Dottssa V.). Primo Contributo ai Rincoti Afidi e Coccidi della
Sicilia.
[Nat. Sicil. An. XX, 1908.] The Author.
Sasscer (E. R.). Catalogue of recently described Coccidae, III.
[U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Techn. Ser., No. 16, Pt. IV,
1911. ] U.S. Dept. Agric.

ScHMIEDEKNECHT (O.). Opuscula Ichneumonologica. Fasc. I-X XI, 1902-
1911.

A. E. Gibbs.
Scuupert (K.). [See BERNHAUER (M.).]
Scorr (HE. W.) [See Quarnrance (A. L.).]

Setys Lonccuamps (Baron Edm.). Collections Zoologiques. Fasc. V (pre-
miére partie), Megaloptera; XII, XIII, Libellulinen.
Purchased.

@ xl )

Suarp (D.). [See Gopman (F. D.), Biologia Centrali-Americana. }
Serr (P.). Catalogue Raisonné des Lépidoptéres du Département des
Bouches-du-Rhone et la Région de la Sainte-Baume.
[Ann. Musée d’Hist. Nat. de Marseille, Zoologie,Tome IX ,1904-1905. |
The Author.
SkinnER (H.). Colias nastes streckeri, Gr. Grum-Grshimailo. Lycaena
enoptes, battotdes and glaucon. A new Argynnis and a new
Parnassius. A new variety of Megathymus yuccae, A new
variety of Chionobas.
[Ent. News, Vol. XXII, 1911.]

—- The Boreal American Species of Chlorippe (Doxocopa, Apatura).
Lepidoptera.
[Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XX XVII, No. 3, 1911.]

——— The Larger Boreal American Hesperidae, including Eudamus,
Eryctdes, Pyrrhopyge and Megathymus.
[Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. Vol. XX XVII, No. 3,1911.]
———— Two kinds of War—one is considered necessary, and the other
is not.
[Ottawa Naturalist, July 1910.] The Author.
Smit (T. O.). [See Curry (B. E.).]
Smytu (E.G.). Report on the Fig Moth in Smyrna.
U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 105, 1911.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
Snyper (T. E.). Damage to Telephone and Telegraph Poles by Wood-
boring Insects.
[U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 144, 1911.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
Sputer (Arnold). Die Schmetterlinge Europas.
[Band IV. Die Raupen. Stuttgart, 1910.] Purchased.
Stewart (F. C.). Notes on N. Y. Plant Diseases, I.
[N. York Agric. Exper. Station, Geneva, N. Y. , Bull. No. 328, Dec.
1910, ] N. York Agric. 'E wper. Station.
THORELL (T.). Kongliga Svenska Fregatten Kugenies Resa omkring jorden
under befal af C. A. Virgin aren 1851-1853. Aranider 1910.
By Exchange.
THORNTON (T.). [See Guppy (P. L.).]
TURNER (H.J.). Luperina (?) (Apamea) guenee’, Doubleday, as a Species,
and as a British Species.
[Entom. Rec., Vol. XXIII, Nos. 3-8, 1911.] The Author.
Uricu (F. W.). The (Canao Thrips (Heliothrips rubrocinctus, Giard).
[Board of Agric., Trinidad, Feb. 24, 1911.]

Identification of the Sugar-Cane Froghopper.
[Proc. Agric. Soc. of Trinidad and Tobago, Vol. X, 1911.]
The Author.

-and Guppy (P. L.). Preliminary Notes on some Insects affecting
the Coconut Palm.
[Board of Agric. Trinidad and Tobago, Circular No. 5, 1911.]
The Board.

Van Dine (D. L.). The Sugar-Cane Insects of Hawaii.
[U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 93, 1911.]
U.S. Dept. Agric.
Viereck (H. L.). New Species of reared Ichneumon-flies.
[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXIX, 1911.]

——_—-— Descriptions of one New Genus and eight New Species of Ichneu-
mon-flies.
[Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XL, 1911.]

— —— Descriptions of six New Genera and thirty-one New Species of
Ichneumon-flies.
[Proc. U.S, Nat. Mus., Vol. XL, 1911.]

seh’)

Viereck (H. L.). Descriptions of one New Genus and three New Species
of Ichneumon-flies.
[Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XLI, 1911.]
The Smithsonian Institution.
WaALsSINGHAM (Lord). [See Gopman (F. D.), Biologia Centrali-Americana. |

WesstErR (F. M.). The Lesser Clover-Leaf Weevil.
[U. 8. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Bull. No. 85, Pt. 1, 1911.]
———— The Alfalfa Weevil (Phytonomus murinus, Fab.).
[U. 8S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Entom., Circular No. 137, 1911.}
U.S. Dept. Agric.
WEIsE (J.). [See Coleopterorum Catalogus. ]
Wickuam (H. F.). Fossil Coleoptera from Florissant, with descriptions of
New Species.
[Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXX, 1911.]
The Author.

WitpermvuTi (V.L.). The Alfalfa Caterpillar (Hurymus eurytheme, Boisd.).

U.S. Dept. Agric., Circular No. 133, April 1911.]
: U.S. Dept. Agric.

@ xii )

Periodicals and Publications of Societies.

AMERICA (NORTH).

CANADA.

Lonpon, Ontario. The Canadian Entomologist. Vol. XLIII, 1911.
By Exchange.

Ontario. Entomological Society of Ontario. 41st Annual Report. 1910.
By Exchange.
UNITED STATES.
Davenport. Proceedings Davenport Academy of Science. 1910.
The Academy.
New York. New York Entomological Society. Journal. Vol. XXIX.

Parts 1, 2, and 3, 1911. Purchased.
Zoologica. Vol. I, Part 4, 1910. New York Zool. Soc.
PuitapELtPuia. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Proceedings.
Vol. LIII, Parts 1 and 2, 1911. By Exchange.
American Entomological Society. Transactions. Vol. XXXVII,
1911. By Exchange.
Entomological News, Vol. XXII, 1911. By Exchange.

WASHINGTON. Smithsonian Institution. Annual Report, 1910.
United States National Museum. Proceedings. Vol. XX XVIII, 1911.

Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. Vol.
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AMERICA (SOUTH).

WEST INDIES.

Barpados. West Indian Bulletin. The Journal of the Imperial Agricul-
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Vol. XI, Parts 2, 3, and 4, 1911.
Agricultural News. Vol. X, 1911.
The Agricultural Department.

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INDIA.
BomBay. Natural History Society. Journal. Vol. XXI, No. 1, 1911.
By Exchange.
CotomsBo. Spolia Zeylandica. Vol. VII, 1910-11. The Colombo Museum.

Pusa. Report of the Agricultural Research Institute and College, Pusa,
1910-11. The India Office.
Sarawak. Ninth Report on the Sarawak Museum. The Museum.

( xliii )

AUSTRALASIA.
New ZeALanp. New Zealand Institute. Transactions and Proceedings.
Vol. XLIII, 1911. The Institute.
PerrH. Journal Agricultural Department of West Australia. Vol. XIX,
1910. The Society.

Sypngy. Linnean Society of New South Wales. Proceedings, 1911.
By Exchange.

EUROPE.
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BupapEst. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici. Vol. IX,

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Brinn. Verhand. der naturf. Vereines in Briinn. Bd. XLVIII.
By Exchange.

Vienna. K.-k. zoologische-botanische Verein (Gesellschaft) in Wien.
Verhandlungen. Band LX, Hefte9 and10. Band LXI, Hefte
1 to 6. By Exchange.
Wiener entomologische Zeitung. Bd. XXX, 1911.
Purchased.
Wiener Entomologischen Vereines Jahres-Bericht. XXI, 1910.
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BELGIUM.
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Mémoires. Vol. XIX, 1911. By Exchange.

Annuaire de l’'Academie Royal de Belgique. 1911.
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1* Congrés International d’Entomologie. Aott 1910. Vol. IT,

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Carn. Société Frangaise d’Entomologie. Revue. Tome XXVIII, Parts
7-10, 1910-11. Purchased.
CHATEAUROUX. Le Frélon. XVII, 1909-11. Purchased.

Paris. Soc. Entom. de France. Annales, Vols. LX XIX, 3-4, LXXX, 1-2.
By Exchange.

Bulletin. 1907-9.
TovuLousE. Bulletin de la Soc. d’Hist. Nat.de Toulouse. Tome XLIII, Parts

1-2, 1910. By Exchange.
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BERLIN. Deutsche entomologische Gesellschaft. Deutsche entomologische
Zeitschrift. Bd. LV, 1911. By Exchange.

Deutsche entomologische National-Bibliothek. Band 2, 1911.

By Exchange.
Zeitschrift fiir Wissenschaftliche Insektenbiologie. Band VII.

Heft 2. Feb. 1911. Lord Avebury.
Entomologischer Verein in Berlin. Berliner entomologische
Zeitschrift. Band 55,1910-11. Band 56, Hefte 1 and 2, 1911.

By Exchange.
DRESDEN. ‘‘Iris.” Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift. Band XXIV

Heft. 11 and12. Beiheft 2,1910. Band XXV, 1911-12.
By Exchange.

-

( xliv )

Municu. Mitteilungen der Miinchner entomologischen Gesellschaft, 1911.
Hefte 1-2. The Publisher.

Stettin. Entomologischer Verein. Entomologische Zeitung. Jahr. LX XII,
1911. By Exchange.

WiesBADEN. Nassauischer Verein fiir Naturkunde. Jahrbiicher. Jahr
LXIYV, 1911. By Exchange.

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LivErRPOOL. J.ancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. 34th Annual

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Bulletin of Entomological Research. Vol. 2, Parts 1-4, 1911-12.
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City of London Entomological aud Natural History Society. Trans-
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Entomologist (The). 1911. R. South.
Entomologist's Monthly Magazine. 1911. The Editors.

Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. Vol. XXIII, 1911.
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Linnean Society of London. Zoology, Transactions, Journal and
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Naturalist (The). 1911. By Exchange.
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Quekett Microscopical Club. Journal. 1911. The Club.

Royal Agricultural Society. Journal. Vol. LX XT, 1910.
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Royal Microscopical Society. Journal. 1911. By Exchange.
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Royal Society. Philosophical Transactions. 1911.

South London Entomological and N. H. Society. Proceedings.
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Zoological Society. Transactions and Proceedings. 1911.
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Zoologist (The). 1911. The Publisher.
MANCHESTER. Manchester Entomological Society, Reports for 1910.

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Tar Hacue. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie. Jahr. 1911. By Exchange.
Entomologische Berichten. Vol. II, Parts 55-60. 1910-11.
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FLorENcE. Societa Entomologica Italiana. Vol. XLII, 1910-11.

Portici. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria. Vol.
We ois By Exchange.

Porticr and Frorencr. Redia, Giornale de Entomologia. Vol. VII
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(aly. )

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Moscow. Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou. Bulletin. 1910.
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1911. By Exchange.
Revue Russe d’Entomologie. Tome X, 1910. Tome XI, 1911
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SrockHotm. Arkiv for Zoologi. Vol. VII, 1911. By Exchange.

Entomologisk Tidskrift. Arg. 32. 1911.
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GunxvaA. Bulletin de la Société Lepidoptérologique de Genéve. Vol. I,
1905-9. Vol. II, Parts 1 and 2, 1910-11. Purchased.

ScHAFFHAUSEN and Brrne. Schweizerische entomologische Gesellschaft.
Mittheilungen. Bd. XII, Hft. 2, 1910. By Exchange.

(i xlvir:)

ERRATA.

TRANSACTIONS.

Page 75, line 3 from top (excluding Head-line), for Biskra read Bone.

Page 90, line 7 from bottom, for edentata read tridentata.

Page 105, line 5 from top, for Echium read Sedum.

Page 130, line 13 from top, for rotundifolia read rutxifolia.

Page 130, line 2 from bottom, for rotundifolia read rutwifolia.

Page 131, line 19 from top, for Chlorophora read Chrozophora.

Page 133, line 7 from bottom, for Chlorophora read Chrozophora.

Page 196, line 19 from top, for Spoelotis read Spaelotis.

Page te under Anommatus 12-striatus, Mill. This paragraph should
read—

“Mr, E. A. Fitch exhibited an apparently new species of Belytzdae,
captured by the Rev. A. Matthews among a colony of Anummatus 12-striatus,
Mill,, in rotten wood at a depth of three to four feet below the surface of
the ground”’ (Meeting of Ent. Soc., July 5th, 1882; Proceedings, pp. xii, xiii).

Page 468, lines 4, 5 and 9 from top, for Cephalonomyta read Cephalonomia.

Page 467, line 14 from top, for Aulicus read Aulacus.

Page 472, line 15 from bottom, for Gallerucella read Galerucella.

Page 477, line 14 from bottom, for Aprum read APIoN.

Page 488, top line, for Rhopalomestes read Rhopalomesttes.

Page 517, line 17 from bottom, ey eC . serpy

Pea KIS, Hind 1d fom bottom, \ for Wittlesia read ctlesia.

Page 555, line 15 from top, for flavirons read flavifrons.

Page 555, line 14 from bottom, for abicollis read albicollis.

Page 607, line 6 from bottom

Page 609, line 5 from top,

Page 621, line 8 from top, for paszllus read pustllus.

Page 749, lines 2 and 3 from bottom, transpose crinanensis and americana.

Page 754, line 9 of Table, for i-xiii read i-xxxv.

Page 763, line 8 from top, for Jan. Ist, 1841 read Feb. Ist.

Page 763, line 5 from bottom (excluding note), for Dec. Ist, 1846 read
Jan. 1st, 1847.

Page 763, in last two dates, for 1847 read 1848.

"\ for melampogon read melanopogon.

PROCEEDINGS.

Page lxiii, line 10 from bottom, for Omi read Oni. ,

Page lxx, top line, for South read North,

Page Ixx, line 3 from top, for Mr. G. V. Hudson, F.E.S., read Mr.
Creagh O’Connor.

Page lxxx, line 5 from top, for comz read coms.

PLATES.

Plates XL and XLIV, for Witrtes1a read WITLESIA.
Plates XXXV—XLIV. The photographs are by Mr. F. Noad Clark, and
are attributed in error to Mr. A. E. Tonge.

In Plates LVI and LVII the names of the species figured have been
transposed. Plate LVI represents Hydroecia americana, and Plate LVII,

H. crinanensis.

THE
PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF

LONDON

For THE YEAR 1911.

Wednesday, February Ist, 1911.
Mr. G. T. Bernune-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.8., in the Chair.

Nomination of President.

Rey. G. Wueeter, one of the Secretaries, announced that
the Council had nominated the Rev. F. D. Morics, M.A., for
the Presidency for the current year.

Exhibitions.

Species oF THE GENUS Henicontus.—Mr. W. J. Kaye ex-
hibited the following species of Heliconius : H. plessent, H.
melpomene aglaope form rubripicta, H. melpomene aglaope
form adonides, H. plessent niepelti of Group I, H. notabilis
and H. erato estrella form feyeri of Group Il. It was re-
marked that until the recent discovery of these newer forms,
H. notabilis had always been considered as a very constant
and well-differentiated species. In 1908 Riffarth separated
the very similar H. plessent from H. notubilis, and in the
same year Niepelt described the remarkable new forms of
both these species with streaked hind-wing; 1. rubripicta and
adonides being streaked like H. melpomene aglwope in Group I,
and feyeri and ilia being streaked like H. erato estrella in
Group II. It seemed now to be possible and even likely that
H. melpomene aglaope would eventually be proved to be

PROG. ENT, SOC. LOND., I. 1911. A

al (mi)
linked with HZ. plesseni through these newly-discovered forms,
and that this species would then have to be sunk as a sub-
species of H. melpomene. Similarly, H. notabilis through ilia
and feyert was probably only a subspecies of H. erato, though
the material was insufficient at present to form a conclusion.
All these different forms were from eastern Ecuador.

A new TacHyporus.—Dr. NicHotson showed two speci-
mens of Zachyporus fasciatus, nov. sp., taken at Wicken Fen
from under sedge-refuse, the one in April, the other in
August 1910. This species is intermediate between 7’.
solutus, Er., and 7’. chrysomelinus, L. It differs from the
former in the shape of the antennae, which are of the same
length, but are not thickened towards the apex ; by its finer
puncturation throughout ; by the pronounced broad black band
on the elytra; and by the fact that the marginal bristles of
the elytra are long and stout, as in 7’. chrysomelinus, and not
short and fine, as in 7’. solutus.

VARIATION IN LupPERINA GUENEEI.—Mr. Hy. J. TuRNER
exhibited several very interesting forms of the little-known
species Luperina gueneei, sent to him for examination by
Mr. A. Murray of St. Anne’s-on-Sea, Lancashire, and with
them he showed both fresh and worn examples of various
forms of JL. testacea, a closely-allied species with which it
had been placed by Guenée, when first discovered many years
ago. He communicated the following note :—

“ Doubleday described LZ. gueneei as a species (Ent. Ann.,
1864, p. 123), but it has always been confused with J.
testacea. An examination and comparison of series of these
two species seem to make it quite impossible to confuse them ;
the facies of Z. testacea, on the one hand, is very constant
and quite distinctive, while, on the other hand, the delicate
soft texture of the surface of Z. gueneet is equally distinctive.
The two new forms exhibited are much more markedly dis-
tinct, both from the type and from each other, than is the
so-called var. bawteri, of which the difference from the type
form has been recently expressed as ‘ merely due to the pale
grey ground-colour having, in course of time, assumed a
somewhat ochreous tinge.’ In passing I may say that an
examination of the quite fresh and worn examples of both the

{ Viti’) )
typical Z. gueneet and the var, bawferi in the box quite dispels
this view.

‘The first of the new forms to which I wish to call atten-
tion is quite typical LZ. gueneet in texture, shade of colour, and
in markings, with this very marked difference, that the sub-
marginal area, between the dark marginal lunules and the
submarginal line, is much paler than any other portion of the
wing, throwing out by contrast these dark lunules very con-
spicuously. In the worn specimen this feature is even more
apparent than in the perfectly fresh example. In var. baxteri
I note that this same area, instead of being lighter or uniform
with, is distinguishably darker than the general wing-colour.
I have called this new form ab. murrayi, from its captor.

“The second new form, of which there are three specimens
in the box, are undoubted L. gueneez in all their characters
but depth of colour. I believe these are the first melanic
specimens which have been obtained so far. All the mark-
ings are much intensified, the ground-colour is much darker
than in typical examples, very dark grey with, in a good
light, faint flushes of a ferruginous tint. The contrast
between ground-colour and markings is very much stronger
than in any of the other forms. In the worn specimen of this
form this contrast appears almost equally strong. There is
no trace of the ‘ochreous tinge’ of the type nor of the
typical ‘ pale grey ground-colour.’ This form being so distinct,
I have thought it might well be termed var. fusca.”

VARIETIES OF CoLEopTERA.—Mr. G. C. CHampion exhibited
on behalf of Mr. J. H. Kays the black variety of Athous
haemorrhoidalis, F., from Dartmoor, recorded by the latter in
the Ent. Mo. Mag., xlvi, p. 262 ; and also a red variety of the
g of Agabus bipustulatus, L., from the same locality.

POLYGONIA C-ALBUM, VAR, HUTCHINSONI IN THE 2ND BROOD.—
The Rev. A. T. Stirr, who was present as a visitor, was intro-
duced by Dr. Cuapman, and exhibited some 2nd-brood speci-
mens of the var. hutchinsoni of Polygonia c-album. He remarked
that they were bred from Wye Valley larvae, received from
Mr. L. W. Newman, F.E.S., Sept. 24th, 1910. The larvae fed
upon nettle, and pupated between Oct. 1st and Oct. 10th.
Emergence commenced on Oct. 16th, and the last butterfly

A2

( iv)
appeared Oct. 26th. Of the twenty specimens which emerged,
10 are referable to var. hutchinsoni, and 10 are normal, the
latter showing both the variegated and plain undersides. Of
the var. hutchinsoni, three appear to be intermediate between
that var. and the type, the undersides of the wings being
distinctly var. hutchinsont, and the uppersides not dis-
tinguishable from the type. The vars., including the inter-
mediates, emerged on October 16th, 19th (3), 20th, 21st (2),
22nd, 23rd and 26th, 1910. It is believed that there is no
record of var. hutchinsoni having ever been bred in the 2nd
brood of c-album. Mr. Newman writes: “I have bred
thousands of c-albwm of the second brood in various years,
and never one hutchinsoni, and I have never heard of any
one else doing so.” He added that by the kindness of Mr.
Newman he was enabled to show a series of Ist brood var.
hutchinsoni for comparison.

Mr. H. Rowxianp-Brown and the Cuatrman both observed
that on the Continent they had taken hybernated specimens
of P. c-album of the hutchinsoni form.

Papers.

Dr. O. M. Revurer communicated a paper entitled “ Bryo-
corina nonnulla Aethiopica descripta ab O, M. Reuter et B.
-Poppius.”

Commander WALKER, one of the Secretaries, read a paper
on behalf of Col. Manners, entitled “A factor in the pro-
duction of mutual resemblance in allied species of buttertlies :
a presumed Miillerian combination of Huploeas in South India
and Amauris in South Africa.”

The methods adopted in his experiments, and the conclusions
drawn from them by the author, were to some extent the
subject of criticism both by Mr. G. A. K. Marsmatn and Dr.
CuapmMAN. Mr. Merririetp added a few observations with
regard to the comparative immunity of Pierine butterflies from
the attacks of birds.

Vote of Condolence.

A vote of condolence with the family of the late Mr. J. W.

Turr was moved from the Chair, all the Fellows present

signifying approval by rising.

Wednesday, March Ist, 1911.

Mr. G. T. Bernune-Baker, F.L,S,, F.Z,S., in the Chair,

Eleotion of Fellows,

The following gentlemen were elected Fellows of the
Society : Messrs. Lionen Armstrone, Government Entomolo-
gist to the Gold Coast, Gold Coast, West Africa ; J. Pharr
Barrett, 30, Endwell Road, New Cross, 8.E.; the Rev. Henry
Witiu1amM Brurzer, B.A., Great Bowden Vicarage, Market
Harborough ; Messrs. P. P. Graves, Club de Constantinople,
Constantinople; Tarmn Cuene Kune, Guardian Superintendent
of Chinese Students in British India, c/o the Curator, Mysore
Government Museum, Bangalore, India; the Rev, A MILEs
Moss, Helm, Windermere; Dr. CutHpert F. Setovus, M.D.,
M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Agra, Barton-on-Sea, New Milton, Hants.

Exhibitions.

A BeretLte New tro Brirain.—Dr. NicHorson showed six
specimens of Choleva fuliginosa, Er., an addition to the list
of British beetles, from Alphington, Devon. This species
closely resembles C. nigrita, Er., from which it differs by the
posterior border of the thorax being slightly bisinuate, and
its posterior angles produced backwards. The anterior tibiae
of the ¢ are also broadly and abruptly dilated in the middle
of their inner sides. From C’. nigricans, Spence, it differs by
its smaller size, shorter antennae, less sinuate and produced
thorax, and by the above ¢ character, This species is mixed
in several collections with (’. nigrita, and is probably widely
distributed in this country. Mr. Dollman has taken it at
Harrow, Mr. Donisthorpe at Hartlepool, Mr. Taylor in the
Isle of Wight, and it is also in the Bates collection.

Larvak or CLEARWINGs.—Mr. L. W. Newman exhibited some
sticks (the off-shoots of birch stumps) containing larvae of
Aegeria culiciformis, indicating a new way of collecting this
species ; from some of the sticks, a bird, probably the Great
Tit (Parus major), had laboriously picked out the larvae.

-
(tw?)

Also sticks of Salix capraea containing larvae of Trochiliwm
bembeciforme, one of these showing the cap formed over the hole
prepared for emergence. This species is not usually supposed
to form a cap. The larvae were not, as is generally thought,
confined to living wood, some of those exhibited being in
dead twigs. Also a living specimen of A, culiciformis, a
species which the exhibitor remarked was easily forced.

The Hon, N.C. Rorascuitp remarked on the special interest
of the exhibit of 7. bembeciforme, observing that he was
unaware of the formation of a cap by this species.

TERATOLOGICAL SpecrmENs.—Mr. G. T. Brraune-BakErR
showed a specimen of Hrebia ceto which had been swept from
the herbage without its head, which was probably held fast
by a spider; nine hours after capture this insect had still
been capable of fluttering strongly. He also exhibited a
specimen of Hrebia var. adyte, with a half-developed right
hindwing; a specimen of EF. eriphyle with no left hindwing,
and a Melitaea varia with no right hindwing; in the two
latter there was no trace of the wing having ever been
developed.

Frea Eacs.—Mr. A, Bacot communicated the following
note :-—At our meeting on the 16th Nov., 1910, the Hon.
N. C. Roruscuixp pointed out the distinction between Cteno-
cephalus canis and C. felis. I had a few days previously
examined the ova of fleas taken from a dog’s, and also from a
cat’s bed, and found that they differed in size and shape.
Imagines have now been reared from these eggs, and I find
I have both the species exhibited by the Hon. N. C. Roths-
child. Measurements are as follows—(C. felis: length ‘5 mm,
to 510 mm., width about ‘310 to ‘320 mm.; nearly but not
quite circular in cross section. C. canis has a larger egg
ranging from about 540 to ‘6 mm. in length, and from °365
to 375 in width. The difference is sufficient to be easily
appreciable to the naked eye, when the eggs are close together
ona slide. The egg of C. fasciatus (one of the rat fleas) is
smaller and more slender, a very regular oval as a rule, ‘560
to ‘6 mm. in length, by °3 mm. in width. It has a more shiny
surface than that of (’. canis which is dulled in comparison.
The ova of Pulex writans are larger again and vary consider-

(oon)
ably in shape, some being almost regular ovals, others decidedly
tapering. At the stage at which Iam comparing them they are
less white, appear slightly yellow when compared with (.
fasciatus, from which they are easily distinguished under a low-
power lens. One of the short oval variety measured ‘560 mm.
by 320 mm., a blunt-ended oval. Two of the tapering form
measured, the one 630 by °350 mm. at the blunt end, and
‘275 mm. at the narrow end; the other ‘650 by °350 mm. at
one end, and ‘275 mm. at the other.

Papers.

Mr. A. Bacor read a paper entitled: “On the Persistence
of Bacilli in the Gut of an Insect during Metamorphosis.”

Commenting on this paper Dr. CHapman observed that
among many points of interest, it suggested to him one
which he did not remember to have seen mooted. In moult-
ing (referring chiefly to Lepidoptera) provision for increase of
size is not the only object in view, but also the removal of
various possible microbic enemies. In “laying up” for a
moult, a larva almost invariably first empties the alimentary
canal ; at the actual moult, not only the skin, but the lining
membranes of the tracheae and of much of the alimentary
canal are cast also. The threads drawn from the mouth and
anus, consisting of the linings of the primae viae, often seem
long enough to represent the whole tube ; if this be so, then
bacillary inhabitants would be got rid of, and in any case
must be so to a great extent. It would be interesting to
know what is the precise hiatus between the oral and anal
portions, and what provision there is for establishing an
aseptic condition of this portion of the tube.

Messrs. Ernest A. Exuiorr and CraupE Moriry communi-
cated “ A first supplementary paper on the Hymenopterous
Parasites of Coleoptera.”

Notice of Lecture.

The Rev. G. WHEELER, one of the Secretaries, announced
that he had been requested by Professor Sedgwick to draw
the attention of Fellows to the Inaugural Lecture to be

al

( viii)

delivered the following day by Mr. H. Maxwetr-Lerroy, at
the Imperial College of Science and Technology, where he has
lately been appointed Lecturer on Entomology.

Letter of Condolence.

The Secretary then read to the Society the following letter,
received by Dr. CuapmMan from M. Cartes OpertTHiir, one
of the Honorary Fellows, with regard to the late Mr. J. W.

Tur.
“ Rennes, le 11 février, 1911.

“Mon cumr CoLtiaur,—J’ai été trés affecté en apprenant la
mort de M. Tutt. C’est une perte immense pour |’Entomo-
logie! La capacité de travail dont était doué M. Tutt, faisait
mon admiration. Les ouvrages qu'il a laissés sont des monu-
ments impérissables, dans lesquels le savant Auteur a poussé
Vanalyse jusqu’ aux limites les plus voisines de la perfection.
M. Tutt se documentait avec un soin extréme ; il ne consentait
i aucune ignorance ; il voulait tout connaitre exactement. Je
considérais sa bonne foi et sa sincérité comme absolues. M.
Tutt emporte dans la tombe toute mon estime et tous mes
regrets.

“Je vous prie, mon cher Collégue, de faire part de mes
sentiments 4 nos honorables Collégues de la Société entomo-
logique de Londres, de leur dire combien sympathiquement je
nVassocie au deuil de l’Entomologie anglaise.

“ Veuillez agréer expression bien cordiale de tout mon

affectueux dévouement.
“ CHARLES OBERTHUR.”

Special Meeting.
It was announced that a Special Meeting for the election of
President would take place immediately before the Ordinary
Meeting on March 15th.

( & ))

Special Meeting, Wednesday, March 15th 1911.
Rev. GrorcE WHEELER, F.Z.8., Secretary, in the Chair.

The letter summoning the Special Meeting was read by the
Chairman, and, no other Candidate having been proposed, the
Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A., was declared to have been elected
President for the current year.

Ordinary Meeting, Wednesday, March 15th, 1911.
Rev. F. D. Mortcs, President, in the Chair.

The President, on taking the Chair, addressed a few words
to the Society, thanking them for their choice of him for the
post, and expressing regret for the circumstances which had
made an election necessary.

Election of Fellows.

The following gentlemen were elected Fellows of the
Society :—Messrs. Georce Morrarr Carson, Entomologist to
the Government of New Guinea, Port Moresby, New Guinea;
ALFRED GEORGE Scorer, Hill Crest, Chilworth, Guildford ;
Percy Witiiam AFFLECK Scott, Chinese Imperial Customs
Service, Hangchow, China; Norn Stanton SENNETT, 32,
Bolton Gardens, South Kensington, 8.W.; James A. Simgs,
2, The Byre, Whitehall Road, Woodford, Essex; P. H.
Tautz, Cranleigh, Nower Hill, Pinner, Middlesex; R. G
Topp, The Limes, Hadley Green, N.; R. Viratis, Commis de
1° classe, Trésor, Pnom-Penk, Cambodia, French Indo-China ; ©
Rey. W. G. WirrincHamw, Knighton Rectory, Leicester.

Appointment of Vice-Presidents.

The PrEsIDENT announced that he had appointed Dr. F. A.
Drxety, M.A., M.D., F.B.S., and Messrs. G. T. BrtHune-
Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S., and H. St. J. DonistHorpst, F.Z.S., to
act as Vice-Presidents for the current year,

ee
pee)
chibitions.

QurEN Ants In Nests or oTHER Specres.—Mr. H. Donis-
THORPE exhibited a nest of Lasius wmbratus, Nyl., which had
accepted a 2 L. fuliginosus. The wmbratus nest was dug up by
Mr. Crawley and the exhibitor at Weybridge on December 8th,
and contained about 400 § % and thirty virgin (winged) ? ?.
On December 13th a deiilated 9 L. fuliginosus was put into a
small plaster nest with a dozen of the wmbratus 3 9; she
was slightly attacked, but not in any way injured, and tried
to conciliate the 3 % by stroking them with her antennae ;
she protected her waist by crossing the back legs over it, and
her neck by pressing the head back against the thorax. The
umbratus 9 & were increased to over twenty, and on December
20th the /uliginosus 2 and all the 9 9 were introduced into the
big nest. She endeavoured to join the wmbratws where they
were most numerous, and some of those that had previously
been with her protected her when any of the others endeavoured
to attack her. By December 21st she was accepted by the
whole nest, and has been treated as their queen ever since.
Only one or two % % occasionally threatened her with their
jaws, though the first fuliginosus 9 placed in the nest was
killed. The § &% killed most of their own virgin ? 9.

Mr. W. C. Crawtry also exhibited a case containing a
colony of Lasius umbratus with a L. fuliginosus 2? as queen,
a case of ‘‘temporary social parasitism” suspected, but not
hitherto demonstrated. The other half of the case contained,
for comparison, a colony of LZ. niger with a L. umbratus queen,
a similar case of “temporary social parasitism” known to the
exhibitor since 1896. He mentioned that deilated ? 2 do
not always behave as if fertilised, the ? in this nest being
restless, as the winged ? 9 are before the marriage flight.

Dr. CHapmMan began a discussion as to whether this form of
“parasitism ” was in the long run profitable to the parasitised
species, by weeding out the weaker nests; the PREsIDENT,
Mr. VERRALL, and Mr. G. A. K. MarsHatt also joined in the
discussion.

TEMPERATURE EXPERIMENTS ON Pupar.—Mr. F. MERRIFIELD
exhibited a box of specimens of Selenia bilunaria, and read the
following note on the question whether temperature in the

(xb)

pupal stage may affect the size of the imago in some Hetero-
cera.—‘ I exhibit 134 specimens of Selenia bilunaria, belong-
ing to five separate ‘families’ (by a ‘family’ I mean
offspring of the same parents), some of the pupae of each
‘family’ having been at a ‘forcing’ temperature, about
80° F., the rest of each family at a ‘cool’ temperature,
about 42° to 53° F. In looking through my rather numerous
collection of the effects of temperature on geometrid moths I
had been struck with the apparent difference in size between
those in which the pupae had been forced and those in which
they had not been forced. This seemed to me especially
marked in the cases of Selenia bilunaria and S. tetralunaria,
but it seemed also more or less noticeable with Pericallia
syringaria and some of the genus Zonosoma, including Z,
punctaria.

“The difference in mass between the summer and the
winter phase of Se/enia is well known, and in a paper I read
before the International Entomological Congress at Brussels
last year I gave reasons for the conclusion that the cause of
this difference is temperature in the /arval stage. But the
specimens I am now exhibiting appear to indicate that
temperature during the pupal stage may cause substantial
difference in mass, at least so far as wing-expanse may
be taken as a measure of that. Knowing, however, how
deceptive general appearance often is, and in order to be sure
of my facts where the circumstances admitted of certainty, I
selected as many as five families which struck me as indicating
this difference in a marked degree, and I caused the wing
expanse of each individual to be carefully measured by a
qualified observer, Mr. Ricks, one of the staff of the Brighton
Municipal Science College. The measurements were made with
a Vernier microscope, reading to ;,'55 part of a centimetre, but
I am informed that the results cannot be relied upon to a
greater accuracy than ,j, of a centimetre, 7. ¢. about 54,5 of
aninch. The following tables epitomise the results—

(esse)
| | |
Males | Females
|
Cooled. Foreed. Cooled. Forced.
| |
«|, | Average |» | Average | Percentage || 1 Average | Average Percentage
Family No.) expanse | No.) ‘expanse | Difference. expanse liane expanse Difference.
I 6 3°93 2 3°88 1 IES; 7 411 4 3°89 on
II D)| 8-84) Wave Bisuenie » 2078 3] 4:93 2 3°86 9°5
aT MeO e-es eee as B47 | 10-4 9| 417 | 9 3°88 75
IV |12| 387 | 4] 2345 | 122 | 17] 208 | 7 | 8:95 07
10 | 3°77 8 3°32 13°6 | 14 8°85 | 4 3°80 i853
|
— ee i ! —— os l
All 39 | 3°84 23 3°37 13°6 | 46 4:02 | 20 3°89 | 3:3

“Treating all the families as one family, the results are as
follows :—

eee Se RS

were Average wing | Increase of | Percentage |
ey Description. expanse. ~ | the cooled, | of increase.
39 Cooled males 3°84 \

eR Es eee ee : "47 13°9 | Males
23 Forced males 3°37 J
46 Cooled females 4°02 \
- ‘14 3°6 Females

26 Forced females 3°88 J

“Tt will be observed that in every one of the five families the
cooled are, on the average, larger than the forced, the differ-
ence ranging in the males from 1°3 to 20:8 per cent. (averaging
13°6 or 13°9), in the females from 0-7 to 9:5 per cent. (averag-
ing 3'3 or 36). It seems to me that the difference is too
great and too diffused, embracing, as it does, each sex in five
separate families, to be explained in any other way than this:
that it is caused by something that, in consequence of the
difference in temperature, happened to either those forced or
those cooled, or both of them, in the pupal stage. ‘The only
loophole I can see for error in this explanation is that the
whole of the families were not preserved, some having been
sacrificed for breeding purposes, so it may be that a larger
proportion of those forced was preserved than of those cooled.
The differences of aspect—colour, intensity, and to some ex-

( yar 3}

tent form of markings—caused by pupal temperature are of
course well recognised, and these differences are fully ex-
emplified in the exhibits. But I think they show also other
differences partaking of a structural character. Those which
have been cooled appear to me to be more strongly den-
ticulated, though, before fully accepting this view, I think
there should be careful measurement; and there is certainly
a difference in the thickness of the scaling, as may be per-
ceived by holding them up to the light, those forced appearing
more opaque than the others, and having a smoother surface.

“T should perhaps mention that the imagines I exhibit all
seemed healthy and vigorous, and that, besides these families,
I have many others that appear to show similar results, and
in no one of these other families, of which [ have a large
number, have I been able to observe any directly opposite
results. I should be very glad if those who have the op-
portunity would test the results, especially as regards mass,
and suggest that this might be done by weighing a large
number of forced pupae and of cooled pupae, shortly after
pupation, and again shortly before emergence. The great
difficulty here would be with the forced ones, as their pupal
period would be only about ten days, but it is no greater
than close watching could cope with. The summer pupae,
producing the summer phase, are much more amenable to
temperature than those pupating in autumn, and I should be
happy to supply eggs this spring to those who have the
means of trying this experiment accurately and are willing
to do so. If I had consulted only my own reputation I
should have held back this paper until I could have made
further research, with particular reference to the points on
which I have suggested further inquiry, but I am afraid that
if I waited for that it might never be done; and I do think
that there is sufficient in the facts I have put forward to
justify me in bringing the matter before the Society as one
worthy of consideration and of further observation.”

There was a short discussion on the subject, in which the
Rev. G. Wuzeter, Dr. Lonestarr, and Dr. CHApMaN joined.

Srerzoscoric Pxorocrara.—Mr. H. Main exhibited a
stereoscopic photograph of the cocoon of Chirysopa flava,

( hxiv 2)

opened to show the hybernating larva, and of the larva taken
out of the cocoon to show how it lies coiled up with its tail
over its head.

Gigantic Psycuip Cases.—Mr. O. E. Janson exhibited
larvae and cases of a Psychid from Amboyna, the cases being
beautifully constructed and closely covered on the exterior
with small spines, intermixed with larger spines or thorns.
The largest of the cases measured 9 ins. in length.

Paper.

Dr. CHAPMAN read a paper on “The British and a few
Continental Species of the Genus Scoparia,’ and showed
photographs of the genitalia, and a drawing to illustrate the
neuration.

Conversazione.

The SEcRETARY announced that the Conversazione was fixed
for Wednesday, May 17th, and that the Linnean Society had
kindly placed their Rooms at the disposal of the Society for
that occasion, and were generously lending their lantern,
making no charge for light or for the current for the lantern.
He also announced that Professor Poulton and Mr. Enock
had consented to give lectures on that occasion. As the
arrangements with the Linnean Society preclude the sale of
tickets, it will be necessary to ask for a subscription towards
the expenses (for refreshments, printing, postage, &c.) from
those who apply for them, and also strictly to limit the
number for which each Fellow may apply. Details will
shortly be circulated.

Vote of Thanks.

On the motion of Mr. Rowianp-Brown, seconded by the
Rev. G. WHEELER, a vote of thanks was unanimously passed
to the President and Council of the Linnean Society for their
kindness and generosity, and the Secretary was instructed to
convey to them a notification of the same.

Cae ')

Wednesday, April 5th, 1911.
The Rey. F. D. Morice, M.A., President, in the Chair.

Hlection of Fellows.

The following gentlemen were elected Fellows of the
Society : Messrs. H. W. Davey, Inspector of the Department
of Agriculture, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; H. Bormnav,
99 rue de la Céte St. Thibault, Bois de Colombes, Seine,
France ; Rurus Maturinson, Oakland, Windermere.

Obituary.

The PresipENT announced the death of Mr. P. C. T.
SNELLEN, of Rotterdam, the oldest Honorary Fellow of the
Society, and moved that an expression of sympathy be for-

warded to his family ; this was seconded by Mr. Gahan and
carried unanimously.

Exhibitions.

CaNADIAN Prerips.—Mr. Ropert ADKIN exhibited on behalf
of Mr. Lachlan Gibb of Montreal, Canada, three specimens
(two males and one female) of a Pieris taken by Mr. Gibb at
Lost River, Canada, in May 1910, together with series of
P. oleracea and P. rapae from the same and other Canadian
localities for comparison. Mr. Gibb, in forwarding the speci-
mens, had pointed out that the three in question differed from
P. oleracea in having the body more grey, the base, and in
the case of the female the apices of the forewings, more
suffused with grey, and in the female having spotted fore-
wings; also that their habits in the field were different, in
that their flight was more robust, and that they inhabited
open grassy places, whereas P. oleracea was found only in
woods. He also mentioned that P. rapae was not an in-
digenous species, but was said to have been introduced into
Canada some sixty years ago, and had not only thoroughly
established itself, but had become one of the commonest
butterflies, whereas /P. oleracea, an indigenous species, ap-
peared to be rapidly declining in numbers, and it had been
suggested that the introduced species was driving it out. He

( =vi (})

asked the opinion of the fellows upon the three specimens,
and suggested the possibility of their being the result of
natural hybridisation between P. oleracea and P. rapae.

Dr. Dixzy was of opinion that the three specimens in
question were certainly not hybrids, and even probably only
a variety of P. oleracea; he pointed out that they differed
less from the P. oleracea exhibited than did the series of
P. vapae from one another. Mr. RowLanp-Brown observed
that the greater or less amount of grey suffusion was a
common form of variation in the genus. Dr. Lonestarr
agreed with Dr. Dixny, and remarked that P. rapae was
certainly not an indigenous species in Canada.

Earwics From Hykres.—Mr. W. J. Lucas showed three
specimens of Huborellia moesta, Géné, received on April 3rd
from Hyéres, from Dr. Chapman, with four others of the
same species. Both sexes were shown ; but they look rather
alike owing to there being little difference in the callipers.
E. moesta is quite black. There are just the rudiments of
elytra, but no wings. Antennae dark fuscous, legs partly so,
partly black. He remarked that A. annulipes, which Com-
mander Walker takes in Kent, is something like this, but
not so dark, and without rudimentary elytra; it has also
some white segments to the antennae,

CenTRAL AMERICAN Nxeoponerip.—Mr, Lucas also exhibited
a large ant, one of three specimens found this year at Swanage
in a bunch of bananas, supposed to have come from Jamaica.

The PrestpEent observed that the specimen belonged to the
genus Meoponera, and was probably WV. theresiae, Ford, a
Central American species. He added that the genus was a
curious one, combining the possession of a sting with the
single abdominal node characteristic of the stingless ants.

Bar anp ParasrticaL Direreron.—Mr. F. Muir exhibited
two specimens of the bat Miniopterus schreiberst, with Q Asco-
dipteron embedded at the base of the ear. He also showed
specimens and enlarged drawings of the ¢, ? winged and
wingless, larva and puparium of the Ascodipteron, and read
the following note :—‘ These all came from Amboyna (Dutch
E. Indies). The male and winged female hatch out as normal
imagines; the female, after finding her host, cuts her way

(xvii ')

under the skin at the base of the ear, and then casts her legs
and wings; her abdomen then develops to an enormous
extent, and entirely envelops her head and thorax, so that
she appears as a ‘ bottle-shaped’ grub without legs or head.
The larvae develop in the uterus in the usual pupiparous
manner, and when full grown pass out through the vagina
and fall to the ground, where they immediately pupate, hatch-
ing out as imagines in about thirty to thirty-one days. This
species I have named Ascodipteron speiserianum, after Dr. Paul
Speiser, the authority on this group of flies. I took another
species in North Queensland, living on the same species of bat.”

Forcep APHANTOPUS HYPERANTHUS.—Mr. L. W. Newman ex-
hibited, on behalf of Mr. G. B. Oliver, of Wolverhampton, a
series of A. hyperanthus bred during January and February,
1911, from ova laid by a Leamington 9 in July, 1910. The
larvae were fed in glass-topped metal boxes in a warm room
(the fire being out at night). The specimens, though rather
small, showed a great tendency to produce large spots both on
the upper and under side, A few captured specimens from
the same locality, selected for prominent spotting, served to
add emphasis to this tendency in the forced specimens.

Loneicorn BEETLE rrom Hykres.—Mr. H. J. Turner ex-
hibited living specimens of a Longicorn Beetle, Agapanthia
asphodeli, sent by Dr. Chapman from Hyéeres.

Commander WaLkER observed that he had found it in
Malta (the only common longicorn there), and also at
Gibraltar in the early spring, and always on asphodel.

Wednesday, May 3rd, 1911.
The Rev. F. D. Moricr, M.A., President, in the Chair.

Obituary.

The PrestDENT announced the death of two Fellows of
the Society, the Rev. Canon CrurrweLL, and Mr. W. A.
Rotuason, and said a few words with regard to the career
of each. Dr. Dixey also gave a short appreciation of Canon
CRUTTWELL.

B

(¢ Sacyniy -})

Resolutions.

The PresipENT informed the Society that the authorities of
the Science Museum had persuaded the Government to allow
them to take a portion of the land belonging to the Natural
History Museum at South Kensington, for the purpose of
erecting new buildings of their own, thereby precluding
much-needed additions to the Natural History Museum,
especially in the Entomological Department, and called on
Mr. G. T. Beroune-Baker to submit to the Society a Resolu-
tion on the subject, which had already been unanimously passed
by the Council.

Mr. Brernunr-Baxker fully explained to the Society the
position of affairs. He said that owing to differences of
opinion which had arisen between the authorities, the land
in question had been definitely assigned in 1899 to the
‘Trustees of the British Museum (of which the Natural History
Museum is an integral part), and that the Spirit Building had
been erected on this land at a cost to the nation of about
£35,000. The Trustees of the British Museum had now
been asked to hand this land over to the Science Museum,
and on their refusal had been over-ridden by the Government.
In order to strengthen the hands of the Trustees, it was
hoped that all the Societies interested in Natural History
would pass Resolutions against this forcible expropriation,
since the Spirit Building would have to be erected (at much
greater cost and of about twice its present size) on the only
ground available for extending the Zoological, and especially
the Entomological, accommodation of the Museum, He then
read the following Resolution :—

““The Council and Fellows of the Entomological Society of
London have heard with grave anxiety that it has been pro-
posed to build a part of the contemplated extension of the
Science Museum on land belonging to the Natural History
Museum. It has been represented to the Society that this
would involve the demolition of the Spirit Building, and its
re-erection between the main part of the Museum and one of
the public roads.

“Tt appears to the Society that the rebuilding of the Spirit
Room in this position would involve the occupation of ground

oxis |)

which it has hitherto been permissible to regard as available
for the extension of the main building, and particularly of the
Insect Rooms, in which they feel themselves justified in taking
a special interest.

‘“They would point out that the collections of Insects con-
tained in the Natural History Museum form at-present but
an inadequate and incomplete representation of Entomology.

tecognising as they do that the rooms in question are already

filled almost to their utmost capacity, and that the space
which can be put at the disposal of the many students of this
branch of Zoology has been seriously restricted of late by the
growth of the collections, the Society feel themselves justified
in expressing to the Trustees of the British Museum the hope
that they will take every possible step to avoid the calamity
that would be implied by the diminution of the area available
for the enlargement of the Museum.”

He further moved that a copy of the Resolution be sent to
each of the Trustees of the British Museum, to the Prime
Minister, and to the President of the Board of Education.

Dr. Dixy, in seconding the motion, remarked that an
attempt had been made on the part of some of the authorities
at the Science Museum to represent Zoology as a matter of
small account in comparison with the Chemical Sciences. He
deprecated such comparisons, but remarked that in this case
they were wholly beside the mark; that a bargain is a
bargain, and that the land in question having been assigned
by the Government to the Natural History Museum when
the matter was under discussion, there ought to be no possi-
bility of its being taken away for the purposes of any scientific
or other body whatever, especially when it is so badly needed
by the body in actual possession.

Mr. C. O. WaTERHOUSE explained a large plan which he had
prepared of the Zoological portion of the Museum, showing
the piece of land which the Government propose to alienate,
the position of the present Spirit Building, the proposed site
for its re-erection, and the only possible site for the extension
of the Zoological wing, and pointed out how the latter would
be cramped, and the very necessary light shut out, by the pro-

posed new position of the Spirit Building. He added that the
B2

(oe?)

whole of the present Entomological Rooms, utterly inadequate
as they are, were only a makeshift, the original plan of the
Museum regarding them as mere store-rooms. He also read
a letter showing how far the scheme of spoliation had already
advanced, and how urgent was the necessity for immediate
action.

The Rev. G. WHEELER added that, bad as things looked if
the Spirit Building were erected on the proposed site close to
Queen’s Gate, yet they would be even worse in the very
possible event of the owners of the land or houses at the
other side of the road objecting to the close proximity of the
Spirit Building, as it would then have to be pushed further
back towards the Museum, not merely reducing and damaging
the available space for extension, but making it totally
impossible to build any extension at all.

The resolution was carried unanimously.

Mr. H. Rowianp-Brown then moved that “If a deputation
be appointed to wait on Mr. Runciman with regard to this
matter, the Officers and Council of the Entomological Society
desire to be represented on it.”

This was seconded by Mr. BrerHuns-Baker and carried
unanimously, and Mr. C. O. WatErHousE said that he would
see that it was made known in the right quarters.

Exhibitions.

A Rare British Brerne.—Commander J. J. Wa.kEr
exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Gro. Brown, of Coatbridge,
Lanarkshire, living specimens of Helophorus tuberculatus, Gyll.,
hitherto exceedingly rare as a British insect. These were
taken by Mr. Brown at the end of April, walking about on
bare dry peaty soil on the moors near Coatbridge.

ABNORMAL BretLteE.—Mr. O. E. Janson exhibited a new
and remarkable Lamellicorn beetle, belonging to the Cremasto-
chilides group of the Cetoniidae, in which the anterior tarsi
were unmistakably six-jointed. He believed this was the first
known instance in the whole of the Coleoptera where the tarsal
joints exceeded five. The specimen was received in a collection
made by Dr. Bayon in Uganda, and sent to him for determina-
tion by Dr. Gestro, the Director of the Civic Museum, Genoa.

(inet)

Mr. C. O. WaTERHOUSE suggested that it was probably an
abnormal specimen, six-jointed tarsi being so far unknown in
Entomology. Mr. G. C. CHAMPION expressed concurrence in
this opinion.

VARIETIES OF APLECTA NEBULOSA.—Mr. A. Harrison ex-
hibited a drawer of Delamere Forest Aplecta nebulosa, bred
last year from var. robsoni 3 and var. thompsoni 9, by himself
and Mr. H. Main. He said: “Only fifty moths were bred,
26 / of the grey form, 42 / of robsoni and 32% of thompsoni.
This result quite negatives our idea that the form robsoni was
a heterozygote, or hybrid (so called) and that the grey form
and thompsoni were homozygotes, or pure. We had been led
to this conclusion by the results previously reported as being
obtained by ourselves and by Mr. Mansbridge. From a large
brood, both parents vobsont, we had previously bred 25 7
grey, 51% robsoni, and 24 / thompsoni, obviously Mendelian
proportions. From several broods, both parents grey, we had
bred only the grey form. From the grey form crossed with
thompsoni, Mr. Mansbridge had obtained only robsoni, and
from the grey form crossed with robsoni he had bred 50 /
robsoni and 50 / grey. These two latter broods were very
small, but all the results pointed to the conclusion mentioned
above, and appeared to be parallel to the well-known case of
the Andalusian fowl, where we have also three forms, a black,
a white (splashed with black or blue), and a blue, the latter
being the hybrid, and the two former being pure. However,
the results obtained last year show that the problem is not so
simple as this, and that it will require further experiments
before it can be solved.”

FeMALEs OF Lastus mrxtus.—Mr. DonistHorPE exhibited
three 99 of Lasius mixtus, Nyl., a race of L. wmbratus, Ny).,
and a @ of the latter for comparison. He remarked that there
were only two records of its capture in Britain—at Bickleigh,
near Plymouth, by Bignell, and in the Isle of May by Grim-
shaw, who both recorded ¢ 4, 2 2, and $9. One of his
specimens was taken at Weybridge last year, and another at
Mickleham, in company with Mr. Crawley, where they each
took a specimen last month. The third was captured this
year by Mr. Dollman in Richmond Park. He pointed out

_

(\-exaa.)))

the difference between this race and wnbratus, and said 1t was
probably widely distributed. He added that Mr. Evans had
sent him 2 ? and 096 from the Isle of May to name.

AGRIADES THETIS AB. COELESTIS.—Mr. H. RowLanp-Brown
brought for exhibition examples of Agriades thetis (bellargus)
ab. 2 coelestis, Obthr., taken last August at Dompierre-sur-
Mer, Charente-Inférieure. He said that so far as is known
at present, this brilliant form of the blue Q is confined in
western Europe to the west and south-west of France ; roughly
speaking, between the valley of the Loire and the Gironde,
where it occurs locally not unfrequently ; the blue form of
A. coridon 9, var. syngrapha, also being found in the same
calcareous region. Examples from Angouléme, Charente,
and from Auzay, Vendée, as well as from Dompierre-sur-Mer,
are figured by M. Charles Oberthiir in his ‘‘ Lépidoptérologie
Comparée,” fase. iv, pl. xix.

SomE New Species anp Forms or Iyp1an Burrerriies.—
Mr. G. W. V. be Rué-Puitire exhibited several new Indian
butterflies and communicated the following notes upon
them :—

“ Kuploea mulciber, Cramer, var. duarseri g. The large
Indo-Malayan genus Huploea is divided into several. groups or
sub-genera, according to the nature or position of the sex
marks on the male insect. The new form falls into the sub-
genus 7'repsichrois, Hiibner, in which the male mark consists
of a large patch of specialised scales on the upperside of the
hindwing. The only distinct representative of this sub-genus
in India is the common Z. mulciber, Cramer = EL. midamus, L. ;
and, pending further material, the new insect is being treated
as a distinct variety of this species. A full description of
duarseri was published in the “‘ Journal of the Bombay Natural
History Society,” vol. xx, p. 755. It differs from 2. muleiber—
a normal specimen of which is shown for purposes of com-
parison—in the almost entire absence of pale violescent spots
on the upperside of the fourewing—spots which are a constant
and striking feature of the latter. The specimen was taken
near the foot of the Bhutan Hills, in November, 1908.

“Charaxes raidhaka, mihi ¢. <A detailed description of this
new species appeared in the “ Records of the Indian Museum,”

(0) saa." .)

vol. ii, p. 285 (Oct., 1908), and a further note thereon was
published in the ‘‘ Bombay Natural History Society’s Journal,”
vol. xx, p. 757. ‘It is closely allied to the widespread Indian
C. fabius, Fabricius, and approaches some of the Malayan
forms of the genus. The type exhibited was taken up a hill-
stream in dense forest on the Bhutan frontier (1500 ft.) in
June, 1908. On another visit to the locality last year (1910)
I saw what I am almost sure was another specimen; but the
flight of all insects of the genus is extremely powerful and
swift, and in the difficult country it evaded the net.

“ Buripus consimilis, Westwood, new dimorphic Q form
torsa. There are two species of Luripus in India—F. consimilis,
_ Westwood, and F. halitherses, Doubleday. The 9° of the latter
is polymorphic, the various forms mimicking different species
of the protected genus Huploea. Only one form of the 2 of
E. consimilis has hitherto been found ; and the discovery that
there is also a second, mimicking a protected species, is
thus particularly interesting. The normal or common ¢ of
E. consimilis possibly mimics a protected white Pierid. In
the new form now shown, the indigo blue markings on the
upperside of the forewing have been so extended as to become
the base colour of the wing; and the insect, in flight, is almost
indistinguishable from the protected Huploea diocletiana, Fab.,
also found in the locality. A full description of the new type
of 2 appears in vol. xx of the “ Journal of the Bombay Natural
History Society,” p.758. It was captured in forest country in
the Bhutan Terai (500 ft.), in November, 1908. For purposes
of comparison, a type specimen of the model Z. diocletiana and
one form of 9 Huripus halitherses (named L. isa), which also
mimics L. diocletiana, are also exhibited.

“Cyaniris parishii, mihi g. This new species of a most
interesting genus was taken by me at an elevation of 5000 ft.
in the Khasi Hills, Assam, during the rainy season. It was
described in the “Journal of the Bombay Natural History
Society,” vol. xx, p. 763 (1910).

** Nacaduba ardates, Moore, var. dima g. This insect
appears to be a somewhat distinct variety of the common Indian
NV. ardates. It differs from the parent form in the shade of
purple on the upperside, and in the very dark tint and shorten-

-

( | axa 4)

ing of the basal striga on the underside. The specimen
comes from the foot of the Naga Hills in N.E. India, and was
described at p. 764 of the “Journal of the Bombay Natural
History Society,” already referred to.

“ Terias silhetana, Wallace. The normal colouring of this
species is, as shown in the example exhibited, a bright rich
citron yellow. A quaint sport or aberration is also shown, in
which the ground-colour is a very light creamy white, while
patches and specks of the ordinary citron yellow are scattered
irregularly over the wings.”

PIERIS OLERACEA AND P. RapAE.—Dr. Drixey, referring to
Mr. Apkin’s exhibit at the previous meeting, said that having
examined the three specimens in question, he was decidedly of
opinion that they were a form of P. oleracea; he added that
although one specimen is spotted and two are not, all three
are 2 9.

HYBERNIA MARGINARIA.—Mr. H. M. Epetsren exhibited
three generations of Hybernia marginaria, being the result of a
pairing between a dark ¢ and 9 taken wild in Epping Forest
in 1908. The 1909 brood did not vary much from the parents.
The 1910 brood produced specimens with dark margins, and
three unicolorous males. The 1911 brood produced specimens
with lighter margins and dark interiors, but no unicolorous
specimens. The darkest males and females were paired in
each case. These dark forms have only appeared in Epping
Forest the last few years.

Living Berrites.—Mr. G. C. CHAmpion sent round living
specimens of Corymbites purpureus and Morimus lugubris, taken
by Dr. Cuapman at Amélie-les-Bains, Pyrénées Orientales.

A Woop-soring Larva.—Mr. L. W. Newman showed a
stick of Salix capraea containing larvae supposed to be those of
the “Wood Wasp.” He pointed out that the larvae make
caps like Aegeria andrenaeformis, and that the cocoon is exactly
like that of a ‘‘clear-wing,”’ and the workings very like those
of Aegeria.

A discussion arose on this exhibit, in which the PREsIDENT,
Mr. DontstHorPE, Dr. CHAPMAN, and other Fellows took part,
and in which widely different views were expressed even as to
the order to which the larvae in question belonged.

(1 xxurr)

Eneuish Hytorcus Pinastri.—Mr. A. G. Scorer exhibited
a specimen of Hyloicus (Sphinx) pinastri, of whose British
origin he had no doubt. It was caught near Aldeburgh, and
sent to him by John Bates, who had been in his employment
as page-boy. Another specimen was taken at the same time,
but this he had not seen.

GYNANDROMORPHIC SpEcIMEN.—Mr. Scorer also exhibited a
gynandromorphic specimen of Gonepteryx rhamni, taken by
himself at Salisbury, on September 2, 1894. It was evenly
divided, the right side being @ and the left ¢.

Errictent Rentaxinc Boxrs.—Dr. K. Jorpan exhibited
some insects from India in one of Mr. Newman’s relaxing
boxes, which had remained throughout their journey as fresh
as if just captured, and were in perfect condition for setting.
He remarked also that they were entirely free from mould or
stain. These particular butterflies had been papered, but
Dr. JorpDAN explained that it was better merely to place them
between layers of cotton wool, as paper was apt to contain
acids or other deleterious matter.

Inrerestinc Leprpoprera.—Dr. Jorpan also exhibited the
Saturniid moth, Dysdaemonia kadeni, in its resting attitude.
The hindwings are for the greater part concealed under the
forewings, only the anal area and the tail projecting. The
abdomen being bent towards the left side, the insect in this
attitude resembles a crumpled dry leaf, and recalls the much
smaller Bombycid—also exhibited— Sorocabu anomala, which,
as is well known, assumes a similar attitude when at rest.
He further exhibited a species of Cosmosoma, Family Syntom-
idae, partly covered with a white wool. According to the
collector (A. H. Fassl), ‘‘the insect when touched ejects from
a fold on the underside of the abdomen a white wool, which
completely envelops the specimen.” The hitherto unknown
female of Ogyris meeki, Roths., a Lycaenid from New Guinea,
was likewise shown, together with the male and several
Hypochrysops.

A WELL-ARRANGED CoLLection.—Mr. Hawxsuaw exhibited
several drawers of Lepidoptera, beautifully arranged and set ;
placed on squared paper, and with the written history of
every insect accompanying it. Mr. Hawksuaw explained that

nal .

(, exaevay se )

the drawers were all interchangeable and were arranged
perpendicularly like books, instead of horizontally as usual.

Papers.

ComMANDER WALKER, one of the Secretaries, communicated
the following papers :—

“Some African anda few Australian Aculeate Hymenoptera
in the Oxford Museum,” by the late Col. Brycuam, with a
prefatory note by Prof. Poutron ; communicated by RowLanp
TURNER.

“A contribution to the Life-history of Hesperia (Syrichthus)
sidae,” by Haroirp Powetu.

‘‘ Biological Notes on Indian Pierine Larvae,’ by Capt.
FRAZER.

Wednesday, June 7th, 1911.
The Rev. F. D. Moricr, President, in the Chair.
The South Kensington Site.

After reading the Minutes, the Secretary observed that he
had exceeded his instructions with regard to the Memorial
passed at the last meeting, and had sent it to the Zimes, where
it had appeared, and to the principal Press Associations, as
well as (at the request of Mr. Waterhouse) to the Director of
the Natural History Museum. This was approved by the
Meeting.

Vote of Thanks.

The PRESIDENT proposed that the thanks of the Society be
given to the Rev. G. WHEELER for his work in connection
with the Conversazione. Mr. WHEELER replied in a few
words and gave an abstract of the accounts, showing that
all expenses were paid, including those incurred for the
postponed Conversazione last year, and that a small balance
would remain.

Exhibitions.

BaARYPITHES PELLUCIDUS.—Commander J. J. WALKER exhi-
bited specimens of Barypithes pellucidus, Boh., from Oxford,

Cf eevax

Enfield, and Tavistock respectively, and for comparison,
B. duplicatus, Keys, from the Blean Woods and Birchington,
Kent.

Mr. F. B. Jennines remarked that he took B. pellucidus
on buttercups and inquired whether any were present where
these specimens were taken. Commander WALKER replied
that there were no flowers at all, only short grass, in the
locality where his Oxford specimens were taken.

Myrmecopuitous Lepipoprera.—Commander WALKER also
showed a series of specimens illustrating the life-history of
Cyclotorna, Meyrick, a genus of Myrmecophilous Lepidoptera,
from Queensland, sent by Mr. F. P. Dopp with his paper on
the insects subsequently read.

Myrmecopuinous Acart.—Mr. DonistHorps exhibited live
specimens of Antennophorus uhlmanni, Haller, on the 5 o
from a nest of Lasiws wmbratus at Woking. Only two
specimens have been taken before in Britain—by Michael,
in an ants’ nest at Land’s End.

Also Uropoda philoctena fastened on the strigil of a % of
the same ant from the same locality. This species is new
to Britain.

ProBaABLE NEw Species or HypopErMa.—Mr. C. O. WaTER-
HOUSE exhibited larvae of a species of Hypoderma received
by the Secretary from India from Mr. J. E. Mippieton, with
a note that they had been taken from a gazelle and were
probably an undescribed species. Mr. WaternousE took
charge of them for the Museum, but expressed the strongest
doubts as to the possibility of determining a species of
Hypoderma from the larvae. There is, however, no Indian
Hypoderma described hitherto.

A New Species or Mymar.—Mr. F. Enock exhibited a
photomicrograph of a new species of J/ymar, accompanied by
one of M. pulchellus for comparison, and read the following
note :—

“It is with no small amount of pleasure that I am able to
record the discovery of another species of that most remark-
able genus of ovivorous parasites, Mymar, Hal., popularly
known as the Battledore-wing Fly, so named from the shape
of the anterior wings, which resemble a long-handled battle-

rr

( (xXxvbHie )

dore, while the posterior pair are but mere bristles about one-
sixth the length of the anterior, to which they are united by
three small hooks.

“This new species I was fortunate in capturing. last Satur-
day, June 3rd, 1911, at Burnham Beeches, where I had been
sweeping for Mymaridae, but with very poor results—only
twelve common species. Noticing some long grass, I swept it.
Sitting down to examine the small heap of minute bits of sharp
grass stems and seeds at the bottom of my net, I saw the
familiar form of Mymar struggling to get free from the débris,
and knowing that directly it did, it would ‘ hop, skip and jump,’
I quickly placed a phiai over it, and corked it safely. I then
saw that its left antenna was broken.

“On reaching home I killed my twelve common species,
and then Wymar, in the thirteenth phial. Proceeding to set
it out, I found the battledore wings in a tangle, and
endeavoured to brush them out; a small piece of ‘fluff’
kept getting in the way, so placing the fly under my micro-
scope to see which way I could best remove the ‘ fluff,’ I
focussed it, and for some moments I could not believe my
own eyes, for instead of ‘fluff’ it was the posterior wing
three times the length of an ordinary one of Mymar pul-
chellus, and I began to realise that I had before me a new
species—for not only were the posterior wings greatly
elongated into a very narrow battledore with six long hairs
on the lower margin, but the anterior wings were surrounded
with sixty long hairs—instead of the thirty-five of Mymar
pulchellus. In other respects the colour was much the same.

‘‘ As soon as I could, I made a photomicrograph of it of
thirty diameters magnification.

“Considering the importance of this addition to the little-
known British Mymaridae, I felt that it had appeared at a
very opportune time, when so many distinguished visitors
had come for the Coronation of His Most Gracious Majesty
King George V, so I suggested to Mr. Waterhouse that we
should christen it IMymar regalis.”

Mr. C. O. WatERHOUSE commented on the extreme interest
of this discovery, remarking that the M/ymaridae have very
small hindwings, in Mymar they are reduced to a mere bristle ;

Ce acixe* *)

the gap between this and Stephanodes, for example, which is
very great, is partially bridged by Mr. Enock’s discovery, and
possibly other links may be found in the future.

ArricAN CuHaraxes.—Mr. H. Rownann-Brown exhibited
some drawers of Miss Founrainn’s bred series of African
Charaxes. PRoressor PouLTon commented on these, regretting
that the parent had not been preserved with the corresponding
offspring in each case.

A Pompitip Mimickep sy A Repuviip Bue.—Dr. CHArpMan
exhibited a box of. insects to illustrate a case of mimicry, on
which he read the following note :—

“In March and April, both at Hyéres and at Amélie-les-
Bains, my attention was attracted to a Reduviid bug, P2rates
hybridus, Scop. I followed up one or two on the wing,
taking them for Pompilid Hymenoptera, and when they settled
on the ground their movements were precisely those of
Pompilus when hunting on the ground—sharp, active, jerky,
and taking wing at once if alarmed. The red colouring on
the elytra was, when running, much like the red of a Pompilid
body between or under the wings. After the first one or two
specimens one of course easily distinguished the bug for what
it was.

“One would, at first, take this for a case of Batesian
mimicry, but on picking up the bug, it often occurred that
one was stung, about as sharply as many Pompilids do, and
some are fairly proficient therein. The sting was of course
the thrust of the beak or proboscis, of which not a few Reduviid
bugs can make effective weapons of defence. The sting not
only enhances the resemblance to an Aculeate, but gives a
thoroughly Miillerian aspect to the association.

‘There are very many bugs of similar form and brilliant
coloration, Pyrrhocoris, etc. These are mostly slow-moving
and harmless, and have, I imagine, no connection with the
species under notice, but are probably cases of warning
coloration of distasteful morsels.

“In the Cambridge Nat. History, Dr. Sharp quotes Seitz as
recording a Reduviid at Corcovado in Brazil that exactly re-
sembles a wasp of the genus Pepsis, and moves in the same
wasp-like manner, and Prof. Poulton tells me of a British

(OPeaome’ #))

Reduviid observed by Mr. Hamm, with precisely the same
mimicry.”

An UNbrxXPLAINED AssociaTion.—Dr. CHAPMAN also read
the following note on a nest of Polistes gallica :—

“ At Hyéres, on March 29th, 1911, at 10.30 a.m., witha gale
from the east (Sirocco), sky overcast and a few drops of rain ;
I found, on turning over a stone, under its edge a small nest of
Polistes gallica. The nest consisted of eight small cells, in
each of five of which was one egg. It could not have been
founded very long. Under it (above it before the stone was
turned over) there rested not one ? but two 9 2 side by side.
The advancement of the nest showed that it was impossible for
one of these to be a worker reared in the nest.

“Were they working together, or was one only a casual
visitor, taking shelter during the inclement weather? In the
latter case would it not have been regarded and treated as an
enemy, instead of both resting together in a _ thoroughly
friendly way?”

Living Larvar or CaLLopurys avis.—Dr, CHAPMAN also
exhibited some well-grown larvae of Callophrys avis from the
Riviera.

Hemipterous Mimics or Hymenoprera.—Prof. . Pouuron
exhibited on behalf of Mr. A. H. Hamm, assistant in the
Hope Dept. of the Oxford University Museum, a case of
insects illustrative of certain associations of mimetic British
Hemiptera-Heteroptera with their Hymenopterous models,
and communicated the following paper from him :—

“The examples of mimicry mentioned below may be well
known to entomologists : certainly the ant-like appearance of
Nabis has been often described. My chief object is to record
the fact that the Hemiptera are to be found in the localities
frequented by their models, and often in their company.
Field observations are especially important in the mimics of
insects, such as the Hymenoptera Aculeata, with extremely
characteristic habits and movements.

“ Alydus calcaratus, L.—During one of my visits to S.
Devon (August, 1899), I was collecting Aculeates on and
about the heather at Bovey Tracey, and took what I thought
was a Pompilid. On looking into the net I was surprised to

(es sexexat 1!)

see nothing but an ordinary-looking, although very active,
Coreid bug. While still watching it running about the net,
the bug opened its wings to take flight, and exposed the
bright red patch which covers two-thirds of the abdomen.
The resemblance which had at first deceived me is not, how-
ever, solely due to the colouring ; for the short, jerky flight
and manner of running in and about the herbage, so charac-
teristic of the Pompilidae, is also a marked feature in the
movements of A. calcaratus. The bug is also to be found in
the localities haunted by the Pompilidae. Within a few yards
of the spot where I netted the above specimen and on the
same day (Aug. 10th, 1899), [captured a 9 Pompilus viaticus, L.
Again, in the New Forest, on Aug. 14th, 1908, I captured an
example of A. calcaratus and Salius exaltatus, F. 2 in close
proximity. On many other occasions, but always in sandy,
heathy localities, I have seen this Coreid mimic, and its
Pompilid-like movements and appearance have invariably
attracted my attention.

“The observations recorded above refer to the mature
insect: I now propose to speak of the earlier stages. On a
sand-bank just outside Beaulieu Road Station, in the New
Forest, I observed (Aug. 10th, 1908) what I at first mistook for
Formica rufa, L. Knowing, however, that the ant is not
found in this spot my curiosity was aroused, and looking more
closely I saw that the insect was an immature bug. Within a
short distance several other examples were found. These Mr.
E. A. Butler has kindly determined for me as very young
specimens of A. alcaratus, L. In this stage the bugs are
remarkably ant-like, resembling most closely the common
F. rufa, although at Beaulieu they were running about in
company with Formica fusca, Latr., race fusco-rufibarbis. This
latter ant, which was very abundant, itself somewhat resembles
a smalldark F. rufa. On Aug. 14th I found another immature
Alydus in the same spot under precisely similar conditions.

“We thus see that the same species of bug, in two different
phases of its life-history, mimics forms belonging to two widely-
separated families of the Hymenoptera.

“ Pilophorus, sp.—I have also had various opportunities of
observing two other species of Heteroptera which are remark-

Cex) 5)

ably ant-like in their earlier stages. During the year 1900,
when I was living in St. Mary’s Road, Oxford, there was in
the garden a rather old, diseased apple-tree, badly infested
with cotton-blight, Sesiids, Aphides, ete. Ants of the species
Lasius niger, L., were always journeying up and down the
trunk, and in their company were many individuals of an
immature Capsid bug, which Mr. E. A. Butler identifies as a
species of Pilophorus, probably P. cinnamopterus, Kb. At
this stage the bugs were remarkably ant-like, and there can
be little doubt that this mimetic resemblance as well as the
companionship of the ants is advantageous to them.

“ Nabis lativentris, Boh.—At Wellington College, Berks, on
Aug. 10th, 1907, I found animmature example of the Reduviid
bug, Nahs lativentris, Boh., actually in the ant-run and in
company with Lasius fuliginosus, Latr. Again at Bembridge,
Isle of Wight, on July 8th, 1909, another immature specimen of
the same species was found in company with Lasius niger. Itis
well known that these immature bugs possess a large, whitish
patch on each side of the first abdominal segment, obliterating
its breadth and giving it the appearance of a narrow, ant-like
waist. This species, like the preceding, no doubt derives benefit
from its close resemblance to ants and association with them.

“T wish to thank Mr. EK. A. Butler for kindly determining
this species for me. ‘The examples now exhibited I have
given to the Hope Department, where they will be accessible
to all students of insects.”

Mr. DonistHorPE observed that he had already made and
published the same observations on the same species, with the
exception of the Pompilid, and that it was very interesting
that Mr. Hamm should have independently recorded the same
circumstances, The PreEstpENT observed that in countries
which might be called the headquarters of the Pompilids, and
where they were divided into three groups, so far as colouring
is concerned, viz. black, yellow and black, and red and black,
he had frequently noticed that each group was accompanied
by other insects of various orders, of the same coloration
in each case. He suggested that the question of mimicry
involved in the cases under discussion has a much wider scope
than any to which British insects alone can supply an answer.

(oe Rech + }

FAMILY CONTAINING A NEW FEMALE FORM, LEIGHI, BRED FROM
A TROPHONIUS, WeEstw., FEMALE OF PAPILIO DARDANUS CENEA,
STOLL, FROM PinETowNn, NATAL.

Prof. Poutton exhibited the trophonius parent and the
fifty-five offspring reared from her egys by Mr. G. F. Letcu,
F.E.S, of Durban. This very interesting family had been
accompanied by the following notes written by Mr. Leigh :—

** Durban,
“* Sept. 24th, 1910.

“T should have sent you this brood of cenea last mail,
but I was away from Durban. I feel certain you will be very
pleased with it, as it is certainly the most extraordinary lot
I have ever reared from ova, and includes all three forms of
the ? and also two specimens of another very fine variety.
I am sending all to you, including these two varieties. This
brood has taken up a great deal of time, and I have bestowed
the greatest care upon them all through—about eleven weeks
inal]. [think the result will prove this, as I have only had
seven deaths, and only one real cripple in the whole lot.

* As usual when breeding a number of specimens there is
a greater proportion of females. There were great differences
in the duration of the larval stage, some individuals feeding
up very quickly, and others slowly, and also taking longer to
change their skin and to pupate. I am certain that this also
happens in wild larvae. ‘The duration of the pupal state,
however, varied very little. The first eight specimens bred
took as nearly as possible two months from ovum to imago.
At this time of the year I am sure the complete cycle would
not exceed six weeks, but the parent of this brocd was
captured in our mid-winter (dry season), and consequently
the food-plant was very dried up until the rains of about the
last four days, This, in my opinion, accounts for the fact
that the larvae did not feed so freely as they would have done
at this time of the year.

“T think this is a very interesting brood, and the results
undoubtedly show that the hippocoon form is the rarest of the
three female forms here, and this is really as it ought to be,

for Amauiris dominicanus which it mimics is very scarce now.
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., 111. 1911. C

can

( (zie)

Quite independently of this family, all collectors here now
find the hippocoon form is getting rarer in the wild state,
while trophonius is not so scarce. The very fine varieties,
Nos. 36 and 48, with a pattern including elements from all
the three other forms must now certainly rank as another
distinct female form, for I have bred two others this year,
One of these is in the Transvaal Government Museum, Pre-
toria, and the other Mr. A. D. Millar received in exchange.
Mr. Millar also captured a damaged specimen in his own
grounds, and another has been taken by Mr. Haygarth.

‘Most of the females in this lot seem to me to be rather
browner than usual on the underside. You will notice that
two of the trophonius forms resemble the parent in possessing
the brown suffusion of the white subapical bar of the fore-
wing.* One cenea is a nice variety with one of the spots on
the fore-wing brown instead of white.t All the specimens,
with two or three exceptions, are larger than any I have bred
from ova before, owing no doubt to the larvae being sleeved
in the early stages on the living food-plant. I shall always
adopt this method in future. The parent of this family was
captured at Pinetown, Natal, and it is interesting that the
two specimens similar to Nos. 36 and 48 that I bred early in
the year, were also reared from Pinetown larvae.

“G, F. Lries.”

Later in the year 1910 Mr. Leigh succeeded in breeding
two more examples of the new eight form of female, as stated
in the following extracts from letters received from him :—

* Durban,
“* Nov. 26th, 1910.

“‘T have bred one more of the fine variety of P. cenea 9
similar to the two sent you. This one, curiously enough, is also
from the ova of a trophonius 2 , so all five here bred are from
that form of parent.

“T have bred in all about 250 P. dardanus cenea from
different parents: obtaining only 8 Azppocoon form of the ?,
about 14 trophonius and 120 cenea, the others being males.”

* Careful examination of the set specimens reveals this character in all
the four ¢rophonius offspring, see p. xxxvili.—H. B. P.

+ This character is also present in other specimens, see pp. XXXVii,
Xxxvilil.—E. B. P.

( xxxy’ )}
** Durban,

** Dec. 10th, 1910.
“This form seems now likely to establish itself in this part
of the country, as I have bred another one from a wild larva
found at Sydenham, about three miles from here. It was a

very large, splendid specimen.
“G. F. Lerten.”

The female parent of the family exhibited was captured by
Mr. Leigh on June 26, 1910, at Pinetown, Natal (about
1000 ft.). She laid sixty-two eggs on June 27th—28th. The
parent is a typical trophonius with a slight fulvous suffusion
in the costal section and also along vein 5 of the subapical
bar of the fore-wing, and without an apical spot. The spot
within the fore-wing cell is divided, the detached outer end
being greyish and obscurely defined. The large costal part of
the marking is rather broad and short, in the form of an
isosceles triangle with its base towards the costa. Hereditary
influence is clearly manifest among the offspring, in the
frequency with which the spot is divided, and less frequently
in the appearance of the detached end and the form of the
costal section.

The offspring, consisting of 25 males, 22 cenea females, 4
trophonius females, 2 hippocoon females, and 2 leighi females,
emerged in the order and pupated on the dates shown in the
following table :—

Offspring of trophonius female of Papilio dardanus cenea
captured June 26, 1910, at Pinetown, Natal.

No. Date a = ales Date ‘Co Sex and 2 form.
1 August 13 August 26 Cenea 2
2 5 ag A, aan 26 Cenea Q
3 spr eed Spumeith Male
4 eg ts) Bie eH Male
5 Felts son) 428 Male
6 eae 6 Press: Cenea 2
7 aa eho Al arts, Male
8 Be Ld 21728 Male
9 Se we alts eat!) Cenea 2

C2

| Date of Pupation

nei (1910).

10 August 16
1s Gu LO
12 aera
13 sal”,
14 pau La
15 oe ols
16 Seale
17 hilo
18 soe 2
19 pene
20 ay AU
21 egy
22 eee AsO
23 sis) eal
24 ee
25 eo
26 ln OE}
27 eos
28 ee ae
29 45 WOE
30 Pod
31 nary 1d
32 sae ee
33 aye ae
34 jjutead
35 ng) A
36 ee
37 ue DG
38 nae
39 + ZO
40 iy L2G
41 9) Hee
42 eG
43 ip ae
44 ni. ee.
45 A 45)
46 54 «20
47 sae, 220
48 ngs ee
49 ae ee,
50 jee all
51 a MT
52 fn ete
53 seh
54 A el
55 pe ell

all

XXXV1

Date of Emergence
(1910).

August 29

”

”
September 1

30

31
2

CO 00 CO CO 00 OO OO OW WH DO MNININININSININISAAARAAMAMANNE EP RH WD

Sex and @? form.

Cenea 2
Trophonius 2
Male
Hippocoon
Cenea @
Cenea @
Flippocoon @
Cenea 2
Male
Trophonius 2
Male

Male

Cenea 2
Cenea @
Male

Cenea 2
Male

Cenea 2
Male

Male

Male

Male

Male
Trophonius ?
Trophonius 2
Male
Leight ?
Male.

Male

Male

Cenea 2
Cenea 2
Cenea 2
Male

Male

Cenea ?
Male

Cenea 2
Leight
Male

Male

Cenea 2
Conca Q
Cenea 2
Cenea 2
Cenea @

The proportion of the female forms in this very interesting
family most nearly approaches that of Family 4, bred in 1906
from a hippocoon parent (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1908, p. 429). The
present family contains, however, nearly three times as many

() mxxvai ))

cenea (22 to 8), and, above all, the two remarkable leighi
forms. In the numbers of ¢trophonius, 4 as against 3, and
of hippocoon, 2 as against 3, there is a close resemblance
between the two families.

The 25 male offspring exhibit the transition usually
found in Natal between a somewhat heavily marked sub-
marginal band to the hind-wing and one in which the costal
and inner gaps are clearly indicated. The series is a normal
one with nothing remarkable about either of the extremes.

Several of the cenea offspring exhibit the influence of the
trophonius parent in the richer deeper tinge of the basal
patch of the hind-wing—an effect which is particularly dis-
tinct in Nos. 17, 6, 14, 1, 45, and 53, increasing in the order
of these numbers. A similar influence of the trophonius
parent upon the cenea offspring was observed in 1906 (Trans.
Ent. Soc., Plate XVII, fig. 8, and Description, p. 313) and
of hippocoon upon cenea in 1908 (Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 436).
This parental influence upon the tint of offspring belonging
to a different form is extremely interesting, especially when,
as in most cases, no other visible effect is produced.

In describing the spots of the fore-wing the terminology
suggested in Trans. Ent. Soc., 1908, p. 433, is followed.
The submarginal spots (a) (8) and (y) are normal in 15
specimens. (a) is so minute as to be nearly invisible in
23 and 41: it is wanting and (3) minute in 40 and 47:
both are wanting and (y) minute in 1 and 54. The missing
spots are present on the under surface of all these specimens.
The apical spot (6) is wanting from both surfaces of 1, 45,
and 53.

All the spots of the fore-wing upper surface are white
in 6, 15, 23, and 47, and in 17, 22, 27, and 42 except for a
faint yellowish tinge of the inner marginal border of the
principal spot (1). In speaking of “spots” I do not include
the streak along the inner margin (in 15, 27, 42, 51, 55,
and minute traces in a few others), or the extension down-
wards and outwards from spot (1) into interspace 1) (in
23, 27, 41, the right side of 15, and slight indications in
several others). The above-mentioned markings where pre-
sent in this family are invariably ochreous. (1) is darkest

-

(( aexvall, >)

ochreous in | and 9 in which the other spots are pale
yellowish, the tint being most distinct in spot (3). In the
12 remaining specimens (1) is pale yellowish and the other
spots white except (3) and more rarely (5) which in some
specimens are very faintly tinged with yellow.

Spot (2a) between (2) and (3) is present and of large size
in 15, 23, and 42, minute in 6, 17, 27, 25 and 45, minute
and only on the left side of 41. It is present on the under
surface of all these and a few others. A new spot (3a) not
hitherto described is placed in the angle between veins 7
and 8, where they diverge from each other, in 9 and 45. <A
minute spot (4a) is present in a single specimen 52.

Spot (5) within the cell is divided into two in the usual
manner in about half the specimens of cenea: it is small in
a few and minute in 54,

The 22 cenea offspring are thus a very interesting set,
tending on the whole, as in Natal specimens generally, to
resemble the Amauwris albimaculata and the white-spotted
forms of A. echeria. The appearance of the same peculiarity,
such as the division of spot (5) in many individuals supports
the evidence brought forward in 1908 (Trans. Ent. Soc., pp.
443-5) that modifications of minute elements in the pattern
are certainly hereditary.

Of the 2 hippocoon offspring, No 16 possesses the apical
spot (3) of the fore-wing, while No. 13 resembles the parent
in being without it. Spot (5) in both resembles the parent, but
not so completely as that of the 4 trophonius.

Of the 4 trophonius offspring, two, Nos. 33 and 34, possess
the apical spot, while Nos. 11 and 19 are without it. All
four exhibit the faint fulvous suffusion of the costal section
of the subapical bar—a condition more strongly developed in
No. 33 than in the parent.

Papilio dardanus, new female form leighi.

There can be no doubt that this variety, bred in Natal by
Mr. Leigh six times in 1910 and also captured twice in Natal,
possesses sufficient stability to rank as one of the female forms
of dardanus. 1 therefore propose to name it the eight form in
honour of the naturalist who was the first to breed P. dardanus,

(i seaxixz )

the most interesting of butterflies, from known parents. Further
convincing evidence of its stability as a form is seen in the
fact that it also occurs almost unchanged so far away from
Natal as the N.E. corner of the Victoria Nyanza. A
specimen collected by Mr. A. H. Harrison about 1903 at
‘“‘Unyori,” N.E. of Kisumu, differs from the Natal specimens
no more than the other female forms of P. dardanus from
these two remote localities are known to differ. “ Unyori,” as
Mr. C. A. Wiggins informs me, is certainly a rendering of
‘‘Nyangori,” a forested locality at a height of about 5000 ft.
to the N.E. of the great lake. Mr. Harrison’s specimen
was figured 4 of the natural size, by the present writer in
Trans. Ent. Soc., 1906, Plate XX, fig. 1. It is there spoken
of as “intermediate between planemoides and cenea.” The
figure here referred to may stand as an adequate repre-
sentation of the Jleighi form described below, the slight
differences between it and the Natal specimens, as also
between the two latter, being indicated in the description.
Fore-wing upper surface. All the markings possess a rich
fulvous tint closely resembling that of planemoides, becoming
paler in closest proximity to the costa in the two Natal
specimens. The three paler markings are: spot (4), between
veins 8 and 9, the costal end of spot 5, within the cell, and
the apical spot (8), between veins 7 and 8. ‘This increasing
paleness towards the costa is also often seen in planemoides.
In form and position the subapical bar is that of trophonius
and hippocoon, while the other markings are those of cenea.
In this latter form, the principal spot (between veins 2 and 3)
may be extended downwards and outwards into the next
interspace between veins 2 and 1), as may be seen in the
examples represented on Plate XXVI, figs. 18, 19, and 21,
of Trans. Ent. Soc., 1908. In the leighi form the same
tendency is manifested to an equal extent in specimen 48,
to a slightly greater extent in 36. The latter furthermore
possesses the linear marking along the inner margin which
is also often seen in cenea; e.g. in the original of Fig. 15
referred to above. In the Unyori (Nyangori) example (Plate
XX, fig. 1, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1906) the principal spot extends
downwards much further and is continuous with the linear

(air)

marking. In this latter example the subapical bar is also
more fully developed and a faint extension of it intrudes
into the space between veins 3 and 4 and a still fainter
extension between 3 and 2, thus tending to bridge over the
interval between the bar and the principal spot. The Unyori
specimen in fact differs from the two Natal specimens in its
slightly nearer approach to the pattern of planemoides.

Lind-wing upper surface. ‘The submarginal spots, resembling
those of planemordes, are fulvous, becoming pale towards the
costal end of the series. The paleness begins in the pair of
spots in interspace 5, while those in 6 and 7 are nearly white.
This increasing paleness is far less marked in the Unyori
specimen. In form and size the great basal patch resembles
that of cenea and is somewhat smaller than in planemoides.
In 48 it is sharply demarcated from the black ground-colour,
while in 36 a more gradual transition is afforded by a
sprinkling of dark scales. The latter condition exists in
the Unyori specimen, and both are common in cenea. The
colour of the patch in 48 and in the Unyori example resem-
bles that of a rather deeply-tinted cenea, the Unyori example
differing, however, in its duller shade. The patch of 36
exhibits an approach to the whiteness of planemoides in its
pale yellow tint, which contrasts sharply with the rich colour
of the other markings.

Both Natal specimens possess the intense black ground-
colour and comparatively short fore-wings of the Natal cenea,
while the Unyori specimen possesses slightly longer fore-wings
and the duller fuscous tint of planemoides.

The under surface of both wings. The pattern of the under
surface closely resembles that of the upper, as in both cenea
and planemoides. The chief difference, in both these forms,
is due to the duller, browner shade of the black ground-colour
of the parts exposed in the resting position. Many of the
markings also tend to spread and to become less sharply
demarcated. The general effect of these changes in back-
ground and markings is that the whole of the exposed pattern
looks obscure and dull as compared with the upper surface.
There is a clear indication of the “costal gap” (Trans. Ent.
Soc., 1904, p- 683) on the under surface of 36, the pale colour

ett)

of the basal patch streaming outwards in the 5th interspace
(between veins 5 and 6). This feature, also commonly found
in cenea, planemoides and other forms, is very faintly indicated
in 48, and barely visible in the Unyori example.

I select as the type specimen 48 in the Hope Department,
Oxford University Museum, choosing it rather than 36,
because of the deeper tint of the hind-wing patch. This tint
is also found in the Unyori specimen, and is probably more
typical of the Jezghi form than the much paler shade of 36.

In addition to the individual differences between these
three specimens described above it may be added that the
spot in the cell is undivided in 36, but divided in the other
two, the detached extremity being nearly obsolete in the Unyori
(Nyangori) example. The submarginal spot (a) is wanting
from 48 (although present on the under surface), but not
from either of the other specimens. The apical spot (6) is
well developed in all.

The planemoides form is entirely unknown in Natal, and
indeed in areas far to the north of it, and hence it is im-
possible to adopt the plausible interpretation of leighi as a
hybrid between cenea and a male bearing the planemoides
tendency, or vice versa. We are therefore driven to the
hypothesis that the /ezghi form is a persistent definite stage
in the evolution of planemoides.

My friend Mr. Roland Trimen. F.R.S., has kindly sent me
(August 14, 1911) the following account of three specimens
in his collection which possess the leighi pattern, but differ in
the uniform ochreous tint of all the markings :—

“As regards the curious form of ? P. dardanus you write
about, which Leigh has sent from Natal, and which you say is
really the same as the one you figured in Trans. Ent. Soc., 1906,
Pl. XX, f. 1, from N.E. of Victoria Nyanza, I have been look-
ing up my lot of the 8. African sub-species, and find 3 examples
which approximate your fig. 1. The first and second of these
you will find noted in my “S. Afr. Butt.,” iii, p. 249 (under
‘‘B.h.” in the text), and treated there as linking hippocoon
and trophonius; the St. Lucia Bay example was taken by
Col. H. Tower in 1867, and the Delagoa Bay one by Mrs.
Monteiro in 1883. The third was captured at Morakwen.

a
( xiii)

Delagoa Bay, by Rev. H. Junod, 22nd January, 1891. In
all three the inner-marginal fore-wing patch and the hind-wing
patch are larger than in your fig. 1, but vary in size. All the
markings in all three are rather strongly tinged with dull
ochreous-yellow. Your fig. 1 is not coloured, but you give
some account of the colouring in the “ Explanation” and at
pp. 293-4, from which I gather that the tint of the fore-wing
(but not that of the hind-wing) markings is much deeper and
richer, and more like that shown by planemoides, than any one
of my three ? 9 exhibits. In my specimens ai/ the markings
are of about the same pale ‘buff’ tint, with only a slight
inclination to a rufous tinge.

‘‘T can quite imagine a tendency of planemoides to crop up
occasionally in the progeny of the 8S. African sub-species,
notwithstanding the remoteness of the equatorial model.
indeed, something of this kind is noticeable in Cape Colony,
where the /ippocoon form is occasionally met with as far as
P. cenea extends, although its model Amauris dominicanus
is wholly absent.”

An Kast African variety of the female dardanus, described
and figured by Aurivillius as mixtws (Arch. f. Zool. Bd. 3,
No. 23 (1907), T. 2, f. 2), presents many points of resemblance
- to leighi, but is intermediate between this form and the East
African planemoides described below. Mixtus differs from
leight and approaches the example of planemoides in the
greater development of the fulvous marking along the inner
margin of the fore-wing, in the greater length and size of
spot 5 (within the cell), and in the whiteness and the much
greater size of the hind-wing patch. Mixtus also apparently
differs in the far paler tint of the fulvous markings.

In such a protean species as dardanus I do not think it is
convenient to give separate names to all the single varieties
and transitional specimens, but in leighi we have a form that
is not only distinguishable but possessed of sufficient stability
to appear again and again over a very wide area. Furthermore,
it is the only planemoides-like form known in Natal.

PAPILIO DARDANUS, Brown, FEMALE FORM PLANEMOIDES,
TRIM., FROM THE Coast oF British East Arrica.—Prof.
Pou.ton also exhibited an example of the planemoides female

( xiii)

captured in August 1910, in forest country (less, and probably
much less, than 100 ft. elevation) between Jilore and Malindi.
Jilore is about 70 miles N. of Rabai and 19 W. of Malindi.
The specimen, which was kindly presented to the Hope
Department by the Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers, M.A., F.E.S.,
had been taken by a native collector. The pattern of the
fore-wing closely resembles that of the specimen collected by
Mr. A. Harrison at Nyangori about 1903, and represented on
Plate XX, fig. 3, of Trans. Ent. Soc. for 1906. It is there
described as intermediate “between planemoides and hippo-
coon.’ The exhibited specimen differs from the figure in
its approach to the pattern of leighi, the spot within the cell
(undivided) being widely separated from the subapical bar and
the latter only connected with the greatly enlarged principal
spot (1) by scattered fulvous scales between veins 3 and 4.
Below vein 3 the pattern almost precisely reproduces the appear-
ance represented in Fig. 3, above referred to, the hippocoon-
and trophonius-like extension of the pale pattern along the
inner margin towards the base of the wing being slightly more
evident in the coast specimen. The hind-wing is also hippo-
coon-like in the great size of the white patch, which is far
larger than in normal specimens of planemoides.

The occurrence of planemoides on the E. coast, so far from
its Planema models, is of high interest, as also is the fact that
this, the only specimen hitherto recorded from the area in
question, should not be a typical example but one exhibiting
several ancestral features.

The specimen may be compared with another very interest-
ing example, captured Sept. 22, 1901, in forest country
about ten miles inland from Mombasa, near Changamwe,
by Mr. C. A. Wiggins, F.E.S. While the pattern is almost
precisely as in the exhibited specimen, the colouring is that
of trophonius, or rather of its modification niobe, Auriv. ; for
the subapical bar of the fore-wing is fulvous like the other
markings. The specimen also lacks the scattered scales
connecting the bar with spot (1). The increasing lightness
of the markings towards the costa of the fore-wing, spoken
of on p. xxxix, is well marked. Except for this change the
fulvous colouring is of a uniform pale shade like that of the

all

y Sscliiye, 4)

trophonius (and niobe) of P. dardanus tibullus and dardanus
dardanus—a shade very different from the richer, deeper
fulvous of planemordes.

HEREDITY IN THE FemMaLe Forms or HyrouimNas MISIPPUS.
—Professor Pouiron exhibited a series of thirty-five females
of the type form, together with their female parent, of the
inaria form, captured Aug. 15, 1910, by Rev. K. St. Aubyn
Rogers, M.A., F.E.S., at Rabai, near Mombasa. The males
were liberated and the females emerged from the pupa on the
following dates :—

Sept. 15, 1910—sixteen, 4 with a slight, 2 with a rather
more pronounced white patch on the hind-wing ; Sept. 16—
nine, 1 with slight, 2 with more pronounced white patch ;
Sept. 17—eight, 5 with slight indication of the patch;
Sept. 18—two, 1 with slight indication of patch.

The female parent is a typical ¢naria, with no indication of
the white patch on its hind-wing. The female offspring were
all typical misippus.

This result compares in a most interesting manner with
those obtained on two other occasions. The first of these is
the family of fifty inaria females bred in 1908 by Mr. Rogers
from an intermediate female parent, also from Rabai (Proc.
Ent. Soc., 1909, pp. xxxvi, xxxvli). This latter parent was
‘intermediate between the type and the inaria form, but on
the whole nearer the former ... the whole of the female
offspring were inaria—not a single type form, not a single
intermediate.” The second is the family bred in 1904 by
Mr. G. F. Leigh, F.E.S., from an intermediate female captured
in the Durban district. Of the eight female offspring four
were typical misippus, three typical inaria, and one inter-
mediate (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1904, pp. 689, 690, Plate XX XII).

Thus there have been bred from inaria or intermediate
females, first, equality of inaria (including intermediate) and
misippus ; secondly, inaria alone; thirdly, mzsippus alone.
These results are consistent with the Mendelian relationship,
if we assume (1) that the intermediate female behaves in
heredity like ¢narva, (2) that misippus is dominant over inaria,
(3) tnat the first male parent was a heterozygote, the second
carried the tendency of inaria, the third that of misippus.

C, txlya }

EURALIA ANTHEDON, Dovust., anD E. puptA, BEAUV., PROVED
BY BREEDING TO BE THE FORMS OF A SINGLE SPECIES.—Prof.
Poutton exhibited a female parent of the dubia form captured
on March 19, 1911, at Oni, 70 miles E. of Lagos, by Mr.
W. A. Lamborn, together with a selection from the offspring
reared from its ova. The offspring included both dubia and
anthedon. Thus Mr. Lamborn had been able to verify the
suggestion made in Trans. Ent. Soc., 1902, p. 492: “If Mr.
Marshall’s conclusion [advanced, on pp. 491-2, that tlie
Eastern Euralias, wahlbergi, Wallgr., and mima, Trim., are
the forms of a single species] be established, it follows that
the corresponding and closely-allied mimetic West African
forms Luralia anthedon and EL. dubia, connected like wahlbergi
and mima by intermediate varieties, are similarly the di-
morphic forms of a single species.” Mr. Marshall’s conclusion
concerning the Eastern species was confirmed by the late
Mr. A. D. Millar in 1909 (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1910, p. 498),
and the further prediction about the Western species is
now, in 1911, verified by Mr. W. A. Lamborn. The Western
problem is, however, the more complicated and interesting
of the two; for Hwralia dubia is not a simple mimetic form
like mima, but is itself modified in the Oni district into three
subordinate forms, in mimicry of (1) Amauris egialea, Cram.,
with much yellow in the hind-wings, (2) the most strongly
white-marked of the local forms of Amauris psyttalea, Plotz,
(3) Amauris hecate, Butl., and the darkest forms of A. psyttalea
which closely resemble them. The hereditary influence of
the parent dubia upon its dubia offspring was clearly evident
in Mr. Lamborn’s families.

[It may be added that Mr. Lamborn has now bred families
from three dubia parents of various forms, and one from
an anthedon parent, all captured at Oni in March of the
present year. Both anthedon and dubia appeared in all the
families. The numbers of the offspring are very large, and
the two forms always bear a simple numerical relationship
to each other, such as we should expect to see in a Mendelian
pair. At the date of the meeting (June 7) only two of
these families, both from dubia parents, had arrived in this
country.—E. B. P., Aug. 7, 1911.]

C aii.)

Instances or Mimicry, Protective REsEMBLANCE, &C., FROM
THE Lagos District.—Mr. W. A. LamBorn, who was intro-
duced by Prof. Poutron, had intended to show at this meeting
the cases which he had exhibited at the Conversazione, but
owing to a misunderstanding, they had not arrived. He
made, however, the following observations :—

“ Prof. Poulton’s account of the mimicry of certain Danaine
butterflies by Euralias induces me to mention that I recently
took at one sweep of my net two butterflies, an Amauris
psyttalea, Plotz, and a Huralia dubia, which were flying round
and round each other in a manner suggestive of courtship.
Their movements on the wing were so active that I was
unable to recognise them before capture, and it seemed to me
evident that the one must have been deceived by the mimetic
resemblance to its own species exhibited by the other.

“In the exhibit which I had hoped to bring to your notice is
a West African Hypsid moth determined by Prof. Poulton as
Deilemera, probably antinori, Oberth., with the cocoon from
which it emerged. The cocoon bears a large number of creamy
white semi-transparent frothy spheres which bear a very
strong resemblance to the cocoons of Braconid parasites.
The cocoon was formed during the night by a larva in my
possession, and it bore these structures when I first saw it.
Their resemblance to the cocoons of the parasites was so
marked that I did not make a very careful examination, and
I did not discover their spuriousness till the moth came out.
Prof. Poulton has since pointed out that the structures are
very loosely heaped up on the cocoon, and that they are also
noticeable on the silky material in the immediate neighbourhood
of the cocoon, facts which tend to suggest still-more strongly
that the structures are Braconid cocoons. ‘They doubtless
have a protective function. A bird, for instance, would soon
learn that a cocoon bearing the Braconid cocoons does not
contain a pupa worth eating, and it is reasonable to suppose
that it would likewise pass by a cocoon bearing structures
which resemble them in such a remarkable way.

‘“‘T have obtained some light on the relationship between
the ‘brands’ or patches of peculiar scales on the wings of
male Danainae and the double tuft of hairs which can: be’

C xlva }

protruded from the posterior extremity of the body. In
January of this year I observed a male Amauris niavius, L.,
settle on the upper surface of a leaf with its wings expanded.
The insect flexed its abdomen, making the dorsal surface
convex, so that the extremity of the body was brought level
with the brands, and the tufts were then thrust out. By
alternately flexing and straightening out the abdomen the
tufts were passed to and fro over the surface of the brands
as though some secretion was being conveyed from the one
to the other. Prof. Poulton has suggested that the greasy
appearance of the brands may be probably interpreted on the
hypothesis that they serve to retain and distribute a scent
employed in courtship brought to them by the tufts.”

Dr. Lonestarr said that he was satisfied that in Huploea
and Danaida chrysippus the characteristic scent was not caused
by the tufts and brands, though these were very likely the
cause of another volatile scent which certainly existed in these
cases. Female Danaids have a scent as well as males; the
scent common to both being nauseous, while that peculiar to
the male is probably a help in courtship.

Prof. Pouuron remarked that the brands actually are greasy,
and not merely look so, and that they may for a time hold
the scent transferred to them by the tufts.

Dr. JorpDAN observed that the discovery in Natal of inter-
mediates between cenea and planemoides, which from previous
experience had been supposed not to exist, made it impossible
any longer to argue from their non-existence in favour of the
sudden, as opposed to the gradual, evolution of dimorphic
forms.

Paper.
Com. J. J. WaLKER read the following paper :—
“Some remarkable ant-friend Lepidoptera of Queensland.”

By F. P. Dopp, F.E.S8., with Supplement by E. Meyrick,
B.A... PRS.

-

(vant)

Wednesday, October 4th, 1911.

The Rey. F. D. Morice, President, in the Chair.

Election of Fellow.

Mr, C. B. WiiiiAms, of 20, Slatey Road, Birkenhead, was
elected a Fellow of the Society.

Votes of Condolence.

The decease was announced by the Prestpent of Dr. SAMUEL
H. Scupper, of Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A., one of the oldest of
the Honorary Fellows ; of Mr. A. H. Crarke; of Mr. ALBERT
Harrison, lately a member of the Council, and of Mr. G. H.
VERRALL, a former President of the Society.

The PRESIDENT, in a short speech, proposed a vote of con-
dolence with the relatives of Mr. VERRALL, which was seconded
by Prof. PouLton.

A vote of condolence with the relatives of the late Mr. ALBERT
Harrison was proposed by the Rev. G. WHEELER, and seconded
by Mr. W. J. Kaye; and a similar vote in the case of Dr.
ScupDER was proposed by Mr. Cuampion, and seconded by
Prof. Poutron, all the Fellows present signifying approval
by rising.

Exhibitions.

Ants FRoM Rannocu.—Mr. DonistHorePE exhibited speci-
mens (¢ ¢ and$%) of Formica pratensis, De G. (congerens,
Nyl.), taken at Rannoch in June, also $99 f /. sanguinea
captured in the same region, a new locality for it; and ? ? and
&% of anew race of Formica rufa, also from Rannoch. Mr.
Donisthorpe said that the nest of the last-named was a small
mound made of heather, etc., superficially like an easecta nest,
ou a moor away from woods. The habits of the ants were
different from those of rufa; the 2 9 have long golden hairs
on the scale and base of thorax and abdomen, and the scale
more emarginate in the § §.

Brack MELANARGIA GALATHEA.—Mr, BrrauNne-BAKER ex-
hibited a specimen of MWelanargia galathea, var. lugens, taken at

Vat odie}

Digne in July last. It is an entirely dark brown (almost black)
form, with no white markings, though the ordinary markings are
just traceable in a slightly lighter shade. He remarked that
a similar specimen was described and figured in the Bulletin
de la Société lépidoptérologique de Geneve (vol. i., plate 6).
Commander WALKER observed that a similar example had
also occurred in England at Chattenden Roughs, Kent, in
July 1872. This insect is figured in the “ Entomologist,”
vol. vi., p. 57 (1873), and is now in the collection of Mr.
A. B. Farn.
A RemMarRKABLE Oxytetus.—Mr. Norman H. Joy exhibited
a remarkable specimen of Oxytelus taken at Tresco, Scilly
Isles, April 1908. In many respects it is quite intermediate
in character between O. sculptus and O. laqueatus, Marsh.,
having the large eyes of the former, and the sculpture of the
neck and structure of the first joint of the antennae of the
latter. The penultimate joints of the antennae are, however,
different from either of these. It is probably a species new to
science, but may possibly be a hybrid of these two species.
SpeciEs oF Liopes.—Mr. Joy also showed Liodes stenocoryphe,
Joy, 3, taken by Mv. W. E. Sharp, at Forres, in 1910, as well
as its near allies for comparison, the aedoeagus being shown
in each case. He also exhibited Liodes picea, Ill, taken
by Mr. Tomlin and Mr. Joy at Dalwhinnie, Inverness-shire,
in September, when the larva was also found feeding on a
small underground fungus; L. dubia, King, and its various
varieties. ‘he extremes of these varieties are very distinct-
looking forms, yet if enough material is collected from various
localities no constant specific characters can be found, as so
many intermediate forms are met with. JL. algirica, Rye, is
almost certainly only another variety of this species.
PaRTHENOGENESIS IN Lastus NicER.—Mr. W. C. Craw iry
exhibited a mixed colony of Lasius wmbratus and L. niger.
This colony consists of a 9 LZ. wmbratus, which was accepted
in 1908 by a queenless colony of L. niger, During 1909 and
1910 only nzger 9 & came to maturity in the nest ; those, there-
fore, that hatched in 1910 must have been from parthenogenetic
eggs laid by the niger § 9. Over a dozen of these latter

were dissected, and found to contain no receptaculum seminis.
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., 111. 1911. D

-
(cal)

In 1911 the 3 & of wmbratus began to appear, and at present
the yellow and black ants are in about equal numbers, and
live together in complete amity.

Mr. DonisTHORPE commented on the interest of Mr. Crawley’s
experience, remarking that while it had formerly been supposed
that parthenogenetically laid ova produced only g g, Mr.
Crawley had shown, and proved by dissection, that 9 9 were
capable of parthenogenetically producing § 9.

The Prestpent observed that parthenogenesis was not
unusual in sawflies, and mentioned that in one species, Croesus
varus, Vill., which bad been founded on a ¢ specimen, the
original specimen was the only ¢ ever recorded, though the
2 wasa well-known insect, and had been reared through several
generations in captivity, no ¢ ever making its appearance.

Dr. M. Burr remarked that the common “ stick insect,”
Bacillus rossi, is largely parthenogenetic, and has been bred
parthenogenetically for more than twelve consecutive genera-
tions. Mr. C. O. Warernouse and others joined in the
discussion.

Meanic Lirnosia.—Mr. E. A. Cockayne exhibited a
melanic specimen of Lithosia deplana, g, taken in Surrey last
July.

SiciniAn Ruopatocera.—Mr. J. Prarr Barrer exhibited
some species of Sicilian butterflies taken this year, in contrast
with corresponding British species, which he described as
cases of “ painting the lily.” The species contrasted were
Buchloé cardamines and EL. damone, Gonepteryx rhamni and
G. cleopatra, Hipparchia semele and var. algirica. Small
southern forms were also exhibited of Z. cardamines and
Leptosia sinapis.

AxpinE Lycarntps.—Dr. Cuapman exhibited living larvae
of Albulina pheretes, and a living imago of Latiorina orbitulus,
and read the following notes :—

“In my. paper on Latiorina orbitulus, I suggested the
probability that <Albulina (Lycaena) pheretes had a larva
without a honey gland, and that on this ground it was possibly
related to L. orbitulus (Trans. 1911, p. 153). I have, during
the past summer, succeeded in testing the truth of this
hypothesis, by obtaining the hitherto unknown of larva of

ce)

A. pheretes. In the result it appears that the hypothesis was
incorrect. The larva of A. pheretes possesses a honey gland
and fans.

“To the warm weather during August and September it is
probably owing that three of my larvae have reached the
last instar, a result not often, I suspect, occurring in this
species, a distinct effort to produce a second or autumnal
brood ; I am therefore able to exhibit the larva in the 3rd,
4th, and 5th (or last) instars. I hope to give a fuller account
of the early stages in the near future. I may remark that ZL.
orbitulus also afforded ‘forward’ larvae this season, and I
exhibit a living butterfly of this autumnal emergence which
left the pupa on October 2nd ; but Vacciniina optilete, without
exception, stopped at the 3rd or hibernating instar.”

In reply to a question whether he had seen ants in company
with the larva of A. pheretes, Dr. Chapman replied that the
larvae were bred from ova, so that he had not seen them in a
wild state, but added that ants were abundant in the locality
from which the ova came.

Two TortTRIcIDAE NEW TO Scrence.—Mr. J. H. Durrant
exhibited two new British species of Rhyacionia Hb. (= Retinia
Gn. ; Hvetria Hb. Meyr.)

Rhyacionia purdeyi, sp. n., taken among Scotch firs at Folke-
stone at the end of July 1911, by Mr. W.Purdey, a very distinct
species intermediate between sylvestrana Crt. and duplana Hb.,
easily distinguishable from the former by the ferruginous apex
of the fore-wings and the slightly different direction of the
fasciae, and from the latter by its more regular and distinct
striation, as also by its brighter ferruginous coloration,
which occupies a greater proportion of the wing-sur!ace,
especially towards the dorsum.

Rhyacionia logaea, sp. u., from Forres, Scotland (W. Salvage
and H. McArthur), closely allied to duplana Hb. and posticana
Ztst., but the much longer ciliations in the antennae of the ¢
will at once separate /ogaea from these species. . posticana
is a broader-winged insect than duplana and logaea, and the
hind-wings are distinctly darker and less pointed. The type ¢
of this new species is the specimen figured as duplana by

Barrett (British Lepidoptera, XI., pl. 476, fig. 2); the ? is
D 2

de Siar? 9)

similar but smaller than the g, and somewhat more distinctly
marked, it is, however, hardly so clearly and neatly fasciate
as is the 2 of duplana Hb., moreover the direction of the
fasciae is not precisely similar, and the dark scaling along the
tornus of the fore-wings is a good distinguishing character
in logaea. Specimens doing duty as duplana and posticana in
British collections should be carefully examined—these will
probably be found to be mostly loyaea. At present Mr.
Durrant said he had only seen two specimens of dupluna.
These were purchased from Meek by Lord Walsingham, as
British, in 1868, and it would certainly be satisfactory to
examine others with a better record. These two specimens of
duplana, Hb., ¢ and 9, as also both sexes of posticana, were
exhibited for comparison.

CoLiaps FROM BerksHIRE.—Mr.J. H. Durrant also exhibited
eighteen specimens of Colias taken by himself in a field of lucerne
at Barcote, near Faringdon, Berks, from September 4-10, 1892.
These comprised both /yale (2) and edusa (14) and two aber-
rations of the latter, one of a very light orange colour (ab.
helicina) and the other a fine ab. delice. All the specimens of
C’. edusa were of a yellowish-orange tint.

SyMPetRuM ronscotompu.—Mr. W. J. Lucas exhibited
specimens of Sympetrum fonscolombii, and read the following
note :—

‘“On August 4 last, ata pond in the south of the New
Forest, I saw some dragonflies of the genus Sympetrum, very
much more brilliant than the common S. striolatum. After
some time I managed to capture one, and found it to be a
male of S. fonscolombii, a species very seldom taken in Britain,
and quite new to the Forest. It isa restless insect, which settles
very frequently, but, nevertheless, is very difficult to capture.
I visited the pond again on August 7, 8, 25 and 29, and as a
consequence of the five visits obtained a short series, all but
one being males. SS. fonscolombii is usually considered to be
a casual visitor only to our shores; but one or two things in
this case seem rather to throw doubt on this supposition.
For one thing the date is a late one, then the insects on my
first visit to the pond were very fresh; again, one was a
female, which looked even fresher than the males; further,

(im )

females seem seldom to join migratory swarms. Previous
captures of the insect in Britain are: (1) One 2? in Stephens’
Cabinet in the British Museum, szpposed to have been taken
near London. (2) A ¢ taken in 1881 at Deal, now, I believe,
in the Dover Museum. (3) Seventeen males taken by Mr. C. A.
Briggs at Ockham Common, Surrey, in June 1892. (4) A?
taken in Cornwall, by Mr. Boyd, in June 1903. (5) Two males
taken June 24, 1908, by Mr. E. R. Speyer, near Shenley,
Ilerts, and one 2 captured by him at Aldenham Reservoir,
on July 29 of that year.”

SEPARATION OF THE SEXES IN HyPoLiMNas MISIPPUS.—
Dr. F. A. Drxry read a letter received by him from Mr,
E. A. Acar, of Dominica, West Indies, on the subject of
the Separation of the Sexes of Hypolimnas misippus, in which
the writer remarked that in that island, although haunting
similar localities, the 9 remains on the coast while the ¢ is
to be met with some distance inland. The former is scarcely
ever to be seen in conrpany with the d¢ of its own species,
though it flies with Danaida plexippus, of which it is a mimic.
Mr. Agar suggested that it looked as if ‘both sexes were
aware that if they flew in close association it would give
the show away,” which implies intelligence of too high an
order.

Dr, Dixty remarked that it was a common experience that
one sex of a butterfly at any given time was more in evidence
than the other. Of course, in such cases it was certain
that the other sex must be somewhere. Mr. Millar, of
Durban, had drawn his attention to the fact that, speaking
generally, the males were more apt to be on the wing during
the morning, and the females in the later hours of the day.
Mr. A. R. Wallace mentions that the males and females of
certain South American Pierines, of which the males are
practically ordinary white butterflies and the females are
Ithomiine mimics, have different habits and do not fly together.
The females accompany their models in flight, which suggests
the significance of the habit. The fact that some means of
protection required the adoption of a corresponding habit to
make them effective, of course did not carry with it any
assumption of consciousness on the part of the insect of the

—
( iw )

significance of its behaviour. The habit was of the nature
of a reaction or response, which, like other adaptations, had
grown up under the influence of natural selection.

Dr. Lonestarr observed that in North Africa certain species

of Teracolus gave abundance of ¢ ¢ in the morning, whilst in

g;
the afternoon the 9 9 predominated greatly.

Commander Waker, Mr. G. A. K. MarsHaui and Pro’.
Poutton also took part in the discussion.

THE Cocoon OF DEILEMERA ANTINORII, OBERTH.—Prof.
Poutton exhibited the cocoon of the Hypsid moth Deilemera
antinori, Oberth., which Mr. W. A. Lamporn described (see
p. xlvi), and had intended to exhibit on June 7 last. He
stated that Mr. Lamborn had written on September 4, since
his return to the Lagos district: ‘The larva passes the cocoon-
like bodies through the anus, as you surmised.” A little
later, on September 10, Mr. Lamborn had written: ‘“ I cannot
add more precise information as to the way in which the
cocoons are formed, for the larvae which have hitherto spun
up, did so at atime when I could not conveniently observe
them. I saw, however, a few more of the Braconid-cocoon-
like bodies passed per anum at the end of the cocoon opposite
that at which the larva was spinning, and when several had
accumulated the larva turned round and distributed them.”

ALL-FEMALE BaTcHES OF ACRAEA ENCEDON, L., BRED IN
THE Lacos Disrrict.—Prof. Pouiron also exhibited examples
from three of the all-female broods obtained by Mr. W. A.
Lamborn, viz. from Companies 2 and 3 and from Family |
in the table printed below. These three sets were chosen
because they prove that the unisexual batches are not neces-
sarily associated with either of the forms of encedon in the
locality. Thus Family 1 was all /ycia, Company 3 all encedon,
while Company 2 was as nearly as possible half and half
(23 to 24). The table clearly shows, in a condensed form, all
the results hitherto obtained in this species by Mr. Lamborn.
Out of the three families, one was all-female ; out of the seven
companies, three. Furthermore, the results obtained from
the two sets of wild larvae strongly suggest that both were,
in chief part, composed of the scattered individuals of an all-
female batch, intermixed, in the June-July series, with an

(ae)

earlier bisexual brood, in the December series with a later
one.

Encedon|| Lycia
1910 ———__ ]—__— History
aes 19
Company 1 46 “32° ; From bateh of eggs on single leaf
<a aie hea 24 | “93° a i b
a 3 35 | = 5 is
ae ee 6/2 || 4] 1 a“ ie
A 5 6 | 16 A F ¥ :
Age: | Sl auld = -
cece if 2/1 7/6 lis - a
Family 1 48 From ¢ and @ lycia captured in cop. r
spo is ane ‘19 | 13° : From 3} and 2 lycia of Company Le ar
hay 3 bt | 6 | 13 | Froma captured 9 Bireda oe .
Wild Larvae wad 8 | 5 | 26 | Emerged June 26-July 13, 1910. Only females
appeared after July 7: 3 encedon and 24 lycia
(sek tescia 17 | 3 | 18 | Emerged December 10-24, 1910. The 3 males
appeared with 2 9 lycia, December 23—4

It is to be noted that the three all-female companies were
bred from eggs laid normally in the wild state, and the con-
clusion is inevitable that a large proportion of such companies
is the normal occurrence. On the other hand, the figures
suggest that all-male companies are not normally produced.
Males, however, were more numerous than females in all the
bisexual batches except Company 6 and Family 3; and the
males often emerged earlier than the females. The common
occurrence of the unisexual companies obviously promotes
interbreeding, and the advantages of interbreeding, acting as
selective criteria, may have increased the tendency to produce
nothing but females as scon as it appeared.

These results have been submitted to Mr. L. Doneaster,
who agrees with Prof. Poulton in thinking it probable that the
lycia form, although far commoner in the district, is recessive.
Mr. Doneaster wrote, September 26: ‘‘ On the data available I
am inclined to think encedon is dominant. ‘The Family 2 from
parents ex Company 4 is hardly explicable on any other view,
and, as you say, the existence of several pure /yciw broods

al
( lvi_ )

suggests it strongly. The arguments for the dominance of
lycia appear to be the brood from Company 7 (but out of a total
of sixteen it is not very unusual to get such departures
from the expected 1 : 1 ratio), and the fact that lycia is the
common form in the locality. This, however, is not of great
weight.”

Mr. Doncaster has suggested, and Prof. Poulton has for-
warded to Mr. Lamborn the lines of future experiments, which
it is hoped will throw more light on the Mendelian relation-
ships, and, above all, on the unisexual broods of this
interesting Acraea.

THE Proor BY BREEDING THAT ACRAEA AURIVILLII, STAUD.,
Is THE FEMALE oF A. ALCIOPE, HrEw.—Prof. Poutron ex-
hibited a series of eight A. alciope and five A. aurivillii bred
in the present year by Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter from thirteen
small larvae found on a single leaf of the food-plant on
Damba Island, in the Victoria Nyanza to the east of Entebbe.
The result entirely confirmed the conclusions of Mr. Eltring-
ham and Dr. Jordan, as published in the Proceedings for
November 17, 1909 (pp. Ixvii-lxix).

Deprepations BY Minute Ants.—-The Rev. G. WHEELER
exhibited some living %% of a small ant, identified by
Mr. DontstHorPe as Monomorium pharaonis, imported from
Madeira, and now settled in England, together with several
butterflies whose bodies and heads had been devoured by
them while in the setting box. Mr. WHEELER observed that
these insects had all been killed in the cyanide bottle, whilst
others in the same setting box which had been injected with
oxalic acid were left untouched. Mr. R. W. Liroyp remarked
that there were two other small species of foreign ants which
had also domiciled themselves in houses in England. Several
Fellows joined in the discussion, Mr. C. J. Gawan observing
that these ants were reported to be very destructive to the
common bug, and were rather to be encouraged, whilst Com-
mander WaLker said that he had found them very destructive
to his entomological specimens on board ship, but that on the
only oceasion when he had known of their occurrence in
company with bed-bugs, the two had lived together in perfect
amity. The Rey. G. WuEELER replied that when they infest

© ivi)

the larder there are obvious drawbacks to encouraging these
ants, but that he had almost entirely got rid of them by
painting all corners formed by walls, floor, ceiling or shelves
with paraffin. Mr. DonisrHorrE feared that the relief would
be only temporary, since the 9? ? generally live in the
foundations.

Insects SEEKING HicH GrounD.—The PresIpDEnT said that
about the beginning of July this year, he had noticed, while
collecting near El Guerrah, the junction for Constantine,
Biskra and Alger, both sexes of the yellow and black Leucospis
gigas, and of another red and black Leucospis, flying in great
numbers, with a loud humming noise, round a cairn of stones
on the top of a hill, and suggested that the common instinct
to seek high places might provide a meeting-ground for the
sexes. He had been surprised to find these insects together
in such numbers, as, being parasitic on different species, they
would be likely to be separated.

Prof. Poutton referred to his communication ‘A possible
explanation of insect swarms on mountain tops” (Proc. Ent.
Soc. 1904, p. xxiv.), and suggested that the instinct referred
to by the President would probably be especially useful in the
case of parasitic insects whose hosts might naturally be separ-
ated, as some means of providing a meeting-place would be
particularly necessary.

Papers.

Commander WALKER read the following papers :-—

(1) Report on a collection of Bombyliinae (Diptera) from
Central Africa, with descriptions of new species, by Prof.
Mario Bezzi, Turin, Italy (communicated by G. A. K.
Marsnatt, F.E.S.).

(2) An enumeration of the Rhynchota collected during the
Expedition of the British Ornithologists’ Union to Central
Dutch New Guinea. By W. L. Distant.

(3) Oestridae Cavicolae, by Ivan E. Mippreton, F.E.S., of
Serampore, India. The last is given in extenso.

“Tt is with a view to furthering investigation that I propose
to devote a paper to this very interesting group of flies.

-
( lviii_)

“They consist of six genera, each containing one or more
known species, viz.—
1. The genus Cephalomyia, Macquart.

Dee if Oestrus, Linné.

3. ‘5 Rhinoestrus, Brauer.

4, 53 Pharyngobolus, Brauer.
5. 5 Pharyngomyia, Schiner.
6. < Cephenomyia, Latreille.

“Tt may be instructive to deal briefly with the genera as
classed above, mentioning the order of animals they utilise as
hosts for their young, viz.: The Cephalomyia—1 species—is
common to the Bos bubalus and Camelidae; the Oestrus—
8 species—to the Cavicornia ; the Rhinoestrus—2 species—to
the Equus caballus and Hippopotamidae ; the Pharyngobolus—
1 species—to the Proboscideu ; the Pharyngomyia—|1 species—
to the Cervidae; and the Cephenomyia—T species—to the
Cervidae.

“The flies belonging to the sub-family in which I am interested
do not cause injury by biting animals, but cause great dis-
comfort by depositing their eggs on the inner surface of the
nostrils, from whence the larvae, in the case of the first three
genera, find their way into the maxillary and frontal sinuses ;
in the fourth and fifth, into the pharynx; and the sixth, into
the sub-lingual cavities ; while it is interesting to note that
the female flies invariably select male animals as the medium
for the propagation of their kind. This process generally takes
place in the spring, and it is not till the following winter that
the fully developed larvae are ejected by the animals that
harboured them. The larvae then creep away into holes and
crevices, where they shrink and pupate; from whence the
imago emerges to carry on again the cycle thus completed.

“‘T shall refrain from giving a detailed description of each
genus as there is no dearth of literature on the subject, but
pass on to a less well-known use to which the larvae are put.
When travelling through Rajputana in the year 1903, my
attention was drawn to a small trade carried on between the
hakims (native physicians) and the camel-drivers, with the
larvae from their animals. Inquiries led to the discovery

: (© shies.)

that the larvae were used by the Aakims as a specific for
epilepsy. This mode of treatment was not unknown to the
ancients. It was mentioned from the tripod of Delphi that
the larvae from the heads of goats were prescribed as a remedy
for this disease ; and on the authority of Alexander Trallien
we are informed that Democrates consulted the oracle. This
cure has been tried by me in several instances with fairly
good results, and I believe that were it taken up and further
experimented with, it would prove an inestimable boon to
many sufferers from this terrible ailment.”

Wednesday, October 18th, 1911.

The Rev. F. D. Moricr, President, in the Chair.
Election of Fellows.

The following gentlemen were elected Fellows of the
Society :—Mr. Sipney Howarp Corton, 1a, Chesterfield Street,
Mayfair ; Captain J. J. Jacops, R.E., 2, Southport Street,
Gibraltar ; Mr. Kunur Kuunay, M.A., Assistant Entomologist
to the Government of Mysore, Bangalore, South India; Dr.
Ivan Cruarkson Macrean, M.D., B.Sc., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.,
28, Hill Street, Knightsbridge, 8.W.; Mr. Frank Taytor,
The Technological Museum, Sydney, New South Wales.

Dates of Society's Publications.

The Secretary made an appeal to the Fellows for any MS.
notes which they might possess throwing any light upon the
exact dates of issue of the earlier Transactions and Proceed-
ings, especially from 1840 to 1850,and 1868 to 1878 inclusive.
The dates most urgently needed are those of the Proceedings
from 1840 to 1846 inclusive.

Exhibitions.

Papitio (TACHYRIS) MELANIA, Fabr.—Dr. F. A. Drxey ex-
hibited a pair of each of the following species—Tachyris
melania, Fabr., 7’. celestina and Catophaga ega, Boisd., and
remarked upon them as follows :—

all

(oat )

“ Papilio melania was described by Fabricius in 1775, and
figured by Donovan (Ins. N. Holl., 1805), Much doubt has
prevailed as to the identification of Fabricius’s species.
Boisduval’s P. melania, according to A. R. Wallace, is the
female of Catophaga ega, Boisd. Wallace himself said, in
1867, ‘The Papilio melania of Fabricius has not yet been
properly identified, and probably never will be.’ He was no
doubt unaware that Fabricius’s type was preserved in the
Banksian Cabinet, where it may still be seen.

“Tn 1884, Miskin applied the name 7’. melania to the female
of Tachyris celestina, Boisd. Until quite recently the British
Museum possessed no specimens of Fabricius’s insect, except the
type (which was not included in the general Collection). The
specimens that appeared in the Collection as C. melania were
Pieris (Catophaga) zoe of Vollenhoven, the Batchian form of C.
jacquinotti, Luc. Meanwhile, the true P. melania of Fabricius
had been re-described by Miskin in 1888 as Tachyris asteria.

“Mr. G. A. Waterhouse has now sent home specimens which
are undoubtedly of the species described by Fabricius and
represented by Donovan. It is said by Mr. Waterhouse to
be rare and no doubt very local. Four of these specimens
are in the British Museum, and a pair, male and female,
here exhibited, have been presented to the Hope Department.
These were captured at Kuranda, near Cairns, in North
Queensland. Fabricius’s type is in bad condition, but there
can be no possible doubt that Mr. Waterhouse’s specimens
have been correctly identified.

“ Now that the true melania has at last come to light it is
seen to be not a Catophaga allied to ega or paulina, but a
Tachyris belonging to the group which contains 7’. celestina
and 7’. nero. It is a peculiarly handsome and distinctively
marked butterfly ; and it is probable that only its presumable
rarity, and the battered condition of the type specimen, have
permitted the erroneous identifications which have been cur-
rent for so many years.”

Larva oF COLIAS NASTES, VAR. WERDANDI.—Mr. W. G.
SHELDON exhibited a living larva of Colias nastes, var. werdandt,
which he had bred from an ovum deposited by a 9 captured
at Abisko in Swedish Lapland; the natural food-plant is

(ike)

Astragalus alpinus, L., but in captivity the larva fed upon
white clover.

SoutHerN Nevuroprera.—Mr. W. J. Lucas exhibited two
specimens of WNemoptera bipennis, Illig. (lusitanica, Leach),
taken by Mr. A. H. Jones: one in the Cork woods at Almorima,
Spain, on May 5th, 1911, and the other at Linea, Gibraltar,
on the 28th. Also a specimen of Lertha barbara, Klug, taken
by Mr. H. Powell at Aflou, Oran, Algeria, on June 30th,
1911, and given to him by Dr. Chapman.

Mr. E. DuxtyrieLp-Jonges observed that the former species
was a day-flier, and that the long, narrow hind-wings were not
employed for flight but merely trailed behind the insect.
Dr. CHapMAN said that his experience at Bejar, where the
insect was common, was that it only flew towards dusk and
until it got too dark to see it.

Srrex nocritio.—Mr. W. J. Lucas also exhibited a large
specimen of Sivex noctilio, taken by himself at Leith Hill,
Surrey, walking on the road, on September 8th, 1911.

A CoLEorTERON NEW TO Britain.—Mr. H. Sr. J. Donis-
THORPE exhibited a species of Coleoptera new to Britain, Lesteva
luctuosa, Fauvel, which he had taken in moss in a water-
fall on the high ground in the Isle of Eigg, near Mull, on
September 17th, 1911.

Brep Erastria vENUstTULA.—Mr. H. M. EpEtsten showed
some bred specimens of Hrastria venustula; the larvae had fed
readily on flowers of Potentilla tormentilla, and on garden
forms of Potentilla, strawberry, and bramble blossoms, and
later on lettuce leaves, which they seemed to prefer. They
pupated below the surface of the ground in a strong cocoon.

A Mate “ Stick-1nsecr.’—Mr. K. G. Buarr exhibited a ¢
and two 99 of a “stick-insect” (?Lonchodes sp.), which is
usually parthenogenetic, the ¢ being excessively rare, and
which he had bred for several generations without any
specimen of this sex appearing.

Mr. C. O. Wateruouss said he had bred three generations
of this Phasmid and had had many hundreds of specimens,
and he congratulated Mr. Blair on having the only male he
had ever seen or heard of. He mentioned that of the speci-
mens he had bred, one deposited between January 18th and

-
(‘sce 3)
July 28th, 1910, 467 eggs, after which it died. He found
that as a rule the eggs hatched in about five months after
being laid, but a few were hatched sooner. The females
generally began ovipositing when they were five or six months
old.

Deias From New Guinea Movuntains.—Dr. K. Jorpan
exhibited 46 forms of Delias from the mountains of New
Guinea. The first of these peculiar mountain species were
discovered late in the nineties in the Owen Stanley Range,
British New Guinea, by a German, E. Weiske, and described
by C. Ribbe in 1900, with the exception of D. albertisi and
D, discus, which had already been known for some time.
Since then A. S. Meek and lately also Messrs. Pratt have
considerably added to the number. Whereas in other districts
of the Oriental Region at the most seven or eight species
generally four to six) may be found in any locality, a sur-
prising number are met with in the mountains of New Guinea
from 3,000 or 4,000 ft. upwards. In suitable localities of
the Owen Stanley Range no less than 24 species have been
obtained, of which 18 are confined to the higher altitudes.
These mountain Delias are known from three ranges—the
Owen Stanley Mountains in British territory, the Snow
Mountains in Southern Dutch New Guinea, and the Arfak
Mountains in the north-west of the island—and we have also
two species from a high altitude on the German-British
boundary. It is most interesting to find (1) that each moun-
tain range has its own forms, the geographical differences
often being surprisingly great and undoubtedly of specific
value; (2) that most of these forms represent each other,
although they may be specifically distinct, and (3) that several
species are known only from one or two ranges.

The exploration of these mountains being very incomplete,
we may expect that representatives of most of the species as
yet only known from one or two places will be obtained in
the other mountains as well. <A similar assemblage of Delias
undoubtedly also exists in those high chains of the island
which the collector has not yet touched.

Braziuian Spuinetps.—The Rev. A. Mites Moss exhibited
the following Sphingids from Para, which had been identified

( Isiii )

by Dr. Jorpan. Amphimoea walkeri, Isognathus excelsior,
Grammodia caicus, with pupa spun up in a leaf, Hemeroplanes
inuus, Epistor gorgon, g and 9, Pholus phorbas, Xylophanes
nechus, with chrysalis, and Y. cosmius, 9, the first known
specimen of this sex, as well as a larva, probably of some
species of Hemeroplanes.

New Entomological Post at Cambridge.
The Presipent mentioned that the University of Cam-
bridge had decided to appoint a Demonstrator in Medical
Entomology.

Wednesday, November ist, 1911.
The Rev. F. D. Moricz, M.A., President, in the Chair.

Election of Honorary Fellows.

The PrestpENT announced that the Council proposed Fr.
Eric Wasmann, of Valkenburg, Holland, as Honorary Fellow
in the place of the late Herr P. C. T. Syutien, of Rotterdam,
and Prof. J. H. Comstock, of Cornell University, U.8.A., for the
vacancy caused by the death of Dr. 8. H. Scupper, of Cam-
bridge, Massachusetts, both of whom were then elected.

Election of Fellows.

The following gentlemen were elected Fellows of the Society :—
Messrs. T. J. ANDERSON, Teaninich, Craig Millar, Midlothian ;
Epwarp Bernarp Asupy, 33, Park Road, Whitton, Middle-
sex; W. A. Lampourn, M.R.CS., L.R.C.P., Omi Camp, Lagos,
W. Africa; J. Jackson Mounszy, 24, Glencairn Crescent,
Edinburgh.

Lehibitions.

A Scarce CoLzopreron.—Dr. NicHorson showed a specimen
of Aleochura discipennis, Muls. and Rey, taken in the early
part of this year from moss in a small wood at Alphington,
Devon. As there were several other carrion beetles with it,
it is very likely that a dead animal rested on this spot last
year. This species was introduced in 1907 by Mr. Champion

_
( -Ixiv) 7)

on the authority of specimens captured by the late Dr, Capron,
and by Commander Walker in the Chatham district, and it has
been recently taken by Dr. Sharp in the New Forest. It
appears to be rare on the Continent.

TERATOLOGICAL Specimens.—Mr. J. R. Le B. Tomiiy ex-
hibited a teratological specimen of the rare beetle 7'riarthron
maerkeli, swept in the Wellington College district, Berks, this
summer. It has the last two joints of left antenna completely
soldered together, making a two-jointed instead of a three-
jointed club. Also a specimen of Longitarsus melanocephalus (?)
taken by Mr. J. Collins at Oxford, with legs and tarsi
remarkably thickened.

Nortaern Nevroptera.—Mr. W. J. Lucas exhibited five
specimens, three ¢ ¢ and two? 2? of Panorpa germanica, taken
by Col. Yerbury, four at Dingwall in May, and one at Lock-
inver in July. One ¢ is practically immaculate, and the
other two nearly so; the 9 from Dingwall is sparsely spotted,
while the one from Lockinver is more nearly normal. Five
normal specimens from Surrey and Hants were shown for
comparison.

A TrRavetLeD Insect.—Mr. C. J. GAnan exhibited a living
specimen of Aspidomorpha silacea, Boh., an African species
of Cassididae, which had been sent by Mr. G. St. John Mild-
may from Nyali in British East Africa on October 7th,
1eaching London on October 28th.

POLYCTENIDAE VivipaARous.—Dr. K. Jorpan, who has lately
been engaged on an examination of the specimens of Poly-
ctenidae contained in the collection of the British Museum,
announced that these insects, which are parasitic on bats in
the tropics, are viviparous like the parasitic Orthopteron
Hemimerus. The young are born at a very advanced stage,
but yet differ considerably from the adult. Two of the forms
(spasmae and tulpa) described as distinct species, and lately
placed in two different genera, are immature and adult
examples of the same species.

Dr. CuapMAN remarked upon certain supposed instances of
viviparous butterflies, saying that the idea originated in a
mistake, the eggs having been ready to be laid at the time
of the parents’ death.

( Hxx )

Rare British aND Importep CoLeoprera.—Mr. Harwoop
exhibited two specimens of Micrurula melanocephala taken
near Bishop’s Stortford by sweeping in the evening, which
he believed to be var. brunnea, Heer. Also two specimens of
Ocypus cyaneus taken by Mr. W. H. Harwood at Colchester,
one in May and the other in June of this year, the first
specimens taken in the district for nineteen years. Also a
species of Coccinella taken in a case of Tasmanian apples at
Colchester.

SounpD MADE By A Lonaicorn Larva.—Dr. K. Jorpan asked
for information with regard to the following experience :
When out late one night in the Bihar Mts. in Hungary,
he heard, at short intervals, a subdued sound, decidedly more
like chirping than knocking, which he attributed to some
small species of Orthoptera. He located it to a telegraph-
pole about fifteen yards away ; but on examining the pole the
sound proved to issue from underneath the bark, and here a
fairly large larva (smaller than a full-grown larva of Rhagium
inquisitor) of a Lepturid Longicorn beetle was found, which
retreated so hastily into its hole that it could not be secured.
Is it known of any Longicorn larva that it produces an
imitation grasshopper-song 4

Arrican Species oF AcrRaEA.—Mr. H. EtrrincHAm ex-
hibited specimens of African Acraeas, to show that wide
differences of colour and pattern may occur in a single species,
and conversely, that certain species which can scarcely be
distinguished by their outward appearance are nevertheless
very distinct, as shown by the structure of the male armature.
Thus A. astrigera, Butl., from E. Africa merges gradually
into the same author’s A. pseudolycia, through an inter-
mediate form named f. brunnea. A. astrigera is a brilliant
orange-and-scarlet form, whilst pseudolycia is black-and-white.
In the same way A. humilis, Sharpe, was found to be speci-
fically identical with A. orestia, Hew. The exhibitor remarked
that he had been pleased to learn only that morning that
his conclusions in regard to the latter species had just been
confirmed by breeding, details of which he hoped to be able
to publish on a future occasion. Mr. Eltringham further
showed examples of A. chambezi, Neave, and A. mansya, Eltr.

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., 111. 1911. E

or
(_ xvi ))

These species could only be distinguished at sight by a
difference in the position of one of the hind-wing spots, but
the male armature showed differences of structure which were
as great as those distinguishing any other species of African
Acraea.

Several new species and forms were also shown, including
A. lofua, Eltr., ¢ and 9, A. grosvenori, Eltr., ¢, A. aureola,
Eltr., ¢, A. ella, Hltr., ¢, A. cinerea subsp., alberta, Eltr.,
d, A. periphanes f. acritoides, Eltr., ¢, and A. astrigera
f. brunnea, Eltr., g and ¢.

Dr. JorpaN remarked on the extreme variability of the
genus and its allies, geographically, individually, and even in
the characters of the genitalia.

Mr. Breruune-Baker remarked on the unreliability of the
genitalia in certain Licaenidae.

The PresipENt stated that the ¢ genitalia were, as a rule,
reliable in the Aculeata, but in the Venthredinidae the ¢
genitalia were quite useless for specific determination, though
the ? 2 afford excellent characters.

The Hon. Wattrer Rotuscuitp remarked on the identity
of the ¢ genitalia in certain distinct species of J/acroglossinae.

Papers.
Com. WALKER read the following paper on “The Effect of
‘Temperature on Animal (especially Insect) Life,” by A. G.
Butuer, Ph.D., F.L.S. :—

‘* Lieut.-Colonel N. Manders’ paper on ‘ A Factor in the Pro-
duction of Mutual Resemblance in Allied Species of Butterflies’
(Trans. Ent. Soc. 1911, part ii, pp. 417-425) is of especial
interest to me, inasmuch as it supports the facts already
proved with regard to the effect of a superhumid warm tem-
perature in intensifying and deepening the colouring in both
insects and birds.

“Tt is now well known that the wet-season forms of butter-
flies inhabiting tropical climates are as a rule more boldly
marked, with more vivid and deeper colouring, than those
which emerge in the dry season. It is also a fact that when
a brown ground-colour deepens until it approaches black it is
liable to be glossed with purple or blue: we see this not only

( Ixvii )

in many insects, but also in many birds, the genera Merula
and Corvus being examples.

“Prof, C. William Beebe, Curator of Birds in the New York
Zoological Society, published a most valuable paper in 1907
entitled ‘Geographic Variation in Birds, with especial reference
to the effects of humidity,’ in which he gave a full account
of most instructive experiments carried out by him in the case
of three species of American birds, a superhumid atmosphere
having greatly increased the amount of black in the plumage
in quite a short time.

“In the same article Prof. Beebe refers to a paper by Mr.
Seth-Smith in the ‘Avicultural Magazine,’ in which an attempt
was made to show that Munia castaneithorax (one of the small
Australian weaving-finches) was only a moist climatic phase
of M. flaviprymna, which inhabits a much drier region ; he
also reproduces the excellent plate which accompanied Mr.
Seth-Smith’s paper, and which shows a complete series of
intergrades between the two supposed species, several of which
had come into existence after the importation of I. flaviprymna
to this country.

“ Mr. Seth-Smith believed that our moist climate had immedi-
ately produced reversion to the chestnut-breasted type, a
possibility quite conceivable if the birds were imported early
in a wet summer, but I think not otherwise; for in 1907 I
turned a pair into an outdoor aviary with very little cover,
and one of these lived there throughout the moist winter of
1907-8 without acquiring the slightest change of colouring ;
so that heat, as well as humidity, seems to be a necessary
factor.

“Without question a great deal too much has been made of
protective assimilation ; I believe myself that many creatures
of related genera simply resemble one another because there
has been no object in differentiating their colouring; their
structure has been slowly modified, but the pattern and
colours being more or less protective have been retained and
even their tendency to vary has retained its impetus towards
a fixed gradation in one direction ; so that in the /thomiinae
we have a series of genera, all equally protected, the species

in which are often remarkably alike. A similar case occurs
E 2

-
( lxviii )

in the two S. American starlings, Leistes superciliaris and
Trupialis defilippii, which closely resemble each other in
pattern, colouring, and even in many of their habits, both
being ground-birds nesting in marshy land, both taking a
short flight in the air to utter their execrable songs, and both
stooping to conceal their crimson breasts at the approach of
danger.

‘‘ Again, many supposed mimetic forms are known not to
occur together ; in some cases the one is a mountain form, the
other confined to the plains (a case of this kind was com-
mented upon some years since at a meeting of our Society,
when a Lycaenid with an orange patch in the front wings was
supposed to be a copy of a Teracolus*); in others the distribu-
tion of the supposed mimetic forms is entirely different.

“Tt has been asserted that Nature does not, like History,
repeat itself; but this is a great mistake, for I have not
infrequently been struck by resemblances between butterflies
and moths inhabiting different countries ; as an instance, the
little Agaristid moth Ophthalmis lincea and its near allies are
remarkably like some of the species of the New World butterfly
genus Lymnas.

“Ts it absurd to suppose that variation tends to run in
accordance with fixed laws and in one direction when not
interfered with by change of temperature? I think not, for
we note similar variations running through large groups of
species: in the Argynnides, for instance, the black markings
on the upper surface and the silver markings on the under
surface run together into large patches. And if this is the
case with species of the same genus, why not in genera of the
same family ?

‘Seasons undoubtedly affect whole subfamilies of butterflies
in a similar manner, and this seems to me to indicate that the
variation in related forms is to a great extent limited to certain
fixed lines.”’

The following papers were also communicated :—

‘“‘ Parthenogenesis in Worker Ants, with special reference to
two colonies of Lasius niger, Linn.,” by W. C. Crawtey, B.A.

* I was not present at the meeting, but I believe I am correct in the
above statement.

tains *-)

“ A Monograph of the genus Acraea,” by H. Evrrincuam,
MAS F.ZS.

Wednesday, November 15th, 1911.
The Rev. F. D. Morticr, M.A., President, in the Chair.

Election of a Fellow.

The Rev. Samuet Provuproot, 6 Lyme Grove, Altrincham,
Cheshire, was elected a Fellow of the Society.

Presentation.

The Prestpent announced that Mr. J. H. Durrant, a
member of the Council, had presented to the Society an
excellent photographic portrait of Lord WatsineHam, a
former President of the Society, and that the Council had
arranged to have it framed and hung in the Library. He
offered the thanks of the Society to Mr. Durrant for the
gift.

Nomination of Officers and Council.

The Rev. G. WHEELER, one of the Secretaries, announced
that the Council had nominated the following Fellows to
serve as Officers and Members of the Council for the ensuing
year :—President, the Rev. F. D. Morticr, M.A.; Treasurer,
Apert Hua Jones ; Secretaries, Commander J. J. WALKER,
M.A., R.N., F.L.S., and the Rev. Grorgce WHEE ER, M.A.,
F.Z.8.; Librarian, GkorcE Cuarues Cuampion, A.LS., F.Z.S. ;
Other Members of the Council, Rospert ApDKIN, GrorcE T.
Betuune-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Matcotm Burr, D.Sc., F.L.S.,
F.Z.8., etc. Horace St. J. Donistoorpr, F.Z.S., Jonn
Hartitey Durrant, Stantey Epwarps, F.L.S., F.Z.S., A. E.
Gipzs, F.L.S., F.R.H.S., W. E. Saarp, Atrrep Sicu, J. R.
LE B. Tomurn, M.A., Henry Jerome TuRNER, CoLBRAN J.
WAINWRIGHT.

Exhibitions.

A New Zeauanp WeeEvit.—Commander WALKER exhibited
three specimens of Phaedrophilus o’connori, Broun, a large

a
(vale)

and handsome weevil from Mount Quoin, Kaitoke, South
Island, New Zealand. The specimens were taken by Mr.
G. V. Hudson, F.E.8., of Wellington, N.Z., at an elevation
of 3,900 ft., in December 1910.

A Rare Tortrix.—Commander WaAtLkeEr also exhibited a
specimen of the rare Tortrix, Phalonia (Eupoecilia) implicitana,
Wocke, taken by Mr. H. G. Champion at Shoreham, Sussex,
August 1911.

A New British Ant.—Mr. W. C. Crawtey exhibited a 9?
and a 8 of Leptothorax tuberum, Fabr., subspecies corticalis,
Schenk, new to Britain, found with two larvae in an empty
beech-nut at Pangbourne, Berks, April 24, 1904. It was
named by Forel as a var. with long spines.

A CoccINELLID AND Mimosa Gum.—Mr. N. 8. SENNETT
exhibited some Coccinellids as found on Mimosa trees, and
read the following note :—‘‘ J have here for exhibition several
specimens of Chilocorus bipustulatus which I took recently at
Mont’ Estoril in Portugal. On examining the small exuda-
tions of gum on the Mimosa trees, I discovered these beetles,
presenting what I take to be a remarkable though hitherto
unrecorded case of Protective Mimicry, feeding and resting
on the bark in considerable numbers, and I procured speci-
mens of the bark and a number of the beetles, which I have
mounted as I found them. It will be noticed that the narrow
transverse reddish band about the middle of each elytron gives
to the insect a remarkable semblance of semi-transparency
which perfectly coincides with the appearance of the globules
of gum. I have also included in this case a few specimens of
the lichen which is abundant on all these trees, and amongst
which the beetles probably find the Aphides on which they
subsist. As far as I am aware, the Mimosa tree is not
indigenous to Portugal, but it is, of course, quite possible
that the beetles were introduced with the trees. It would be
interesting to find out why this particular species requires
protective disguise, as the Coccinellidae as a family would
appear to be remarkably immune from the depredations of
enemies.”

Mr. G. C. Cuampron observed that the species was a native
of Britain and not uncommon.

© iit)

Brep Pyrameis carDuI.—Mr. L. W. Newman showed a
long series of Pyrameis cardui, bred from 9 2 captured at
Folkestone on September 2nd last. Ova were laid at once
and placed ina hot-house kept at about 80 degrees; they
hatched on September 7th and larvae fed up very rapidly
on stinging-nettle, the first pupating on September 30th.
Imagines started to emerge about a week later, and all were
out by October 16th—some 500 in all. Considerable variation
occurred, the most noteworthy being the large apical white
spot on a few having black scaling so thick as almost to obscure
it, while in others this black scaling was present but was not
so intense. A fair percentage were very pink, and a few very
devoid of this colour. Minor variation, such as an extra
spot, was represented, but the majority of the brood were
normal,

Rare Diprera.—Mr. H. W. Anprews exhibited two rare
species of Diptera from North Kent, viz. Syrphus lineola, Ztt.,
a g, taken at Bexley on July 8th, and Sciomyza simplex, Fln.,
both sexes, taken in the Thames Marshes on June 23rd and
July Ist, all in the present year.

Mr. J. E. Couuin remarked that he had only taken the latter
species at Ringwood and in Suffolk.

A PRoBABLE SPECIMEN OF CipaRiA CONCINNATA.—Mr. E. A.
Cockayne exhibited a Geometer taken at Tongue, Sutherland,
July 5th, 1906, closely resembling Cidaria (Dysstroma)
concinnata, Steph., specimens of which were placed below for
comparison. ‘This species, first clearly differentiated by Prout
(Ent. Record, xx, p. 143), has only been recorded once, and
that doubtfully, from the mainland of Scotland. No other
specimens were taken either resembling that exhibited or of
typical C’. rwssuta.

Some Locan Forms or MaganareGiA GALaTHeA.—Mr. J.
Pratt Barrett exhibited a drawer of Melanargia galathea
containing :—English specimens, altitude under 500 ft., with
oneaberration. Specimens from the Alps, (1) Brigue, 2,000 to
3,000 ft., paler than (2) and probably larger ; (2) Bérisal, over
5,000 ft.,dark. From the Apennines, (3) Pracchia, near Pistoja,
3,000 ft., the smallest form, dark. From Calabria, (4) Gioja
Tauro, Plain of Radicena, near sea-level, large and very dark ;

-

(tise)

(5) Palmi, Monte Elia, 1,000 ft., very dark ; (6) Aspromonte,
above Scylla, over 2,000 ft. very dark. From Sicily, (7)
Mount Etna, over 3,000 ft., moderate size, paler ; (8) Monte
Cicci (near Messina), 2,000 ft., large and dark; (9) Monte
Scuderi, 1,000 ft., very large and rather pale; (10) Messina
(Gravitelli), 500 to 800 ft., large and dark (var. procida) ;
(11) Megara Hybloea, sea-level nearly, large and_ pale;
(12) Syracuse, sea-level nearly (var. syracusana, Zell.). The
last were taken near the River Anapo, where galathea was
plentiful near a cornfield. Mr. Barrett observed that Zeller’s
description of “ syracusana” is very simple; ‘‘larger ;
abdomen, back ashen; belly white.” One underside was
exhibited to show the latter peculiarity, and the undersides
were described as being even more interesting than the upper.
The exhibitor added that it is seldom wise to make deductions
from limited information, but that there seemed reason to
think that high altitude reduces the size of this butterfly, but
that with regard to blackness on the other hand, specimens
from near sea-level in Calabria were equally dark with those
taken over 2,000 ft. up the mountain.

A Gigantic Spiper.—Mr. A. E. Tonek exhibited a very
fine Mygale from California, together with a newspaper cutting
giving (from an eminently unscientific point of view) an
amusing account of its capture on a child’s arm by its
terrified but determined mother.

AN ‘“‘ImiTation”” Larva.—Mr. J. R. te B. Tomi showed
a specimen which he said was not strictly an entomological

exhibit, but from its curious resemblance to a caterpillar
might be of momentary interest to Fellows. It was in reality
a species of West Indian oyster (Ostrea frons, L.) which
attaches itself to twigs.

Professor Pountron remarked that both this and the Cocci-
nellid exhibited by Mr. Sennett were probably cases of
accidental resemblance.

Ruopesian Insects as Prey.—Professor E. B. Pouuron
exhibited the following specimens sent to him by Mr. C. F. M.
Swynnerton, both of which had been captured on the outskirts
(3,800 ft.) of Chirinda Forest, Gazaland, 8.E. Rhodesia.

1. The feniale form hippocoon of Papilio dardanus cenea, Stoll,

« oxnt >)

rescued, September’ 8, 1911, by one of his native collectors
from a M’lanje Bulbul (Phyllostrephus milanjensis). The head
was wanting, and there were symmetrical injuries at the anal
angle of the hind-wings similar to those so often seen in living
butterflies.

2. Two wings of Precis archesia, Cr., ©, and the fragments
of a Blattid, probably of the genus Deropeltis, taken June 25,
1911, from a spider’s web. When noticed four days earlier the
wings of the Precis were still attached to its body, and the
latter had been attacked in the manner characteristic of a
largish spider. The butterfly had probably sheltered in the
thatch to which the web was fixed.

Instances OF MIMICRY EXHIBITED BY CERTAIN SARAWAK
Insects.—Professor Pouuron also exhibited specimens sent
by Mr. J. C. Moulton from Sarawak, and said that before
doing so, and reading Mr. Moulton’s account of them, he
wished to acknowledge the kind help he had received from
Mr. C. J. Gahan, who had compared several of the Coleoptera
with the types, and had described one new species of Daphisia,
and also the kind assistance rendered to him by Sir George
Hampson. He then communicated the following paper by
Mr. J. C. Moulton :—

*‘ Among some recent additions to the insect collections in
the Sarawak Museum, I noticed certain curious species which,
by their remarkable resemblance to species belonging to very
different families, afforded excellent examples illustrating the
theory of mimicry. As some of these new captures prove to
be new species, and as unfortunately they add to their rarity
and value by being unique specimens, I have thought it
advisable to send them to England for lasting preservation in
some well-known entomological museum, where they will be
safe from the ravages of a tropical climate and at the same
time easily available for inspection and study. With this end
in view it seemed a good opportunity first to draw attention
to the meaning of the coloration exhibited by these insects,
and so I am asking my friend and former teacher, Professor
Poulton, to be kind enough to exhibit the little collection on
my behalf at one of the meetings of the Entomological Society
before giving them a permanent place in the Hope Collection.

al

(Cy iseaiv: " )

“‘ Before proceeding further, mention must be made of an
extensive memoir by Mr. R. Shelford, which appeared in the
Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London for 1902
(pp. 230-284, plates xix—xxili), on the subject of ‘Mimetic
Insects and Spiders from Borneo and Singapore.’ As his
account in a general way covers certain of the instances
mentioned here, the following notes may be regarded simply
as a humble supplement to that memoir.

I. Miwetric LEPIpoPTERa,

“1, Moth (Fam. Callidulidae) mimicking a butterfly (Fam.
Hesperidae).

“The moth in this case is Callidula abisara, Moore, a common
day-flying species, which flies low and slowly for short dis-
tances, frequenting shady jungle paths or half sunlit patches
in mountain forests. The yellow-chrome underside is un-
doubtedly procryptic and is not noticeable in flight, though
when at rest the wings are folded perpendicularly over the
head and body, and the insect becomes invisible. The upper-
side, it will be noticed, has a simple pattern consisting of a
dark tawny-fuscous ground-colour relieved in the fore-wing by
a conspicuous subapical orange bar.

“ The Hesperid (Koruthaiolos xanites, Butl.) has exactly the
same pattern on the upperside, but its underside resembles the
upper, and possesses the usual dark ground-colour typical of
this section of Bornean Hesperidae. On one occasion, while
collecting on Mount Matang (near Kuching), at an altitude of
2,000 ft., I watched this Hesperid flying slowly along the side
of the path in front of me, stopping every few yards and then
fluttering on again, and I was astonished to notice the re-
semblance in its flight to the moth, an example of which I had
captured on the path about ten minutes before.

‘“‘The advantage of this pattern to the moth is at once
evident, for with its slow flight and a pattern resembling any of
the swiftly flying Hesperidae the advantage would be nil, but
given a slow flight and a pattern resembling a slow flying
Hesperid, then the advantage becomes very real. The instance
may be classed under the heading of pseudaposematic mimicry,

( Mesxv: §)

since the moth is very probably palatable and the Hesperid
the reverse.

“ Two other Hesperids, occurring in Sarawak, bear the same
upperside pattern, viz. Kerana gemmifer, Butl., and the larger
K. armata, Druce. Both are fairly common species, occurring
in the same locality as Koruthaiolos xanites, and possibly
present a case of synaposematic mimicry, but I do not know
their flight, and so refrain from further comment.

“2. Moth (Sub-fam. Chalcosiinae) mimicking a butterfly
(Fam. Pieridae). I had for some time suspected the 9 of the
Chalcosid moth Mimeuploea (Pidorus) inclusus, W1k., of being
a mimic of the common Pierine, Zerias hecabe, L., but it was not
till the capture of the ? of an interesting allied species Chalcosia
(Cyclosia) hecabe, Jord., in May last, that I felt at all positive
about it. The majority of Sarawak females of J/. (P.) inclusus,
which is common enough, have a black hind-margin to the
fore-wing, the inner edge of which is moderately even, and not
indented in that marked manner characteristic of the Pierine,
Terias hecabe. Now the ? of Chalcosia (Cyclosia) hecabe has
this very indentation reproduced, and possessing also a
pale yellowish ground-colour, is an excellent mimic of the
Pierine.* MM. (P.) inclusus, on the other hand, exhibits only
a very slight tendency towards this indentation in the black
hind-marginal border. This common Chalcosid flies slowly and
for short distances in open sunny places, and settles on the
upperside of leaves; it is abundant, though, of course, not to
be met with in anything like the numbers that may be seen of
T. hecabe anywhere in Sarawak. It settles with fore-wings
folded over the hind-wings, presenting a flat surface, so that
the hecabe-pattern is conspicuous. For the theory of mimicry
between these two species it is, of course, unfortunate that the
Pierine invariably settles with wings closed and erect, nor does
this Pierine, when settled, open and close its wings slowly, so
that one can see the upperside pattern, as do some of the Papi-
lios, e. g. P. agamemnon. But in flight there is no doubt that
the moth is sufficiently like the Pierine to be mistaken for it.

* Both these 9 ?, together with their ¢ ¢, which are entirely
unlike Terias hecabe, are figured in Seitz, Gross-Schmett., x, pl. 3,4
(1907).—E. B. P.

(. ieooya | |)

‘* Terias hecabe can be seen frequently in closely packed
‘flocks’ of 50 to 100 individuals settled on damp spots by
the side of many rivers in Sarawak, and they should form an
easy prey to any bird or insect enemy ; but although I have
often watched them thus settled together with other larger
brilliant yellow Pierines, I have never seen them attacked ;
and when disturbed, instead of dispersing and flying away,
they fly round and round in a thick cloud just over the same
place, thus presenting an easy capture with the net.

‘Various writers have noted the common occurrence of this
species in the East, and certainly in Sarawak it is one of the
commonest butterflies.

‘‘Mr. Shelford mentions the resemblance of J. (P.) inclusus
to a Verias, as an instance of mimicry, in his table (J. c.,

p. 257).

Il. Mimeric CoLroprera.

“1. Between Clerids and Longicorns.
‘*(a) The black-and-white-spotted pattern, which we notice
in the Longicorn (Fam. Lamiidae, Sub-fam. Phytoeciinae),
Daphisia pulchella, Pascoe, a beautiful mimic of the little Clerid
Callimerus bellus, Gorham. This resemblance is described and
figured in Mr. Shelford’s memoir (J. ¢., p. 247, pl. xxiii, f. 53 and
55), but it is such a beautiful example that I venture to send
for exhibition the model and mimic from the same locality and
taken in the same fortnight.
“(b) The black-and-yellow-spotted pattern, adopted by a
Longicorn synaposematic association into which enters the
Clerid Callumerus mysticus, Gorh.
“This Longicorn association is composed of
(i) The common and almost certainly highly distasteful
Cerambycid, Caloclytus annularis, Fab. Figured by Mr.
Shelford as Chlorophorus annularis (1. c., pl. xx, f. 31).

(ii) The Lamiid (Sub-family Phytoeciinae) Daphisia clytoides,
Gahan.

“This species, kindly described by Mr. C. J. Gahan in
the appendix to this paper, was figured by Mr. Shelford as
Daphisia sp. % (pl. xx, f. 34).

( dxewii )

(iii) The rare Lamiid Cylindrepomus laetus, Pasc., var. Figured
by Mr. Shelford as Cylindrepomus? form of comis, Pasc.
(pl. 2x, £33):

“ Professor Poulton has attached some interesting remarks
on the far-reaching mimetic effects of this Caloclytus-pattern, to
Mr. Shelford’s account of the association (/.c., pp. 250-2). It
is therefore pleasant to record the entry of a member of a
totally distinct family of Coleoptera into this synaposematic
combination, thus affording an instructive comparison with
the first Clerid-Longicorn instance given above, in which the
Clerid functioned as model instead of mimic.

“2. Between Hispids and Longicorns.

“On a recent collecting expedition up the Limbang River in
Sarawak (April 1910), we were fortunate enough to capture a
little Longicorn which bore a remarkable resemblance to the
spinose Hispidae of the genus Dactylispa. Dr. Chr. Aurivillius
has kindly examined it for me, and finding it new to science,
he proposes to describe it (or has already described it) under
the name of Plaxomicrus hispoides (Phytoeciinae).* I send
with it for exhibition a specimen of the common Hispid,
Dactylispa longicuspis, Gestro, which was taken in the same
district and month (possibly on the same day). It should be
noted that all the Sarawak Museum examples of this species
of Dactylispa come from the region watered by the Limbang,
Trusan and Lawas Rivers, all of which are adjacent and
debouch into Brunei Bay.

“The little tufts of hair on the elytra of the Longicorn, so
formed as to resemble the spines on the Hispid, recall the
instance of another Longicorn (Zelota spathomelina, Gahan),
exhibiting a somewhat similar development (but bearing of
course an entirely different pattern from that of the Hispid-like
Longicorn), on this occasion in mimicry of the spined Endo-
mychid, Spathomeles turritus, Gerst. Mr. Shelford figures and
records this latter instance (/. ¢., p. 247, pl. xxiii, f. 56, 57).
He also mentions the presence of the larger red and black
Hispidae with mimetic Longicorns in his great Lycoid dis-
tasteful association, but I believe that this is the first instance

* Mr. C. J. Gahan considers that the species more probably belongs
to the allied genus Chreonoma.—E. B. P.

( Iexvint )

known of a Longicorn going to the length of pseudo-spine-
development on the elytra in mimicry of a Hispid.

Eaplanation of Exhilntion.
I. Mimetic LepiportTera.

1, The Butterfly (Fam. Hesperidae), Koruthaiolos xanites,
Butler, mimicked by
. The Moth (Fam. Callidulidae), Callidula abisara, Moore.
Locality: near Kuching, Sarawak, April 1909. Both at
the 4th mile, ‘Rock Road,’ the Hesperid on
the 10th, the moth on the 24th.
3. The Butterfly (Fam. Pieridae), Terias hecabe, L., mimicked
by
4, The 2 of the Moth (Sub-fam. Chalcosiinae), Mimewploea
(Pidorus) inclusus, Walk.
. The 2 of the Moth (Sub-fam. Chalcosiinae), Chalcosia
(Cyclosia) hecabe, Jord.
Localities: Kuching, Sarawak, July 27, 1896 (No. 3), and
Madihit, Limbang R., Sarawak, 1911, Ne. 4
on May 21, No. 5 on May 26.

bo

or

Il. Mimetic CoLreortera.

1. The Longicorn, Daphisia pulchella, Pascoe, mimic of
. The Clerid Callimerus bellus, Gorham.
Locality : Matang Road, near Kuching, Sarawak, July 1911.
No. 1 on the 12th, No. 2 on the 25th.
3. The Longicorn (Fam. Lamiidae), Daphisia clytoides, Gahan,
synaposematic mimic.

4. The Longicorn (Fam. Lamiidae), Cylindrepomus laetus,
Pasc., var., synaposematic mimic.

. The Longicorn (Fam. Cerambycidae), Caloclytus annularis,
Fab., synaposematic model.

bo

oO

6. The Clerid, Callimerus mysticus, Gorham, pseudaposematic*
mimic.

* More probably synaposematic in view of the fact that another
species of the same genus is the model of Daphisia pulchella (see
p. Ixxvi). There are in fact details in the pattern of Daphisia
clytoides which suggest its possible secondary mimetic association
with the Clerid. Observations during life would be particularly
valuable in settling this point.—E. B. P,

G iecix’,\)

Localities: Nos. 3 and 4, Mt. Matang (3,600 ft.), near
Kuching, Sarawak, June 1900, and (3,200 ft.)
July 30, 1909.
No. 5, Danau, near Kuching, November 18,
1909. Also taken at Lawas among other
places. A common species in Sarawak.
No. 6, Lawas, August 26, 1909.
7. The Lamiid Longicorn Plaxomicrus hispoides, Auriv.
mimic of
8. The Clerid, Dactylispa longicuspis, Gestro.
Locality: R. Limbang, April 1910.”

APPENDIX by C. J. GAHAN.

Daphisia clytoides, Gahan, sp. n.

Brownish black. Head, prothorax, scutellum and body beneath
with a rather dense covering of tawny-yellow pubescence, a similar
pubescence forming bands and spots on the elytra; head marked
with a median black band on the vertex; prothorax with four
longitudinal black bands—two on the disc and one on each side ;
these bands, which stop short before base and apex, are closely and
rather strongly punctured ; the tawny-yellow marks on the elytra
consist of (1) a sutural band which widens out at the base and
spreads across each elytron to the shoulder, and which also widens
out near the apex, (2) a short oblique band given off on each side
from the sutural band just before the middle, (3) an elongate, club-
shaped spot or band running from the outer end of the oblique band
towards the base, (4) a round spot on each elytron placed close to
the sutural band about half-way between the middle and the apex.
Metathorax with one, and the abdomen with a row of blackish spots
along each side. Where the elytra are blackish in colour, they are
seen to be rather strongly punctured.

Length 11, breadth 3 mm.

Hab. Borneo: Matang, 3,600 ft.

The actual specimen here described is figured by Mr. Shel-
ford in Proc. Zool. Soc., 1902, on p. 25 and pl. xx, f. 34.

Cylindrepomus laetus, Pasc., var.

From the type form of C. laetus, this variety differs chiefly by the
colour of the pubescence covering the prothorax and forming the
bands on the elytra, the colour being yellowish-brown instead of
ashy-grey as in the type. It differs also in having the short sutural

-

( exe)

band at the apex of the elytra continued forward to join the postero-
median transverse band, and the latter is a little more arcuate than
is the corresponding band in the type.

Hab. Borneo: Matang.

This variety is figured by Mr. Shelford as “? form of comi
(Zc., pl. xxp8. 38).

A New Arrican Lycannrp.—Professor Poutron exhibited
six male examples of a remarkable Lycaenid, all captured,
Nov. 22, 1910, in the Uhehe District (3,000-3,500 ft.) of
German East Africa, by Mr. 8. A. Neave, F.E.S. The
pattern and brilliant colours, which were extraordinary in
a Lycaenid, strongly suggested, on both upper and under
surface, the appearance, although on a smaller scale, of an
Acraea of the type of A. anemosa, Hew. Mr. Neave wrote to
Professor Poulton from Mombasa, Jan. 6, 1911 :—

»

“JT had a very fairly successful journey across German Kast
Africa.

“T got afew good Lepidoptera, the most interesting in the
way of mimicry being a large Lycaenid which I do not re-
member having seen before. I took six individuals all from
one spot.

“The first one I saw completely took me in (though I
watched it for nearly five minutes while waiting for a net to
come up) not so much by its appearance as by its attitude.
It was sunning itself at the top of a grass-head with the wings
expanded but the primaries making an angle of 45 degrees
with the body and covering the secondaries, exactly as many
Acraeas sun themselves. All the time I was watching this
first specimen I was quite satisfied that I had got hold of a
new Acraea, the idea of a Lycaenid in such an attitude and
position never entering my head. I subsequently took in the
same spot five others, some of them doing the same thing,
others on the wing. The flight was less powerful than that
of Mimacraea marshalli, Trim.”

Mr. H. H. Druce and Mr. G. T. Beraune-Baker stated
that the species was entirely new to them.

An AxpnormaL CoLeopreron.—Mr. Srantey Epwarps ex-
hibited a specimen of Oxynopterus audowini, a beetle from
Borneo, with abnormal antennae, apparently gynandromor-

ERRATA.

PLATES.

Plates XL and XLIV, for WirrLesia read WITLESIA.
Plates XXXV—XLIV. The photographs are by Mr. F, Noad Clark, and
are attributed in error to Mr. A. E, Tonge.

In Plates LVI and LVII the names of the species figured have been
transposed. Plate LVI represents Hydroecia americana, and Plate LVII,
H,. crinanensis.

The date of the first set of Proceedings, for 1840, on p. 763, should be
Feb, Ist, 1841, instead of Jan. Ist, 1841,

The fourth date from the end, Dec. 1st, 1846, should be Jan. Ist, 1847.
The last two dates should be 1848, not 1847.

(Tice: -')

phous, and explained that Mr. Gahan had dissected it and
found the genitalia to be entirely 9.

Scarce Coxteoprera.—Mr. H. C. Doiuman exhibited the
following species of Coleoptera :—Philonthus intermedius,
Bois. ; ab. donisthorpei, Dollman, described in the Ent. Rec.,
December 1910; Stenus formicetorwm, Mann., introduced as
British in the Ent. Rec., April 1911; Bembidium quadrv-
pustulatum, Dej., an example from Ditchling, Sussex, August
17, 1911; Hypophloeus linearis, F., retaken at Oxshott, in July
of this year; a species hitherto taken in Great Britain only
in Surrey, at Oxshott and Woking; Mycetoporus forticornis,
Fauv. (one specimen from the New Forest), with J. clavicornis,
Steph., for comparison ; Philonthus corruscus, Gr., taken from
a dead rabbit at Ditchling ; Stenws morio, Gr., from Ditchling,
taken in October 1910.

BRED SERIES OF ACRAEA ORESTIA AND A. HUMILIS.—Mr.
H. Exrrineuam exhibited a bred series of Acraea orestia,
Hew., containing the typical form, and also the A. humitis
of Miss E. M. Sharpe, thus demonstrating the truth of the
conclusion at which he had previously arrived as to the
specific identity of these two forms. The exhibit was
accompanied by an extract from a letter received by Professor
Poulton from Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter, who had bred the series
at Damba Island, Victoria Nyanza, and who had generously
presented the specimens to the Hope Department at Oxford.
Dr. Carpenter’s note was as follows: ‘‘ Reared, September
11 [1911], larvae found very young, feeding all together on
one leaf, cheek by jowl. I took them for alctope larvae,
and was much surprised by the ultimate result. Pupae and
larvae were both exactly like alciope so far as I could tell,
but I had no alciope larvae to compare with them at the
time, as no idea of a different species was suggested.”

Mr. ExrrtncHam also exhibited a coloured drawing of the
larva of alciope in order to give an idea of the appearance of
the larvae from which oresiia had been bred. He also showed
three ¢ black and yellow Acraeas, one of which was the
A, circeis of Drury from Sierra Leone. The other two while
differing in appearance from A. circeis were themselves exactly
alike, but for the fact that the two tarsal claws of the second

PROU. ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1911. F

(desi 4)

and third pairs of feet were equal and similar in one specimen
and unequal and dissimilar in the other. He pointed out
that in all the African Acraeas, except about sixteen species,
the male tarsal claws were unequal. A. circeis was amongst
the latter, and in many cases of close similarity of pattern
this feature provided a ready means of distinction. In such
cases, however, there was as a rule some difference of pattern
correlated with the structural difference in the claws. The
present case was an exception to that rule. He had hitherto
regarded the form now exhibited, which was recognisably
different from A. circeis, as A. servona, but the discovery of
a form identical in appearance with the supposed servona,
and differing only in the structure of the claws, raised a
serious difficulty, inasmuch as the type of servona was a
female, and since all female Acraeas had equal claws, it was
quite impossible to say to which of these males the type
servona belonged. There were female examples in the series
from which the present specimens had been taken, but they
were all alike. The equal and the unequal clawed forms
must apparently be regarded as different species in spite of
the absence of difference in wing pattern. If the females
of both these species were as similar in appearance as the
males the true identity of A. servona would never be dis-
covered. The male armature of these species was of a very
simple character, and afforded but little evidence of a specific
distinction.

In answer to an inquiry from Mr. Brrnune-Baker, Mr.
Eltringham said that he had made many preparations of the
? organs, but that in this group of Acraeas they did not
provide distinctive characteristics. A long and interesting
discussion followed on the question of the importance of the
tarsal claws as a means of specific distinction, and on the
possible correlation of uneven claws in the gand the abdominal
sac in the 2, in which the Presipent, Professor PouLton, both
the SrecreTaries, and Messrs. GAHAN, CoLLIN, WATERHOUSE
and JANSON joined.

Descriptions oF British RHopaLoceRA.—Mr. CHAMPION
called attention to a paper by M. Roger Vérity in the
‘Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France,” Séance

(.cbexaat }

du 11 Octobre, 1911, on new Scottish races of Hrebia aethiops,
Esp. (race caledonia), Satyrus semele (race scota), and Parage
megaera (race caledonia).

Papers.

The following papers were communicated :—‘ Descriptions
of South American Micro-Lepidoptera,”’ by E. Meyrick, B.A.,
F.RB.S.

“‘New Species of Hawaiian Hymenoptera, with notes on
some previously described,” by R. C. L. Perrys, D.Sc.,
MA. EES:

“ Notes on Hawaiian Hemiptera, with descriptions of new
Species,” by R. C. L. Perxrns, D.Sc., M.A., F.E.S.

“Experiments in the Formation of Colonies by Lasius
fuliginosus, 2 ¢,” by Horace DonistHorps, F.Z.S., and
W. C. Crawtey, F.E.S.

Wednesday, December 6th, 1911.

The Rev. F. D. Moricr, M.A., President, in the Chair.
Election of Fellows.

THE following gentlemen were elected Fellows of the
Society: Dr. Beckwith Wuitenouse, 52 Newhall Street,
Birmingham; Messrs. F. W. Epwarps, Kingswear, Cornwall
Road, Harrow ; Doucnias Pearson, Chilwell House, Chilwell,
Notts; B. H. Smirx, B.A., Edgehill, Warlingham, Surrey ;
C. F. M. Swynnerton, Mt. Chirinda, Melsetter, 8.E. Rhodesia.

Exhibitions.

A Paasmip New To Scrence.—Mr. C. J. Gawan exhibited
an insect recently brought to the British Museum, and recog-
nised by him as belonging to Prisopus, a remarkable and
specially interesting genus of Phasmidae. It was found at
Xapury, on the river Acre in the Amazon Valley by Mr. F. G.
Fisher, who had very kindly offered to present it to the

Museum. The species of Prisopus inhabit tropical America,
F 2

( tesavy )

and appear to be very rare, very few specimens having yet
found their way into public or private collections. The one
now exhibited was new, and he proposed to name it Prisopus
fisheri in honour of its discoverer. It resembled other species
of the genus in its general style of colour and in its adaptational
structure, but could be readily distinguished from them by
the very prominent hump or swelling near the base of each
wing-cover, and more especially by the strong triangular pro-
cess projecting from each side of the metathorax just in front
of the hind coxae. These characters, it would be observed,
were only part of the general scheme of structure and colora-
tion by which the insect was eminently adapted for conceal-
ment while living at rest on the bark of a tree. ‘That was in
fact the place where it was found. Mr. Fisher, he said, could
not recall whether it was on a sapling or on a small tree, but
he was quite certain that it was either the one or the other ;
and he found it in the day-time. ‘The district was part of a
forest track in a low-lying alluvial plain, with no rocks or
mountain streams anywhere near. ‘These facts he wished to
emphasize, because now he had to call attention to a story
handed down to us from the year 1866 and implicitly believed
in by different writers up to the present time. In that year
Andrew Murray published a paper in the “ Annals and Maga-
zine of Natural History,” giving an account of the aquatic
habits of the Prisopi, and pointing out with a great wealth of
detail all the wonderful adaptations of structure which fitted
these insects for living attached to stones under the water
of swiftly running mountain streams. No one hitherto had
questioned the truth of that account, notwithstanding that it
depended upon “the veracity of the person” who first told
the story to Mr. Alexander Fry, from whom Murray derived
it, adding to it, however, by the exercise of his imagination
all the details necessary to ensure its acceptance. The story
might possibly have had some slight foundation in fact,
but he believed it to be essentially untrue. Prisopus /labelli-
Jormis, the species to which Murray’s account more particu-
larly applied, presented exactly the same kind of adaptation
as those to be seen in the specimen shown that evening; and
it was impossible to believe that the two insects could have

(leony: \)

such different habits of life. The purpose of those adaptations
was perfectly obvious, as he felt certain every Fellow present
would admit. He had confidence, therefore, in stating that
the Prisopi, so far as their habits were concerned, were not
at all exceptional, but were just like all the other members of
the same family, the habits of which were well known and
well understood. From this he was led to offer some remarks
about another genus of Phasmidae which had an interest of
the same kind. The genus Cotylosoma has on each side of the
metathorax a row of five remarkable leaf-like structures ; and
Wood-Mason, the author of the genus, had no hesitation in
describing these as tracheal gills. Dr. Sharp and Mr. Water-
house had questioned this interpretation of the structures.
He had himself recently examined them; and finding the
presence in them of numerous pigment spots, and the complete
absence of tracheae, he was quite convinced that they were
not tracheal gills. They were, however, structures of a peculiar
and very interesting character, for which it was difficult to
find anything quite analogous in other families of insects; but
he believed their function was merely procryptic, and that
they were developed in harmony with other features, to effect
the concealment of the insect from its enemies. They were
movable, and, looking like diminutive wings, suggested a
possible explanation of the use to which the primitive wings
were first put in the terrestrial ancestors of the winged insects.
That Cotylosoma had the habits of other Phasmidae was clearly
enough shown by the account MacGillivray had given of
C’. carlottae, a species very closely related to the one described
by Wood-Mason. He states that “it was said to be found on
the trunks of trees,” exactly what we should be led to expect
from the description he had given of the colours of the insect—
colours that “altogether reminded him of some kinds of
lichens,” His description of this species, under the name of
Prisopus carlottae, although published several years before the
papers written by Murray and Wood-Mason, was evidently
not seen by either of them; nor had they the advantage of
seeing fresh specimens in which the original colours of the
insects were still retained. Had they been so fortunate as to
have seen a specimen like the one passed round that evening,

aoe”)

they might, perhaps, have told a very different story about
the habits of the Prisopi.

Mr. C. O. WatrerHousE observed that he had written the
paper to which Mr, Gahan referred for the purpose of
throwing doubt on the story of the aquatic habits of the
genus Prisopus, in which he had no belief.

LEUCANIA PALLENS AND L, FAvIcoLoR.—Mr. Soutn exhibited
a drawer of Leucanid moths captured and reared by the
Rev. W. P. Waller in the Woodbridge district of Suffolk. In
the first series were three specimens, selected from thirty,
that were reared in June 1908 from ova deposited by a female
captured at sugar in a marsh near Woodbridge in June 1907.
The female parent, also shown, was apparently referable to
L. pallens, but of her offspring twenty-three specimens were
of the typical favicolor form, and the other seven were
examples of the yellow form of favicolor—ab. lutea, Tutt. The
next series of twenty-four specimens showed the progeny
of a female favicolor taken in the same marsh, July 1910.
The majority of these specimens were not separable from
pallens, nine were typical favicolor, and the others intergrades,
but favoured pallens more than favicolor. In a letter sent
with the insects, Mr. Waller, referring to the moths reared
in 1911, wrote: ‘Is it possible this female paired with a male
pallens ?—or have we here a species still in the making, not
yet fixed, if I may so express it?”’ Mr. South observed that
seeing that Mr. Waller had reared favicolor from eggs laid
by a pallens-like female, and obtained pallens from the ova of
a female favicolor, the obvious inference was that there was
cross-pairing in each case. It was, however, curious to note
that although all the moths resulting from the pallens ova
were of the favicolor form, less than half of the moths from
Javicolor ova were of the female parent form.

Turning to the interesting series of L. pallens taken at
sugar at Waldingfield in the Woodbridge district, it would
be seen that some of the specimens comprised therein bore
a close resemblance to some forms of /avicolor. Possibly
these particular specimens were hybrids, or perhaps more
correctly heterozygotes, and it would seem probable that the
pallens-like female of Series 1 was also a_ heterozygote.
From the evidence afforded by the material submitted, one

( ‘heexvii )

was led to the conclusion that favicolor is probably not a
true species, but, as Mr. Waller puts the case, “a species
still in the making.” Mr. South added that he understood
that favicolor cannot be separated from pallens by any
difference in the genitalia, and was informed that cross-
pairings of pallens and favicolor are not uncommon in the
habitat of the latter. He was, therefore, inclined to suppose
that favicolor is a salt-marsh development of pallens.

A CoLrorTERON New vo Brirain.—Mr. DoNnistHORPE
exhibited a specimen of Hryx fairmatrei, Reiche, a species
of Coleoptera new to Britain, one of several taken by him
in Sherwood Forest on July 11, 1908. He also showed a
French specimen of the same species, and examples of Hryx
atra, F., the other known British species, for comparison.

Ruoparocera from Larptanp.—Mr. W. G. SHetpon showed
a collection of Rhopalocera made by him in Jemtland and
Swedish Lapland in June and July 1911. The species in-
cluded were: Hesperia centaureae, H. andromedae, Chrysophanus
(Loweia) amphidamas, var. obscura, C. (Rumicia) phlaeas, var.
hypophlaeas, Vacciniina optilete, Polyommatus icarus, Plebeius
argyrognomon, var. aegidion, Pieris napi, var. bryoniae, Colias
nastes, var. werdandi, Aglais urticae, and ab. polaris, Brenthis
freya, B. frigga, B. aphirape, var. ossianus, B. thore, var.
borealis, B. euphrosyne, Oeneis norna, O. jutta, O. bore, Erebia
lappona, E. embla, E. ligea, var. adyte.

He also exhibited the following Heterocera taken during
the same expedition: Anthrocera exulans, var. vanadis, Anarta
melaleuca, A. cordigera, A. melanopa, Plusia hochenwarthi, and
others.

LUPERINA NICKERLIT AND ALuies.—Mr. Henry J. Turner
exhibited a large number of specimens of Luperina nickerlii,
of which the British form or race has been hitherto known
as Luperina gueneet, together with series of other races from
the Continent. He called attention to his former exhibit of
gueneet, and to the notes which he had contributed with
Dr. Chapman’s aid to the “ Entomologists’ Record” during the
present year, and said that it had been practically proved that
gueneet was the British form of the Bohemian species nicherli.
At the conclusion of his notes he had asked for any informa-
tion which continental workers might be able to give. As

©

( lx=xviti \)

a result M. Oberthiir, with his accustomed kindness, had
referred him to his published notes on an allied form which
he had named graslini, and subsequently had given him a con-
siderable amount of material for comparison and investigation.
This material he was exhibiting that evening with the
material he had previously possessed, and with a very fine
series of the gweneet form which he had just received from
Mr. Baxter, of St. Anne’s-on-Sea.

The conclusions to be drawn from these investigations were—

1. That nickerlii, gueneei, and graslini were one and the
same species, which assumption was confirmed by an examina-
tion of the genitalia (exhibited).

2. That Guenée erred in 1862 in identifying the Doubleday
specimen of gueneet with var. A. of his Luperina testacea,
which latter was undoubtedly a form of L. testacea.

3. That var. B. of Guenée’s L. testacea was nickerlii, with
which it had originally been identified by Dr. Nickerl himself.

Mr.. Turner also called attention to the interesting speci-
mens of JZ. testacea from various continental localities and
from Algeria, and of LZ. dwmerilii from Rennes and Algeria,
which he had received from M. Oberthiir.

EreEBIA AETHIOPS.—Mr. TuRNER also exhibited a long series
of Erebia aethiops from many continental localities and also
from Aviemore, Scotland. He made the exhibit at the
suggestion of Dr. Chapman, with reference to an article in
the “Bull. Soc. Ent. France,” No. 15, 1911, by M. Roger
Verity, in which the Scotch (Galashiels) race of this species
was named var. caledonia, distinguishing it from the typical
Alpine race by its smaller size, its comparatively narrow and
longer wings, its narrow fawn-coloured band which does not
contain more than three small ocelli (the Alpine race often
has four or five), and its underside with the transverse band
very often less distinct. Generally speaking, the Scotch speci-
mens exhibited showed these characteristics, being smaller
than almost every race placed in the box.

Mr. Turner at the same time called attention to the
growing tendency to name aberrations, a course which often
resulted in multiple names being bestowed on some one form.
In illustration of his remark he instanced the case of the
small aberration of Pieris napi. In the October number of the

Oy txxeax) :.)

“‘ Entomologists’ Record,” Mr. Muschamp, of Staefa, had named
some very small specimens of this species as ab. minima. In
the November number of the same magazine M. Lambillion,
of Namur, wrote, saying that he had named this aberration
in 1902 as ab. napella, and about the same time the Baron
Crombrugghe, of Brussels, had called it ab. minor. While he
(Mr. Turner) was afraid it was quite impossible to prevent
the naming of aberrations, races, etc., still it was quite
possible in his opinion to regulate it. He looked forward to
the future power, influence and authority of the International
Congress of Entomology, and threw out the suggestion that
there should be a permanent international committee chosen
by the Congress who should consider each new name proposed,
and that no name should be considered valid until it had
received the sanction of that committee. If only all the
chief magazines and all the principal systematists would
support this committee and recognize only the names re-
commended by them, the multiple naming, which often occurs
from mere ignorance, would practically disappear.

Dr. CHapman remarked that local races required special
names if any forms did so, and that he had already remarked
upon the Scotch form of Z. aethiops, though without naming
it, and had observed that this small form had the genitalia
proportionately small, which was very far from being universal
in small local races.

A long and important discussion took place on the subject
of varietal, and especially aberrational, names, in which the
PresipENT, Prof. Poutton, Dr. Jorpan, and Messrs. GAHAN
and WHEELER took part; Prof. Poutton remarking that
the subject was one on which a discussion might well take
place after previous notice, as it was really too important to
be dealt with offhand.

ConTRASTS IN COLOURING BETWEEN CERTAIN SPECIES oF But-
TERFLIES FROM THE LAGos DISTRICT AND THEIR GEOGRAPHICAL
Races at Enrespe.—Prof. Poutton exhibited a series of
specimens bearing upon the view, again recently advanced,
that changes of colour and pattern in allied forms are due to
climate, and especially to moisture. The western specimens
were all collected or bred by Mr. W. A. Lamborn, just above
sea-level, in the Lagos district. The Uganda specimens were

—_
( xe)

collected by Mr. C, A. Wiggins, at about 4000 ft., in the
neighbourhood of Entebbe. The average rainfall at Epe, near
Mr. Lamborn’s locality, Oni, 70 miles east of Lagos, is about
equal to that of Entebbe, being 60°5 inches to 59:1. The first
example was Planema epuea, Cram., and its Uganda sub-species
epaea paragea, Grose-Smith. In the latter the fuscous ground-
colour had been greatly increased, while correspondingly
reduced pale-yellowish markings represented the conspicuous
fulvous of the western male and white of the western female.
Thus the sexual dimorphism of pattern, marked in the west,
is lost in the far duller Uganda race. Together with these
were exhibited the males and females, of Papilio cynorta, F.,
from the same localities. While the males showed no appre-
ciable change, the western female was a beautiful mimic of
the female epaea and the more eastern female (peculiaris,
Neave), an equally beautiful mimic of the dingy-looking
paragea. In this latter case a climatic cause could hardly be
invoked, for it is unreasonable to suppose that the male and
female larvae and pupae are exposed to different conditions
or that they differ in their sensitiveness to climatic influ-
ence. It may well be argued, however, that we should not
expect a Papilionine and an <Acraeine to exhibit the same
kind of susceptibility. But even the investigation of other
Planemas (Acraeinae) at Entebbe does not support the con-
clusion that the pattern of paragea is a climatic effect. ‘Thus
it is seen in the exhibited specimens that the rich fulvous
and black P. consanguinea, Auriv., from the Lagos district
becomes the pale yellowish and black sub-species arenaria,
K. M. Sharpe, at Entebbe.

When we pass from the western to the eastern side of the
geographical range, Plamena epaea becomes a duller, darker-
looking butterfly ; Planema consanguinea, on the contrary, a
far lighter and paler butterfly. If, neglecting the immense
difference in general appearance, attention be fixed on the
fact that the fulvous pigment of the male epaea and both sexes
of consanguinea becomes pale yellow in the east, we are met
by the fact that the male Planema alcinoe, Feld., from Lagos,
preserves the very same fulvous tint unchanged at Entebbe, as
do the male montana, Butl., form of P. aganice, Hew., the male
P. macarista, E. M. Sharpe, and both sexes of P. pogget

( 2&xci- ))

nelsoni, Grose-Smith. Further evidence against the hypo-
thesis of climatic influence was derived from Mr. Wiggins’s
series of P. paragea, in which were found the two remarkable
specimens exhibited to the meeting. In one of these, a male
captured June 26th, 1910, the yellow markings had almost
entirely disappeared, while in the other, a female, taken Aug.
29, 1909, they were immensely extended, especially on the
hind-wing, where the pale expanse was even two or three
times as large as the white area of the female epuea from
Lagos. Here was a single individual in which the normal
change in the eastern part of the range was reversed, the
insect being lighter and paler instead of dingier in appearance.
Such a variety throws strong light upon the origin of mimetic
resemblance ; for this pale individual presents considerable
likeness to P. arenaria, and affords the foundation upon
which a close resemblance might be developed by selection.
There can hardly be any example as yet known which better
enables us to understand the production of mimicry between
forms closely allied but superficially very different in appear-
ance: yet in its production the operation of climatic influence
is extremely improbable, and we are thrown back upon causes
of variation at present unknown and mysterious.
PSEUDACRAEAS OF THE HOBLEYI Group ON DamBa ISLAND as
COMPARED WITH THOSE FROM THE ENTEBBE District.—Prof.
Poutton exhibited a set of the mimetic Pseudacraeas and their
models collected by Mr, C. A. Wiggins in the neighbourhood of
Entebbe, viz. :—

PLANEMA MODELS. PSEUDACRAEA MIMICs.
macarista, E. M. Sharpe, 6. hobleyi, Neave, 6. Also a 2 with
pogaget nelsoni, Gr.-Sm., 6 and 9°. the colouring of the ¢.
macarista, @. hobleyi, 2.

alcinoe, Feld., 2. (This model was
not exhibited. )

tellus platyxantha, Jord. terra, Neave. 6 and @.

paragea, Grose-Smith, g and @°. obscura, Neave, g and ?. (The
3 was not exhibited. )

a
( -xeH ) )

The above series contrasted remarkably with a set of 17
Pseudacraeas collected by Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter on Damba
Island, on the Equator, in the Victoria Nyanza, about 20 miles
S.E. of Entebbe. Dr. Carpenter wrote of this island on
Sept. 30th, 1911: “It is practically covered with forest and
jungle formed by the running wild of the banana plantations
since the inhabitants were deported to the mainland.” The
various forms and the times at which they were captured—all
except one in the jungle—are shown below :—

DATES IN 1911. FORMS OF PSEUDACRABA.

Ist half May. | 1 6 terra (typical).

Teese Livan lle Qacenna (typical).

1 @* terra (transitional towards ? hobleyi: subapical
f.w. bar white, and fulvous area reduced and pale.
Slight but distinct traces of the fulvous patch at the
base of the h.w. underside).

2nd half Aug. | 2 6 terra (typical).

2 g ” ”

29 ,, (slightly transitional towards hobley?. Sub-
apical f.w. bar pale in one and nearly white in the
other).

Ist half Sept. | 1 3 terra (typical).
1 2 99 ”
2 $ hobleyi (1 typical, 1 with h.w. bar fulvous instead

of white).

2nd half Sept. | 1 2 hobleyi (typical).
(17th-30th.) | 1 @ terra (beautifully transitional to ebscura).

1 g obscwra (with distinct traces of the fulvous colouring
of terra on f.w. inner margin).

1 @ obscura (subapical f.w. bar white as in ? hobleyi,
but narrower, and the remaining white pattern of the
latter very faintly visible.

1. Proportions oF THE Mimetic FoRMS AND OF THE
Mopre1ts.—The proportions in the Entebbe District are well
shown by the following figures, which summarise nearly

* This specimen was captured on the shore.

Ce xent )
the whole of this material collected by Mr. Wiggins between
May 23rd and Aug. 31st, 1909.* :—

PLANEMA MODELS. PSEUDACRAEA MIMICS.
macarista 6... 81 hobleyi 6, ... 35
pogget nelsoni 3, 11 5 @ (with
. a Real $ colours) 1
93 36 (38°7 per cent. of the models).

macarista 9, 39
alcinoe ¢, il
50

hodleyi 2 , 28 (56°0 per cent. of the models).

tellusplatyxantha 6,75 | terra 5, 7

29 2? eS ? 14 ”? a ? la
89 18 (20°2 per cent of the models).
epaed paragea, 12 obscura, 0

The percentage of the three commonest mimics is thus much
higher than we should expect ; but on Damba Island, so far as
could be judged from Dr. Carpenter’s collections between the
beginning of May and the end of September, the results are
far more astonishing. The only Planema models in the whole
collection are a single female macarista and a single female
pogger nelsoni in the second half of August, and a single male
macarista captured on Aug. 8-9. All these specimens were
taken in the jungle. In spite of the immense predominance
of P. terra, not asingle Planema tellus platyxantha appeared in
the collection, nor was there a single P. epaea paragea. Even
more striking was the absence of P. arenaria, by far the
most abundant Planema in the forests near Entebbe.t

* Quoted from ‘‘Mem. I. Congr. Internat. d’Ent., Brussels,” Vol. II,
p. 483, 1910. This paper contains a nearly complete list of captures, be-
tween the above-mentioned dates, of all the species concerned, except
Planema paragea and Pseudacraca obscura. The proportions of these two
latter were taken from a list recently prepared by Mr. C. A. Wiggins and Prof.
Poulton. In the course of this work it was found that one or two days’
captures had been accidentally omitted from the paper referred to above.

t The results quoted above are not due to the captor’s selection, and,
so far as the limited numbers go, may be depended upon in attempting

to form an estimate of the proportion of models and mimics in the jungle.
This was Dr. Carpenter’s first experience of these extraordinarily close

(¢ Give”)

Not only is there this extraordinary difference in the pro-
portions of the models, but the proportions of the mimetic
forms to one another are also remarkably different from those
of the mainland, terra being far more predominant over
hobleyi in the island than hobleyi is over terra on the
mainland.

2. Proportion oF ‘TRANSITIONAL FORMS BETWEEN THE
Mimetic PsrupacrabAS HIGHER ON THE ISLAND THAN ON THE
Maintanp.—The table on p. xcii. shows a quite unusual number
of transitional forms. Transition is indicated in various
directions,—between ferra and obscura, between terra and
2 hobleyi, between terra and ¢hobleyi, between obscura and
? hobleyt.

3. PosstpLe Causes or THE ABOVE DirFERENCES.—It is highly
improbable that these remarkable differences are connected
with climate or season of the year; for the contrasted sets of
captures were made in almost the same months. The period
was, moreover, long enough to exclude the effects of the
seasons beginning and ending on different dates in different
years. The most probable explanation appears to be that,
in the condition of the jungle on Damba Island, there is some-
thing unfavourable to Planemas, and that, in the absence or
relative scarcity of the models, the mimetic resemblance of the
Pseudacraeas is no longer rigidly maintained by selection.
The pattern of Ps. terra is found among the protean mimetic
forms of ewrytus, L., on the west coast, and even the colour as
well as the pattern in a Nigerian mimic of the male Pl. epaea.*
I suggest that in an area where these mimetic patterns are less
strongly selected, there is a tendency, checked elsewhere, for
them to run into each other, and also to move in the direction
of the western ewrytus forms, from which there can be little
doubt that the mimetic Pseudacraeas of Uganda originally
developed. It is to be hoped that Dr. Carpenter may be able

mimics, and he had not at the time learnt to distinguish them from their
models. He states in a letter dated Dec. 5th, 1911: ‘‘I was much
surprised to hear that I had sent more Pseudacraeas than Planemas, and
thought I had done the opposite.” —E. B. P.

* Figured by Dr. Karl Jordan in the publication of ‘‘I. Congr. Internat.
d’Ent.,” 1910, Vol. II, pl. xxii, fig. 22a. Good examples of. pattern but
not colour resemblance are shown in his pl. xxiii, figs. 26a, 27a.

( xey--:)

to obtain the material, by breeding as wellas by capture, by
which this hypothesis will be confirmed or refuted.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE CourtTsHIe OF PLANEMA ALCINOE,
Freitp.—Prof. Poutron exhibited four males and one female
of Planema alcinoe, captured Aug. 10th, 1911, in the forest
one mile E. of Oni, near Lagos, by Mr. W. A. Lamborn,
under the conditions described by him in the next paragraph,
dated Aug. 13th. Prof. Pouuron said that he was not aware
of similar observations having been made upon Lepidoptera,
in which group the unsuccessful males have often been seen
to disperse as soon as pairing takes place. It is to be noted
that in a family of P. aleinoe bred by Mr. Lamborn the males
emerged Sept. 8th-llth, 1911, the females not until Sept.
16th—22nd.

“‘T found five Planemas in a confused mass on a thin bough.
Careful examination revealed that four were males and one a
female. A male and female were in coitu, both resting on
the upper side of the little bough facing opposite ways ;
another male rested underneath, his head in the same direc-
tion as that of the female, His claspers gripped her abdomen
immediately in front of the claspers of his more successful
rival, the penis of No. 2 being extruded and forced to one
side. A 3rd male grasped a wing of the female so firmly
with his legs that the membrane was crumpled up: he re-
mained motionless. The 4th male grasped and crumpled up
the opposite wing in a similar way, all the time making efforts
to obtain hold of any portion at all of her anatomy with his
claspers.”

TuE Cocoons AND Eaes or THE Bompycrp Motu, NorasuMA
koLGA, Druce.—Prof. Poutton exhibited the cocoon of JV.
kolga together with the moth which had emerged from it.
The compact cocoon itself was reddish, with an outer imperfect
covering of yellow silk. In some cocoons, including the one
exhibited, the silk of this loose and open network formed
dense little masses here and there which, being bright yellow
in colour, much resembled the cocoons of Braconid parasites.
Prof. Poulton had written to Mr. Lamborn to inquire whether
these structures were always present in the natural state, as
it seemed possible that the loose covering had been lost in

(9 evr 3

the manipulation of some of the artificially bred specimens.
Prof. Poutton also exhibited a wall-like mass of egg-shells in
which the arrangement to “break joint,’ as described by
Mr. Lamborn, was clearly visible. This keen observer had
written, Aug. 25th, 1911—

“You will see, by egg-shells now sent, how wonderfully the
eggs are disposed—in the form of a little wall, the eggs being
in rows one above the other and each egg placed so as to
cover the adjacent halves of two eggs below it. There is a
fine opalescence too about the egg mass in a good light.”

These specimens together with the remainder of those
exhibited by Prof. Poutton were obtained by Mr. Lamborn
at, or near, Oni Camp.

THe SpHERICAL Bopirs ON THE CocooNs OF THE HypsID
Mota DEILEMERA ANTINORII, OBERTH., ETC.—Prof. PouLton
exhibited a large family of these moths—80 in number—
together with their female parent, and 67 of the cocoons from
which they had emerged. The exhibit had been recently
received from Mr. W. A. Lamborn, who had bred the moths
from eggs laid Aug. 13-18, 1911. Concerning the habits of
the larva Mr. Lamborn had written, Sept. 19th—

“In regard to the structures like Braconid cocoons I do
not think there is much to add to what I have already written.
The larva spins a few threads in the usual way. The hinder
extremity of the body is gradually raised until it is brought
to about an angle of 20° with the rest of the body, the larva
meanwhile continuing to spin. When it has been in this
position a few seconds the little mass is passed per anum,
the larva ceasing work only during the actual passing of it.
When several little masses have accumulated, the larva turns
round, weaves silk over each and in turn drags each off by
the silk and deposits it in the desired position.”

In reply to further questions as to the details of the larval
procedure Mr. Lamborn wrote, Nov. 12th—

“In regard to the cocoons of Deilemera antinorvi the larva
passes spheres per anum usually one at a time with an interval
of perhaps half a minute between them. Sometimes two are
passed, one following immediately on the other. When two
or three spheres have accumulated at its ana] extremity the

( xevii_ )

larva turns round, weaves a few turns of silk round one and
drags it away to the required position, I believe by means of
these silk threads. It then fixes it by a few further turns of
silk, and then removes the remaining spheres one by one in a
similar way. The silk spun over the spheres is white. The
spheres vary in colour even when first passed, some being
yellowish and often containing one or two bubbles darker
than the rest, others being much paler. I think that the
latter darken with age. The time occupied in spinning over
a single sphere is just a few seconds, and I think the silk
serves asa handle. I have not observed the whole process of
cocoon formation, for it takes some hours, the larvae frequently
commencing at night, and I have not seen the final stages at
all, but I shall look into the various points you mention.”

Concerning the cocoon of the allied southern and eastern
species of Deilemera,—D. leuconoe, Hopff., Mr. G. F. Leigh had
written to Prof. Poutron on Oct. 27th, 1911—

*T noticed what you say about the cocoon, and, in a short
discussion some years ago at the Durban Field Naturalists’
Society, I pointed out this very thing ; for when I first bred
this species I actually threw away three or four cocoons of
the first lot, thinking that ichneumonid parasites had emerged
from the larvae. I have bred hundreds of the insects, of
which there are two forms of imago, one black-and-white,
the other black-and-buff. The larva is_ black-and-white,
slightly hairy, as may be seen in blown specimens sent by me
to the British Museum and Tring Museum. It feeds on a low
plant, but always climbs up on to a fence, wall or trunk of a
tree to make its cocoon. The larva is protected and distaste-
ful to birds, Mantis, ete. The cocoon is formed of a substance
very much like jelly, which, as long as the pupa is alive re-
mains soft; if, however, the pupa dies the substance becomes
dry and shrinks also, The pupae will live if the substance
that forms the cocoon is taken off. The colour of the pupa is
light brown. The cocoon-like bodies vary in tint, but are
generally yellow, although I have had them white like very
small pieces of boiled rice. The duration of the pupal state is
very short, not more than a week. The larva is attacked by
an ichneumon of apparently the same species as that which is

PROC. ENT. Soc. LonD., v. 1911. G

-

( xevil )

bred from the three Papilios, demodocus, Esp., nieuws, L., and
cenea, Stoll. The parasitic larva, after leaving the host, spins
a thread almost 14 inches long, attached by one end to the
twig of a tree or to a wall. At the lower end of this thread
it constructs a parti-coloured cocoon—grey-and-black. There
is another species of Deilemera I found in the Comoros that
makes its cocoon in the same way. I fancy it feeds there on
the small fig-trees, as I found the pupae only on those trees.”

THE SpHeERIcAL Bopies ON THE CocooNns or THE TINEID
Genus Marmara.—Prof. Poutton said that he had been
shown by Mr. J. H. Durrant the spherical bodies scattered
over the cocoon of the Tineid moth Marmara salictella,
Clemens, and had no doubt that they were secreted by the
larva and passed by the anus as in Dedlemera. It would be
interesting to observe whether any of the common parasites
of Tineids construct cocoons to which the spheres bear any
marked resemblance. At first sight the appearance suggested
is rather that of a mass of spiders’ eggs such as are often seen
in chinks of bark. Here, too, it is important to ascertain by
experiment whether spiders’ eggs are in any way specially
protected.

Although the Tineid spheres are much smaller than those
of Deilemera, each of them is similarly made up of several
bubbles, and the resemblance is so remarkably close that it
is appropriate to quote in this place the observations that
have been hitherto recorded concerning them. The references
to Marmara have been kindly given by Mr. Durrant.

Clemens wrote of J. salictella in 1863 (‘ Ent. Soc. Phila.,”
ii, p. 7; reprinted in Stainton’s ed. of Clemens’ papers on
“Tin. of N. Am.,” 1872, p. 212)—

‘Tt leaves its mine at maturity to weave a white, semi-
transparent cocoon within some crevice of the bark of the tree
on which it feeds or upon the ground. The exterior of the
cocoon is covered with little froth-like globules, which resemble
minute pearls.”

Busck wrote of the same species in 1903 (‘ Proc. Ent. Soc.
Wash.,” v, p. 210)—

“The writer has bred it for several seasons, and gave some
notes before the Washington Ent. Soc., on its unique mode

(o xer=}, )

of ornamenting its cocoon, which deserves fuller treatment.
Such will be given shortly in a separate paper.”

Finally in 1907 Busck stated of Marmara opuntiella, Busck
(in “ Ent. Soc. Wash.,” viii, p. 97)—

‘At the last larval molt it assumes the cylindrical form
with normal legs and spins the characteristic cocoon with the
peculiar globular ornamentations as do the other species of
the genus.”

Tue Arracks oF Tacuinip Fiies upon THE AFRICAN Dan-
AINE Genus AmauRis.—Prof. Poutton exhibited 5 specimens
of Amauris psyttalea, Plotz, being all that Mr. W. A. Lamborn
“obtained from 25 pupae, the rest being parasitized by Tachi-
nidae” (Oct. 3rd, 1911). All 5 butterflies had emerged Sept.
20th, 1911. Seventeen dead pupae from the same company,
12 of the Tachinid flies, and a number of their puparia were
also exhibited. Mr. E. E. Austen had recognized 2 species of
Sturmia in 4 of the flies submitted to him. In the same
letter Mr. Lamborn spoke of another company of A. psyttalea
in which “every single pupa was parasitized in this way.”
Prof. Poulton pointed out the bearing of these and Mr.
Guy Marshall’s earlier observations on the extraordinary
assumption of the late Hrich Haase, that the specially pro-
tected species of Lepidoptera are immune from the attacks of
parasites.

Some ANT-TENDED LycAENID LarvVAE OBSERVED BY Mr. W. A.
LaMBoRN IN THE Lacos District.—Prof. Poutron exhibited
material illustrating the following records received in letters
from Mr. Lamborn—

1.—WMyrina silenus, F.
March 3rd, 1911.
“The food-plant, which bears a fruit much like a little fig,
grows here and there in the primitive forest round Oni camp.
The larva of Zuchromia lethe, F., also feeds upon it, as well as
that of a Sphingid moth. The larvae are green with white
tubercles and are not very conspicuous on the food-plant,
though found in all positions on it, on both sides of the leaves
and frequently on growing buds at the end of stems. They

pupate anywhere ; frequently on the upper side of a leaf. It
G2

-
aay)

is very common to find the larvae attended by ants of various
kinds, which run all over them, and the larvae do not notice
them in the least even when feeding. The pupae also seem to
attract ants.”

2.—Hypolycaena philippus, F.
March 3rd, 1911.
|: “ The larvae of all these have been found all round about Oni
camp ; for the food-plant grows abundantly in the clearing.
The larvae are found sometimes on the upper side of a leaf
even during the heat of the day, and they are leaf-green in
colour. Both larvae and pupae attract ants to a remarkable
degree. I have learnt that if ants are running about on the
food-plant without flowers, larvae are almost certainly on it,
and if there are no ants I do not trouble to make an ex-
haustive search. My first half-dozen larvae were placed in
a box covered with fine muslin. On the following morning I
discovered that our house ants, a different species from those
on the plants, had eaten a hole in the muslin and were
swarming over the larvae. I then put two thicknesses of
muslin over the box, but the ants again ate it through, and
so now, as they do not seem to hurt the larvae, I do not
trouble to remove them. ‘The pupae are placed indifferently
on upper or under side of a leaf and frequently head down-
wards on a stem, and ants congregate about them during the
whole period of pupation. The ants work hard in an en-
deavour apparently to cover up the pupae with débris. They
heap up little particles of sawdust, larval droppings, etc.,
round pupae on the floor of the box, and some attempt is
even made to cover the pupae on the side walls. I found to-
day on the outside of the roof of the box a little collection of
débris with which ants were busily covering a fissure in the
wood which led through to a pupa on the inner side of the
roof. Some larvae have pupated on the floor of the box, but
this does not affect the wing-development of the butterflies,
for they always seem to find a suitable position in time. I
have from time to time lost other butterflies which have not
been able to develop properly owing to their pupae having
fallen down. By the way, the larvae are usually green, but

(Yer)

T now have a scarlet one of, I believe, the same species. The
pupae are sometimes green and sometimes perfectly grey-
coloured.”

3.—Oboronia punctata, Dew.

The observations on this remarkable species are of special

interest—
Sept. 10th, 1911.

“T made a little discovery to-day which has much delighted
me. In accordance with your suggestion I have been investi-
gating the contents of ants’ nests and to-day found two
Lycaenid larvae. I must write about this when I get perfect
insects. The particular nest of ants was constructed on the
head of a plant [Costus afer] which had borne numerous bell-
shaped flowers. These were eaten down more or less level,
and then the ants had piled up earthy-looking vegetable
débris over the mouths of the remaining parts of the flowers.
I found the larvae each thus sealed up loosely in the base of
what had been a flower. I removed the débris and carefully
brought the flower-head home, and the ants are now again
moving quietly to and fro on it. I think these larvae may
be Oboronias, for these are the flowers which seem to have a
special attraction for them, as I think I have mentioned.”

Sept. 19th, 1911.

** You will have received my first Oboronia punctata from a
pupa. This was found in the calyx of one of the flowers
which I have mentioned, the opening of which was sealed by
débris deposited by ants. I will not attempt to describe the
flowering head, for I intend to send one; but, roughly, there
are a number of bell-shaped flowers springing from a common
dome-shaped base. Only one or two of the flowers come into
bloom at once, and over the other immature buds ants build
up a covering of the débris, themselves occupying the inter-
stices between the buds and keeping their larvae and eggs
there. I have now found several Oboronia larvae, some with
the ants in the interstices, and others in calices from which the
flowers have fallen out or the flower-buds been eaten away,

( ci )

The larva feeds on the flower-buds, biting out a circular aper-
ture through the calyx, by which it obtains ingress, and
gradually eating the bud out till only the empty calyx remains.
The ants, too, enter with the larva and crawl all over it,
stroking it with their antennae, and they are very constant
in their attentions to the pupa too, several always remaining
with it, though the calyx which contained it was put away
without anything else in a glass-lidded box. Some of the
ants’ nests contain a large number of individuals, and I have
not been able to look them through satisfactorily as yet, but
I have obtained 6 larvae out of 7 nests, 2 nests having 2
larvae apiece. I must get some help before I can explore any
more, as the ants bite, and I do not want to cut off the flower-
heads, as there are not a great number. I am trying now to get
a family of Oboronias, but it is likely to be difficult, as the food-
plant dies so soon. I think this plant must be that determined
at Kew as Costus afer, Ker.-Gawl (Scitamineae), a specimen
being sent home in the first consignment of plants.”

The flower-head was sent to Kew and determined as C. afer,
sens. lat.

The next letter (Oct. 3rd, 1911) gave an account of Mr.
Lamborn’s attempt—in all probability a successful one—to
breed Oboronias from a known parent—

“T believe the Oboronias now sent to be the offspring of
the female whose remains are packed with them. She was
eaten by the ants. With a view to obtaining a family of
them I selected a good head of the food-plant in our clearing
at Oni, and cleared it of all ants and their débris, removing at
the same time all dead matter. I went over it again the next
day, and the following morning I pushed it through a hole in
the floor of a box, closing up all the space round it with
cotton-wool. I then put the Oboronia female inside and
covered the box with muslin in front. In the course of a
couple of days the ants got in and formed a nest composed of
sawdust, etc., over the flowering head. The butterfly died
and was mostly eaten up by the ants. I was not able to look
for eggs or larvae, but when I did pick the flowering head to
pieces I found a few pupae which I feel confident must have
been the progeny of that insect.”

( *eili *)

The following observations, recorded in the same letter,
show that all ants are not equally benevolent in their treat-
ment of the Oboronias—

“On Oct. 5th I obtained a half-grown larva of Oboronia
punctata and placed it on a stem on which ‘tree driver’
ants [evidently O¢ecophylla smaragdina, F., race longinoda,
Latr.] were running up and down. The first driver that
came along investigated it hurriedly with his antennae and
then gripped its anal extremity in his jaws and held on.
More ants came down. Some passed on without noticing the
larva, others just touched it with their antennae and then
went on. Seven or eight thus passed it by, and the next ant
stood over its hind extremity and discovered on the dorsal
aspect of, I think, the second segment some material which it
ate. I actually saw it take up the semi-solid material and
eat it. This ant then ran off. The larva meanwhile had
been endeavouring to crawl away, but it was firmly anchored
to one place by the ant which had seized it. Another ant
then came along and seized it by the head and dragged so
that it became much extended. Two more ants then seized
it at the sides. At this point I was obliged to come away ;
but they must have killed the larva, for it was very feeble
when I last saw it, and they doubtless ate it.”

This uncompromising treatment of the larva of O. punctata
is all the more interesting because W. M. Wheeler (“ Ants,
their Structure, Development and Behavior,’ New York,
1910, p. 358) speaks “especially” of @. smaragdina, when
mentioning the “principal attendants” of Lycaenid larvae.
This distinguished authority continues :—

“(. smaragdina in that country [India] and in Australia,
is, in fact, constantly found with many species of the cater-
pillars and often keeps them in the silken nests and
‘cow-sheds’ described in a previous chapter.”

A postscript, dated Oct. 9th, to the letter last quoted,
records that ‘‘a moth larva also lives on the Oboronia plant
among the ants. An imago has just come out.” Mr. Lam-
born furthermore states that the ants pay no attention to
these larvae, which are probably protected against them in
some way. Examples of the moth, the Pyralid (Schoenobiinae)

( \ety »))

Obtusipalpis saltusalis, Schaus, were exhibited with the
Oboronias and the flower-head.

4 and 5.—Lycaenesthes larydas, Cram., f. kersteni, Gerst..,
and L. sylvanus, Drury.

Bred examples of these two species were also shown.
Mr. Lamborn had recorded, Oct. 16th, 1911, of ten larvae
of Jarydas—of which only a single specimen survived and
produced, on Oct. 10th, the exhibited imago—that they had
been ‘carefully attended by ants.” Of the two sylvanus,
emerging Oct. 11th and 12th, he had written in the same
letter, ‘“‘these larvae also were attended by ants: in fact,
the presence of a considerable number of ants attracted my
attention to them.”

Prof. Poutron said that he had written to Mr. Lamborn,
asking him to send specimens of the actual ants in attendance
on each species of Lycaenid larva, as their determination
would add immensely to the value of these most interesting
observations.

THE Foop or THE CARNIVOROUS LYCAENID LARVA, SPALGIS
LeMOLEA, H. H. Druce (S-sievata, HoLtitAnp).—Prof. Pounton
exhibited specimens and gave an account of observations sent
by Mr. Lamborn, which threw further light on the letter
written Jan. 1891, by the Rev. A. C. Good, Ph.D., from
West Africa—a letter from which Dr. W. J. Holland had
inferred that the larvae of SS. lemolea are aphidivorous
(‘‘ Psyche,” vol. vi, 1892, p. 201). The following extracts
from Mr. Lamborn’s letters, together with an investigation
of his material, indicate that their food consists of Coccidae.

“ Sept. 17th, 1911.

‘‘T have now found another kind of Lycaenid larva, perhaps
Spalgis lemolea, consorting with aphides or tiny Coccidae.”

“ Sept. 9th.
** My newest Lycaenid larvae were found on Sunday after-
noon, Sept. 17th, associated on the under side of leaves with
other insects which I believe to be Coccids, I must write of

(ey)

them when the butterflies emerge, but I believe they will
turn out to be Spalgis lemolea, H. H. Druce, for I have seen
several of these near the tree in the clearing, and have not
made out why they come there in the face of a strong breeze
which is now blowing almost constantly.”

“* Oct. 3rd.

“ All the larvae were found among Coccids on a shrub in
Oni clearing. I will send Coccids. Each larva bore a ccver-
ing of grey material, which looked to me as if composed of
east skins of Coccids; and I think they must have eaten
these or their products, for they did not eat leaves. I am
told that the plant they were on is a species of Croton, but I
rather doubt it. The larvae were all found on the under side
of leaves, and always among the Coccids.”’

Rey. A. C. Good, in the letter referred to above, described
these Lycaenid larvae as follows : ‘‘The body was all covered
over with a whitish substance, not a part of the body, and
which I took to be the remains of plant-lice with which the
underside of the leaves on which the larvae were found
abounded. I think that these caterpillars must have fed
upon these white plant-lice, for I could not detect that they
had eaten the leaves” (/. c., p. 202).

One of the larval skins sent by Mr. Lamborn has been
examined by Mr. R. 8. Bagnall, who finds that the grey
material is “ mostly composed of what I presume to be the
‘ woolly’ excretion of a Coccid, but also contains the remains
of an insect which I regard as a Coccid—chiefly on account
of the short antennal joints, short tibia and single-jointed
claw.”

Prof. R. Newstead, who has examined Mr. Bagnall’s pre-
parations, wrote on Jan. 10, 1912—

“The remains in part (portions of detached legs and
antennae) are undoubtedly those of a species of Coccidae
belonging, I believe, to the Dactyloprvinae and nearly related to
one of the following genera: Dactylopius, Targ., Pseudococcus,
Sign., or Hriococcus, Targ. The numerous long hairs attached
to the fragments of skin are, however, quite unlike those of
any species of Coccid with which I am familiar ; indeed, they

_

( em)

seem to be quite unique, and may belong to a totally different
insect.”

Dr. K. Jorpan remarked that it was quite surprising that
Prof. Poulton’s correspondents in Uganda got so many speci-
mens of Pseudacraea while that genus is generally scantily
represented by individuals in West African collections. He
further observed that among the specimens exhibited were
some intermediates, which supported his contention that
obscura, terra and others are only forms of one species.

BraZILIAN Syntomips.—Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited a drawer
full of Syntomidae that had been collected by himself in
8. Brazil in the early part of 1910. Allusion was made to
the richness in some localities, numerically as well as in
species, of this family which is very specially developed in
S. America. It was pointed out that there were certain
types of coloration which recurred in widely different and
not closely related species. Instance was made of Mesolasia
paula and Dinia aeagrus, Which although found in the same
district did not fly together, and moreover had a very
different flight one from the other. Similarly Macrocneme
leucostigma was like Antichloris eriphia, yet there was no
confusing the two in the field. A more remarkable case
was Callopepla inachia 9, which was extremely like an
Oenochromine moth, Scea flammea. These insects had, how-
ever, very different habits. The Syntomid flew and settled
on a creeper in the early morning in the full sun, while the
Oenochromid flew slowly in very shady woods. The former
was rapid in its movements and the latter was very slow.
It was hard to believe that this was not a case of mimicry,
for a bird could, of course, fly in the open as well as in the
forest and see the two insects in pretty quick succession.
When settled the two insects were very alike, although in
flight they were so different. Such closeness of resemblance
when the two insects did not occur together was noteworthy
and points to either a great difference in edibility or in the
numerical ratio of the one to the other. At the Alto da
Serra two species of Huagra, EL. azurea and FE. splendida were
always together. It was curious that H. splendida should not
belong to the genus Agyrta, as in Guiana two exactly similar

( evii )

species, Huagra coelestina and Agyrta micilia, belonged to
different genera and there the two were always in company.
On neuration there was no doubt as to the position of
splendida being in the genus Hwagra as placed by Sir G.
Hampson.

Appended is a list of the species exhibited—

Tipulodes ima, Bdv., taken March Ist ; Loxophlebia fininigra,
Kaye, April 17th; TZrichura grandis, Kaye, Feb. 27th ;
Trichura dixanthia, Hmps., Cosmosoma elegans, Butl., March
2nd; Cosmosoma w«anthistis, Hmps., March Ist; Napata
eucyane, Feld., March 2nd; Agyrta dux, Wlk., March Ist ;
Dinia aeagrus, Cram., Feb. 27th ; Dixophlebia quadristrigata,
March Ist; Mesolasia paula, Schs., March 2nd; Saurita
tenuis, Butl., March lst; Mallodeta sanguipuncta, Druce,
March 2nd; Saurita melanifera, Kaye, March 2nd, all at
Guaruja. Sawrita intricata, Wik., Feb. 20th; Isanthrene
pertyi, H. 8. Feb. 18th; Meotrichura nigripes, Heyl., Feb.
21st; Chrysostola dycladioides, Heyl., Feb. 18th; Tewcer sub-
plena, Wlk., Feb. 19th; Correbia lycoides, W1k., Feb. 17th;
Dycladia lucetius, Stoll., Feb. 16th, all at Rio. Corewra
atavia, Hmps., March 6th; Huagra azurea, Wlk., Huagra
splendida, Butl., Feb. 23-March 6th; Leucotmemis bella,
Kaye, March 6th; Callopepla emarginata, W1ik., Feb. 23rd ;
Cosmosoma pheres, Cram., March 6th; Napata splendida,
H. 8., March 2nd; Psewdosphex jonesi, Kaye, March 6th ;
Mesothen perflava, Kaye, Feb. 23rd; Pheia haemapera, Schs.,
March 3rd; Leucotmemis pleuraemata, Hmps., March 3rd ;
Argyroeides ophion, Wlk., March 5th; Nyridela chalciope,
Hiib., March 4th; Amycles dolosa, Wlk., March 6th; Cos-
mosoma hanga, H. 8, March 2nd, all at Alto da Serra.
Argyroeides sanguinea, April 12th; Chrysostola variegata,
Kaye, April 12th; Pseudosphex noverca, Schs., April 12th ;
Cyanopepla orbona, Druce, April 4th—12th ; Callopepla inachia,
Schs., April 4th-l2th; Cyanopepla jucunda, Wlk., April
4th-12th ; Napata castra, Hmps., April 4th-12th; Hurota
hermione, Berg., April 10th; Psewdosphea polybioides, Burm.,
April 13th; Mesolasia melanobasis, Druce, April 2nd—14th, at
Fernandes Pinheiro. JJacrocneme leucostigma, Perty, March
7th-llth ; Cosmosoma plutona, Schs., March 11th; Ctenucha

-
( eviii )

divisa, Wlk., March 11th, at Castro. Hucereon latifascia,
Wlk., Feb. 16th, at Rio. Paraethria triseriata, H. 8., April
14th, at Castro. Phoenicoprocta teda, W\k., March 27th, at
Guaruja.

Papers.

The following additional note, to accompany an illustration
of Mymar regalis (v. p. Xxvil.) was communicated —

Description of a new species of the Hymenopterous
genus Mymar.

By Frep. Enock, F.L.S., F.E.S.

At a recent meeting of this Society I exhibited a specimen
of a new species of the genus Mymar, which 1 proposed to
call Mymar regalis, Since then I have been fortunate enough
to secure other examples of both sexes. This enables me now
to give a fuller description of the species.

Mymar regalis, Knock. (Plate A., g, 9.)

Pale rusty yellow, shining. Head slightly darker, the eyes
and frontal ridge black. Abdomen slightly darker than the
thorax, with the apical third nearly black. Hind wing thread-
like, two-thirds the length of the front wing, slightly widened
at the apex ; legs paler than the thorax, the apical joint of the
tarsi brown.

g. First and second joints of the antennae yellow, the rest
brown. Apex of the hind wing with five or six long ciliae.

Q. First and second joints of the antennae rusty yellow,
the third and fourth dark brown, the fifth lighter, the sixth,
seventh and eighth almost yellow, the club dark brown,
appearing almost black.

Length -8 mm.

Hab. Burnuam Beecues, Buckinghamshire.

The most manifest difference between this species and
M. pulchellus is the length of the hind wing, which instead
of stopping where the hooklets join the front wing, is pro-
longed for about two-thirds the length of the front wing.
The dilated apical portion of the front wing is slightly

Geer) '")

different in form, and is surrounded by about fifty to sixty
hairs, whereas in J. pulchellus there are only about thirty-five.
The hind wing of the male has five or six ciliae at the apex:
the female has only two or three.

The first specimen was taken by myself when sweeping
grass on June 3rd, as already recorded (p. xxvii). On the
8th and 21st I captured three other examples: and having
taken home some roots of grass from the spot where I took
them, I succeeded in obtaining during July both sexes.

Two females emerged on July 31st.

Mr. Waterhouse captured a male on July 3rd.

The following papers were also read—

“On the nictitans Group of the genus Hydroecia, Gn.,” by
the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows. ;
“On the Dates of the Publications of the Entomological
Society,’ by the Rev. G. WuHeEeEtEr, M.A., F.Z.S.

Vote of Thanks.

Mr. WHEELER mentioned the great amount of gratuitous
help which had been given to him in the matter of these
dates by Messrs. Taylor & Francis, Mr. C. F. Roworth,
Messrs. West, Newman & Co., and above all by Messrs.
Longmans, Green & Co., who had given him the dates on
which they had received every part of every volume from
1834 to 1911. He proposed a vote of thanks to each of
these firms, which was seconded by Mr. J. H. Durrant, and
carried unanimously.

Notices.

The Presipent said he had received a letter from Mr.
T. H. L. Grosvenor, stating that Colley Hill, Reigate, a famous
entomological and botanical locality, would come into the
hands of the speculative builder in February next unless it
were previously purchased by the “ National Trust,” in order
to preserve it, and asking for subscriptions from one shilling
upwards. He added that the Treasurer would willingly receive
any subscriptions that the Fellows present liked to give, and
would hand them over to the proper quarter.

The Presipent further reminded the Society of the Second

al (i sex,”

International Congress which is to take place at Oxford this
year from August 5th to 10th. He hoped that the Society
would be strongly represented.

He also stated that after consultation it was hoped that
the dinner at the Holborn Restaurant, on the evening before
the Annual General Meeting, which the late Mr. Verrall had
for so many years generously given, might be able to be
carried on, and announced that it would take place on
January 16th, the hosts on this occasion being himself and
certain other Entomologists who had subscribed for the purpose.

‘stjeso1 IvwAW
‘ojoYd ‘YIOUT “Pasay

“yaymsquaH *O

( gx j

ANNUAL MEETING.
Wednesday, January 17th, 1912.

The Rev. F. D. Moricr, M.A., President, in the Chair.

Mr. R. Wvyuiz Luoyp, one of the Auditors, read the
Treasurer’s Balance Sheet, showing a balance in favour of the
Society of £32 10s. 11d. On the proposal of Mr. O. E. Janson,
seconded by Mr. W. J. Lucas, it was adopted unanimously.

The following Report of the Council was then read by the
Rev. George WHEELER, one of the Secretaries :—

Report of the Council.

During the Session 1911-12 two of our Honorary Fellows
have died, namely, Mr. P.,C. T. Snellen, of Rotterdam, and
Dr. 8. H. Scudder of Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. ; these vacan-
cies were filled by the election of Fr. Erich Wasmann of
Valkenburg, Holland, and Prof. J. H. Comstock of Cornell
University, U.S.A. The number of Ordinary Fellows elected,
(thirty-four), is smaller than last year, but our losses from all
sources are considerably below the average: seven Fellows
have resigned, three names only have been removed from the
list for non-payment of subscription, while one which had been
removed has been replaced, and the following eight Fellows
have died: M. Jales Bourgeois, Mr. Alex. H. Clarke, the Rev.
Canon C. 'T. Cruttwell, Mr. Albert Harrison, Mr. W. A. Rollason,
Mr. Oscar Silverlock, Mr. F. W. Terry, and Mr. G. H. Verrall.
In addition to these we have received information during
this year of the death of another of our Fellows, Dr. E. C.
Reed, Director of the Museum at Concepcion, Chile, which
took place before the end of last session; our losses therefore
number twenty-one in all, and the additions to our Society
thirty-seven, bringing our roll to a total of five hundred and

a

(cx)

seventy-seven, again a record number, consisting of twelve
Honorary and five hundred and sixty-five ordinary Fellows.

The Transactions of the Society for 1911 form a volume of
seven hundred and sixty-seven pages, containing thirty-four
memoirs by the following authors: Prof. C. Aurivillius, A.
Bacot, Prof. Mario Bezzi, the late Col. C. T. Bingham, Henri
Boileau, Miss E. Bridges, Malcolm Burr, D.Se., F.L.S., F.Z.S.,
Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.Z.S. (four),
K. A. Cockayne, F.L.S., W. C. Crawley (part author of one
paper with H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe) (two), W. L. Distant,
F, P. Dodd, H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe (part author of one
paper with W. C. Crawley) (two), Hamilton H. C. J. Druce,
F.Z.S., Ernest Elliott, F.Z.S. (joint author with Claude
Morley F.Z.S.), H. Eltringham, M.A., F.Z.S., Miss Margaret
Fountaine, Sir George Kenrick, Bart., Percy I. Lathy (joint
author of a paper with W. F. H. Rosenberg, F.Z.8.), Lieut.-
Col. Neville Manders, R.A.M.C., F.Z.S., Edward Meyrick,
B.A,, F.R.S., F.Z.8., Rev. Francis David Morice, M.A. (part
author with the late Edward Saunders, F.R.S.), L. W. New-
man, R. C. L. Perkins, M.A., D.Sc. F.Z.S. (two), Harold
Powell, Prof. O. M. Reuter (joint author with B. Poppius), Rev.
George Wheeler, M.A., F.Z.S., and A. E. Wileman. Of these
eighteen refer to Lepidoptera, seven to Hymenoptera, three to
Hemiptera, one each to Coleoptera, Dermaptera and Diptera,
and three are of general entomological interest.

These papers are illustrated by 58 plates, consisting of
12 chromo-plates, 3 three-colour plates, 2 black lithographs,
3 line-blocks and 38 half-tone blocks. ‘The entire cost of 4 of
the chromo-plates (£54) was borne by Sir George Kenrick, and
half the cost of another by Dr. Chapman, who also gave the
original drawings and blocks for 35 of the half-tone plates ;
Mr. Eltringham gave the drawings for one chromo-plate and
for one of the lithographs, M. Boileau those for one of the
three-colour plates and one of the line-blocks, Messrs. Reuter
and Poppius those for another of the three-colour plates, and
Dr. Burr those for the other two line-blocks. In addition to
these the Proceedings contain one half-tone plate, the original
of which was given by Mr. F. Enock. The Proceedings
occupy one hundred and ten pages, and contain a large

« ear: }

amount of valuable information connected with the exhibits
at the meetings, in addition to several short papers of interest.

The attendance at the Ordinary Meetings has been, on
almost every occasion, very large, and the exhibits during
the year have certainly not fallen below the average either
in number or interest.

One of our former Presidents, Mr. F. Merrifield, again
offered a handsome donation to the Travel Grant, an offer
which has been generously renewed for the coming season.
No other application having been received by the Council, and
Mr. Merrifield having expressed his entire willingness that
under those circumstances the grant should be given in two
consecutive years to the same applicant, Mr. B. C. 8. Warren,
one of our Fellows, was again the recipient, and went for an
entomological tour in the Pyrenees and elsewhere in Southern
France,

A successful Conversazione was held on May the 17th, by
the kind permission of the Linnean Society, in their Rooms
at Burlington House, and the Council wishes again to put on
record its grateful sense of their generosity, owing to which
the subscriptions given to this object by our Fellows have
not only paid the expenses of this year’s function, but have
enabled the Treasurer to write off a debt of over £6, formerly
charged to the general expenses of the Society, which had
been previously incurred on a similar occasion.

Our Society took its share in the successful attempt to
prevent the contemplated alienation of a part of the ground
assigned to the Natural History Museum, and we may con-
gratulate ourselves, as well as the Museum authorities, on the
issue.

A second International Entomological Congress is to be
held in Oxford in August next, from the 5th to the 10th,
at which many of our Fellows will doubtless be present.

The Treasurer reports that after carrying forward to 1912
£15 15s. for subscriptions paid in advance, investing £47 5s.
in Consols for three life compositions, and paying all bills
rendered to date, there remains an available cash balance
in favour of the Society of £32 5s. 11d.

The subscriptions for the year are £11 11s. in excess of

PROC, ENT. SOC. LOND., Vv. 1911. H

-

( exw, )

1910; an increase of £33 10s. 3d. is shown in the amount
of donations, and a satisfactory increase of £42 16s. 3d. in the
amount realized by sales of Transactions, but there have been
corresponding increases in the cost of their production, the
net balance of £32 5s. 11d. corresponding approximately with
the balance of £30 11s. 10d. for the previous year.

The Librarian reports that forty-seven volumes and a large
quantity of separata and the usual periodicals and publications
of Societies have been added to the Library during the past
twelve months, a list of which will be included in Part V. of
the Transactions. Two hundred and ninety-five volumes have
been issued for home use, as against a total of two hundred
and fifty-seven in the previous year. The Library has also
bee largely used for the purpose of reference.

On the proposal of Mr. Craupr Morty, seconded by Mr,
StantEy Epwarps, the Report was adopted unanimously.

No other nominations having been received by the Secre-
taries, it was proposed by Mr. H. Mary, and seconded by
Mr. A. Bacort, that the Officers and other members of the
Council nominated by the Council be elected en bloc. Mr.
R. W. Luoyp raised the objection that no other names having
been received, the Council’s nominees were ¢pso facto elected ;
this objection was ruled by the Presipent to be effective, and
on the suggestion of Mr. H. Main he declared the following
to be duly elected :—President, the Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A. ;
Treasurer, Albert Hugh Jones; Secretaries, Commander J. J.
Walker, M.A., R.N., F.L.S., and the Rev. George Wheeler,
M,A., F.Z.8.; Librarian, George Charles Champion, A.L.S.,
F.Z.8. ; other members of the Council: Robert Adkin, George
T. Bethune-Baker, F.L:S., F.Z.8., Malcolm Burr, D.Sce., F.L.S.,
F.Z.8., Horace St. J. K. Donisthorpe, F.Z.8., John Hartley
Durrant, Stanley Edwards, F.L.S., F.Z.S., A. E. Gibbs, F.L.S.,
F.R.H.S., W. E. Sharp, Alfred Sich, J. R. le B, Tomlin,
M.A., Henry Jerome Turner, Colbran J. Wainwright.

The Rev. F. D. Moricr, the President, then delivered an
Address, at the close of which Dr. F. A. Dixry proposed and
Prof. W. Barrson seconded a vote authorizing the publication

( sexy)

of the Address, and thanking the President for the same and
for the series of seven plates which he had presented to illus-
trate it, and also for his services during the past session. This
was carried unanimously, and the President replied with a
few words of thanks.

A vote of thanks to the Officers for their services during
the past year was then proposed by Mr. C. O. WaTERHOUSE,
in reply to which Mr. A. H. Jonus and the Rev. G. WHEELER,
the only two Officers then present, returned thanks.

-

( cxv )

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

Balance Sheet for the Year 1911,

RECEIPTS. |
Cee
Balance in hand, Ist Jan.,

1911, and at Bankers .... 30 11 10 |
Subscriptions for 1911 464 2 0
Arrears... ite oo ed
Admission Fees. 42 0 0
Donations .. 84 911
Sales of Transactions 106 9 6
Interest on Investments :—

Consols... 2 eed. 1455
Westwood Bequest :—

Birmingham 3

per cents. 615 4
——31 9 9
Subscriptions in Advance 15 15 0
3 Life Compositions Boo (3) tl)
£847 7 O
TRAVEL
Ga th

Received from Mr. Frederic
Merrifield PAL (Oe (0)

ASSETS.
Whe
Subscriptions in arrear

considered good ... ... 70 O O
Cost of £1,104 11s. 3d.

Consols. Present value

at the price of 77% on

30th December, 1911,

£851 18s. Od. : 1,044 3 0
Cost of £239 12s. 4d.

Birmingham 38 per cents.

Present value at the

price of 855 on 30th

December, 1911, £204

nb Res y: Bae Shea ease OO OUnO
Balance in hand ... Be) by lil
Additional Assets :—

Contents of Library, and

unsold Stock.
£1,396 8 11

Less total depreciation of £237 7s.

A. Hucu Jones, Treasurer.

3rd January, 1912.

PAYMENTS.
Sy wid.
Printing pak Hee etc. 335 7 O
Plates, ete. aaA 209 910

Rent and Office "Ex.
penses ... LOS aoe
Books and Binding ... 44 1 2

Investment in Consols as
per contra 47 5 0

Subscriptions in Advance,

per contra carried to
1912 ee 15,15 0

Balance in hand and at
Bankers Pe Be
£847 7 O

GRANT.

Said:

Paid to Mr Bs Cl 8:
Warten tc. -<y esheets Zi 10.10)

LIABILITIES.

Cost of printing, etc., Parts 3,4 and 5.

Audited, compared with vouchers and
found correct—

R. W. Luioyp.
ALFRED SICH.
Hamitron H. Druce.
Hy. J. TURNER.

7d. in the value of the Securities.

€ \exyu )

THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

LADIES AND GENTLEMEN,

I Finp it difficult either to speak, or not to speak, of
the unprecedented and most inauspicious circumstances under
which we entered upon the Session now expiring—circum-
stances which were fraught with deep personal sorrow for
many ; with awe, astonishment, perplexity, and disappoint-
ment of anticipations for all—circumstances, which caused
this Session to commence, as no Session has ever before
commenced, with an Interregnum, and but for which, at this
very moment, not I but another would be occupying this
Chair and delivering this Address.

These things cannot be forgotten, but it seems useless and
only painful to dwell upon them. I turn, therefore, to con-
sider facts as they now stand. What may we infer, from
such evidence as is before us, as to the position and prospects
of the Society now and in the immediate future ?

You have heard the Report of the Council, and it cannot
be necessary for me to say over again what is said there
already. You will not have failed to notice the encouraging
symptom of yet another rise in the total number of our
Fellows. Most of you are far better judges than I of
financial matters, and the Treasurer’s accounts are before you
to speak for themselves. I shall only refer to an item which
is surely hopeful—a considerable increase in the profits from
sale of Transactions.

These Transactions to my mind are—not necessarily the
most valuable part of the work which such a Society as ours
does or can do; but at least they are a very valuable part of
it, and certainly they are that part which is most influential
in placing the Society and its work on a pedestal of eminence
in the eyes of the general scientific public. By them, more

al
( exvall 7)

than by anything else, our credit sinks or rises in those
circles to whose judgment we cannot be indifferent. Even
a straw may show which way the wind blows; and as it is
probable that no copy of our Transactions is ever sold except
to some one moving in the circles to which I have just
alluded, I cannot but infer from a substantial rise in their
sales at least a certain rise in their reputation among those
for whose approval we most care.

I dislike boasting, but I think it is generally allowed that
our Transactions, taken one year with another, are not sur-
passed in the quality of the Papers contained in them, nor the
beauty and scientific value of the Plates, nor the care and
skill with which their Editor performs his thankless, inces-
sant, and most laborious task, by those of any Entomological
Society in the world. And as long as such a standard can
be maintained, without bringing the Society to actual bank-
ruptcy, I am not inclined to “despair of the Republic.”
Scientific societies, I believe, generally manage to exist, as
long as they are doing really first-rate work, and are known
to do so by those who can judge of it.

The full utility, however, of a Society like ours probably
cannot be ascertained either from outside opinion however
competent, or from any definite and tangible facts which can
be expressed in figures or inferred from statistics. Thus I
believe—but from the nature of the case can produce no proofs
of it—that year by year, partly at least through the influence
of this Society, individual Fellows (unknown to me personally)
are being stimulated to do good work (which I am not quali-
fied to put a value upon, even if I knew of it): that (equally
without these things coming to my notice) workers on parallel
lines of research are being drawn by it into helpful association
and intercourse with one another, and made acquainted with
older and more experienced workers in the same line, thus
gaining help, information, advice, etc.,, for which—but for
attending our Ordinary Meetings—they would not have known
where to apply, ete., etc. To what extent this is happening
in one session as compared with another is very hard—in fact,
I should say, quite impossible—to ascertain, and cannot be
inferred from the most suggestive of reports.

tenis +)

However, of the general vitality of the Society in one
session as compared with another—whether it is alive and
vigorous and likely for a while to continue so—we can
probably judge in a rough way from such tests as the average
attendance at our Ordinary Meetings, the number of exhibits,
the amount of interest that appears to be excited by them
and the discussions arising out of them. Here, again, are
matters which can only be partially indicated by reports and
statistics, but then it is always possible to get further indi-
cations by the simple process of attending oneself at the meet-
ings and taking note of what goes on. I myself, for instance,
have been a pretty regular attendant at our meetings during
a good many years ; and without making comparisons, which
are always odious, I should not hesitate to say that the meet-
ings of the closing session have been particularly well attended,
and that as to frequency of exhibits, and the supply generally
of interesting objects and observations—I have only at times
regretted that they were too many to receive proper attention
within the limits of the time at our disposal.

On the whole, putting together what we have heard from
the Council, and my own experiences of our meetings, and
my opinion (so far as I am competent to form one) of the
quality of last year’s Transactions so far as they have been
yet published, I think—and I hope you will think so too—
that the Barometer of the Society’s fortunes points at the
present time to “Settled. Fair.”

Eventful as the year 1911 has been from many points of
view, | am not aware that it has been especially eventful in
matters directly interesting to us as entomologists, or as
Fellows of this Society. Once, indeed, in its course, as we
all know, a black cloud gathered on the horizon; and not
only every entomologist, but every one interested in Natural
History in any sense throughout this country, heard with real
terror that our Government had consented to an outrageous
proposal to deprive the Natural History Museum at South
Kensington of land long ago definitely allocated to it, and
absolutely necessary—I do not say for any adequate future
extension of its buildings, but even for such extension as is
demanded by its immediate and imperative needs. Happily,

_

( \exx )

saner counsels prevailed. We shall not be so foolish, nor
so ungrateful to societies more influential than our own, and to
individuals outside our own body, who organised the campaign
which saved the cause, as to pretend that it was our own arm
which brought us the victory ; but at least we may feel glad
that, both as a society and as individuals, we ranged ourselves
under the leaders to whom that victory was due, and followed
wherever they led us, till the fight was won. And I am very
sure that nowhere—not in the Museum itself, not in the hearts
of its most potent champions—was there more anxiety over its
danger, and rejoicing over its escape, than in the Entomological
Society of London.

It seems a sort of ‘‘ bathos” to turn from a matter of such
grave concern to congratulate the Society on the successful
Conversazione held by it last May. But it is only proper that
we should remember and acknowledge the great kindness of
the Linnean Society in placing their splendid Rooms at our
disposal, And those who know, as I do, how magnificently my
friend Mr. Wheeler toiled and slaved to make it a success, or
who listened to the Lectures and examined the Exhibits, will
feel that as a Society we owe great thanks to not a few of our
individual Fellows for their public-spirited exertions. Person-
ally, as I had to stand shaking hands at the top of the staircase
most of the evening, my enjoyment was, perhaps, rather mono-
tonous. But I know that the Conversazione was thoroughly
enjoyed by many who were present at it; and I may say that
I know also of more cases than one in which those who were
then the Society’s guests have since become its Fellows.

T ought not to leave unmentioned a coming event in which
at least as individuals it may be presumed that we all feel
interested, and in which at the proper time I hope that, as a
Society, we may be allowed to express our interest. I allude,
of course, to the International Congress of Entomologists which
will assemble next autumn at Oxford, under the presidency of
Professor Poulton. I believe it will be felt not a duty only,
but a pleasure, by every British entomologist, to do anything
that may lie in his power to contribute to the success of that
very important gathering. And for any information that any
one here may wish to receive on the subject, I venture to refer

¢ ;eou )

him to Dr. Malcolm Burr, who will, I am certain, be both able
and willing to furnish it.

The list of losses sustained in the Session now closing by
deaths among our Fellows is not a long one. But such losses,
to be truly estimated, must be weighed, not counted. And so
estimated they are serious indeed.

OBITUARY.
Honorary Fellows.

Prerer Cornetius Topras SNELLEN, of Rotterdam, was our
senior honorary Fellow, elected so long ago as 1885. He
died (wt. 77) on March 29th of last year. He is principally
known by a magnificent work on “The Lepidoptera of the
Netherlands,” the first volume of which (published in 1867)
dealt with the “ Macros,” the second, appearing twenty years
afterwards (when he was already on our roll of Hon, Fellows),
with the “Micros.” Recently he assisted in producing an
important work on “The Rhopalocera of Java.”

SamueL Husparp Scupper, formerly of Boston and after-
wards of Cambridge, U.S.A., was elected Hon. Fellow in 1895,
and died (zt. 74) on May 7th, 1911. He was an Entomologist
of world-wide celebrity, and author of innumerable works deal-
ing for the most part with American Lepidoptera, some of a
popular character, others standard monographs of the highest
scientific importance. The mere list of writings by him which
were in our Society’s library so long ago as 1893 occupies
many pages of the Catalogue published in that year. He
was also a leading authority on the subject of Fossil Insects,
and in connection with his researches on that subject became
further renowned as an Orthopterist and a Neuropterist.
Fuller details of his career and writings may be found in
almost all the leading scientific periodicals.*

Ordinary Fellows.

Oscar C. SILvERLOcK became a Fellow in 1909, and died on
March 22nd, 1911. Iam unable to state his exact age; but

* The vacancies on our roll of Hon. Fellows caused by the deaths
of these two great Naturalists have been filled by the election of Father
ae Wasmann, S.J. (Holland), and Professor John Henry Comstock
(U.S.A.).

(ema ~))

I know that he was a young and remarkably promising ento-
mologist, in whom the late E. Saunders took considerable
interest. In one of his visits to Woking he succeeded in add-
ing a new Bee and a new Fossorial Wasp to the British
List; and as these were found in a locality that had been
frequently searched by Saunders, myself, and many others, he
must have been either a very expert collector or exceptionally
fortunate. He was formerly science-master in a Grammar
School, and at one time competed for a vacant post in the
Natural History Museum. Ultimately, he was employed by
the British South African Company to investigate the “ Tsetse ”
Fly and other noxious insects. His death was sudden and
tragical. He was drowned in the Zambesi River, his boat
having been capsized by a hippopotamus.

The Rev. CHartes THomMAs CruttwEtL (Canon of Peter-
borough and Vicar of Kwelme) became a Fellow in 1902, and
died (xt. 63) on April 4th, 1911.

His career at Oxford University was exceptionally brilliant,
and he maintained his reputation as a Classical and Theological
scholar by the publication of many well-known works on such
subjects. He was also the occupant of distinguished posts in
the scholastic profession, having been successively Headmaster
of Bradfield and Malvern Colleges.

For obvious reasons it was impossible for Mr. Cruttwell to
make much more than a recreation of Entomology. But in
such leisure as he had he was a zealous collector both of Macro-
and Micro-Lepidoptera, and likewise of Coleoptera. He pub-
lished (I believe) on such subjects nothing beyond occasional
records of captures, and I do not remember to have met him
at any of our Ordinary Meetings ; but he was undoubtedly
one who must have attained considerable eminence in Natural
History had it been possible for him seriously to aim at it.

WitirAmM ALFRED Ro.Liason became a Fellow in 1909, and
died at Truro, where he had been Art Master since 1899 in
the Central Technical Schools, on April 23rd, 1911. He was
a man of exceptional gifts and culture in many ways, an
artist, a musician, etc., and also an ardent and laborious
entomologist; and his sudden death, at the age of 48,
came as a great shock to friends and admirers in many places.

(| ox )

He seldom visited London ; and personally I knew him only
by correspondence as to his captures of Hymenoptera in
Cornwall, many of which were of considerable interest, and
of which he published a list in “ Ent. Mo. Mag.,” April 1911,
the month in which he died. He had previously corresponded
with Mr, E. Saunders on the same subject. For many years
he had devoted much time to the British Lepidoptera, and
had executed a series of coloured drawings of their larvae,
with the intention of publishing, ultimately, an illustrated
text-book on the subject. Had he been spared, I feel con-
vinced that he would have made great additions to our
knowledge of the Cornish fauna. He had only studied the
Hymenoptera for a few years at most, but his knowledge
of them was already far from superficial.

ALEXANDER Henry CLArk, who died (xt. 74) on July
25th, 1911, was one of our oldest Fellows, elected so long ago
as 1867. Succeeding his father many years ago as the senior
partner in a leading firm of solicitors in the City, and remain-
ing in that position until his death, he was naturally unable to
indulge his strong natural interest in Entomology to the full;
and of late years increasing age and failing health made it
impossible for him to bea frequent attendant at our meetings,
or at those of the South London Society, to which he also
belonged. But he was to the last, so far as health and leisure
permitted it, an enthusiastic collector of Lepidoptera, and his
name occurs frequently in the works of our leading writers
on that subject—South, Tutt, ete. He contributed frequent
notes on captures and biological observations to the “ Entom.
Record,” and his capture of Orrhodia erythrocephala, F. (then a
great rarity) in 1859 excited considerable interest at the time.
Even his leisure could not be exclusively devoted to Ento-
mology, for he was also seriously interested in many very
different branches of study, e.g. Botany, Ancient History,
and even Assyriology.

Apert Harrison was born in 1860, became a Fellow in
1897, and died suddenly of haemorrhage on the brain on
August 27th, 1911. From 1908 to 1910 he was a Member
of the Council. As London manager for an important sugar-
refinery in Liverpool he was necessarily much occupied with

ca

(. cxxiv) )

its business; but he was, notwithstanding, a serious worker
in entomology, and a most regular attendant, and frequently
an exhibitor, both at our own meetings and at those of the
South London Society, of which in 1899 he was President.
He published little, but what he has published has attracted
considerable attention from competent judges. Most of his
work was connected with the Lepidoptera. He was asso-
ciated with his friend and brother-in-law, Mr. Hugh Main,
in forming a collection of those insects, largely consisting
of bred specimens; and also in breeding-experiments and
observations, mainly directed to the solution of questions
connected with Variation, Inheritance of Characters, Mendel’s
Law, etc. I am glad to see it stated in ‘ Ent. Mo. Mag.,”
November 1911, that the collection and work will be continued
by his fellow-worker. Mr. Harrison was a member of many
scientific societies, the Linnean, Zoological, Microscopical,
Chemical, etc., etc. His interests were by no means con-
fined to entomology; and though, as an entomologist, he
was best known for his work on the Lepidoptera, he was
not unacquainted with, nor uninterested in, other branches
of our science.

Grorce Henry VERRALL, born at Leweson February 7th,
1848, became a Fellow in 1866, served for a short time as Hon.
Secretary and frequently as a member of the Council, and was
President in the Sessions 1899-1900. He died on September
22nd, 1911. Mr. Verrall may almost be called the creator of
British Dipterology, and its present comparative popularity
is undoubtedly due for the most part to his researches and
his personal influence.

Too often, when the chief authority on a special subject
passes away, large stores of accumulated but as yet unpublished
knowledge perish with him. Wemay well rejoice that, in this
case, it is far otherwise ; and that Mr. Verrall has bequeathed
his experience as well as his collections of books and insects to
one who has long shared his labours, and is equipped at all
points to take them up from the point where they were laid
down.

Primo avolso non deficit alter
Aureus et simili frondescit virga metallo.

( ‘exxv }j

Of Mr. Verrall’s great but uncompleted Monograph I am
only qualified to say that it is universally recognised as worthy
of its eminent author.

My personal reminiscences of Mr. Verrall commence from
the time when he was President. I listened, with delight
which I shall never forget, to both of the Addresses which he
delivered in that capacity at the Annual Meetings. Vividly
can I recall the pleasant voice, the polished style, the trans-
parent clearness with which he propounded and justified his
real opinions on a subject, and the merry twinkle in his eye,
as from time to time he startled his hearers with a deliberate
paradox, or made ideas and practices which he disapproved seem
not so much objectionable as harmlessly ridiculous, Strong
common sense, wide reading and experience always present in
the background but obtruded as little as possible, graceful
courtesy to his audience and even to his opponents, and above
all a sort of infectious good-humour which made him simply
irresistible—such are my recollections of him on _ these
ocasions, and, indeed, whenever I have had the pleasure of listen-
ing to him. First and foremost, I must think of him as
naturally a strong and most kindly personality ; secondly, as
one polished and fortified by wide and varied experiences of
men, and things, and the thoughts of others ; and thirdly, as one
of the foremost and most influential specialists of our times.

It was in his capacity as a member of the Entomological
Club, and not asa Fellow of our own Society, that Mr. Verrall
extended year by year to all sorts and conditions of entomolo-
gists those splendid hospitalities which so many of us, have
frequently enjoyed; and I therefore refer to them only to
express my strong personal hope that the institution—for
such it had become—of his Annual Supper may in some way
be perpetuated as a memorial to him. (The perpetuity of
another of his generous and thoughtful plans for the benefit
of his fellow-entomologists is happily assured already by
arrangements of his own making—the preservation of Wicken
Fen.) Also, as only concerning us indirectly (though we are
naturally glad to reckon among our Fellows men of mark
and influence in other spheres), I shall here only allude to Mr.
Verrall’s distinguished and useful career in business, as a

( cxzvi, -)

magistrate, an occupant of many local offices, and a Member of
Parliament. That career may be summed up in a single trite
quotation: ‘‘There was nearly nothing that he did not touch,
and whatever he touched he adorned.”

JuLES BourGeors became a Fellow in 1904. He died within
the present Session, but at what age, and on what exact day,
I am unable to state. He was the chief authority on a
Coleopterous group—the Lycidae ; and I hear that he possessed
an important collection of these insects (containing many
(“types”), which he has bequeathed to the Paris Museum.
He resided, I believe, in Alsace-Lorraine.

Frank Wray Terry, born at Battersea on February 14th,
1877, became a Fellow in 1910, and died at New York on
November 8th, 1911.

The life which has closed so prematurely was full of the
brightest promise ; a life surely worth living, and, in the
strictest sense of the term, an exemplary life.

Commencing in 1892, with his foot, as it were, on the
lowest step of the ladder, as a boy employed in the Insect
Room of the Natural History Museum, he soon became an
expert in the preparation and mounting of objects, and ac-
quired by degrees a good general knowledge of Entomology
and other branches of Natural History. Thus he fitted him-
self to discharge the duties involved in accepting an opportunity
which presently offered itself. In 1902, together with our
late Fellow Mr. Kirkaldy, he was engaged by the Sugar-
Planters’ Association of Hawaii to investigate the life-history
of various insect-pests. His work was performed with ability,
zeal, and success, and to all appearance he seemed destined to
take a foremost rank among economic entomologists, After
eight years thus spent, he revisited England on leave; but he
was impatient, though feeling far from well, to resume his task ;
and it was on his way back to Hawaii that the end came.

Such a career must recall the old saying, not surely a whole
truth, but at least a half truth, “Those whom the gods love
die young.”

Among entomological workers outside our own Society who
have passed away since our last Annual Meeting, I can only

( \cmeviy )

name a few: though doubtless there are others whom, but for
lack of knowledge, I should be bound to mention.

Oscar Scuuuz, the author of important papers on the sub-
ject of Gynandromorphism among the Lepidoptera; Max
WisxorTt, of Breslau, who bequeathed to the University
Museum of that town a famous collection of varieties, gynan-
dromorphic specimens, etc., among the Lepidoptera ; EpouaRD
Prager (aet. 93!), of Neuchatel, author of a great work on
Eetoparasites ; Fenix Piateau, widely known as a foremost
authority on the eye-sight, flight, etc., of Insects ; Dr. Hone-
son, of Redhill, described in the “ Entomologists’ Record ”
last March, on the high authority of Dr. Chapman, as “ one
of our more thoughtful entomologists”; and Mrs. EpiTx
Wot.aston, who shared the travels and studies of her late
husband, the famous Coleopterist, and contributed on her own
account to the literature of the Lepidoptera.

Nor can the list of our losses be meetly closed without
allusion to two great men, whom in common with the whole
scientific world we have had to mourn in the year just past.
Neither, I believe, was professedly an Entomologist, nor
directly connected with our Society (tales cum fuerint, utinam
nostri fuissent /), but each was supremely eminent in his own
department of Biology; and each was an illustrious veteran,
who, like Homer’s Nestor, had achieved greatness in an age
of heroes, and survived to be a leader among their children’s
children—Sir JoserpH Datton Hooker, the prince of modern
Botanists, and to some of us revered yet more, as the bosom-
friend and confidant of Darwin; and Sir Francis GaA.ton,
not a friend only but a relative of Darwin, a chief pioneer in
the scientific study of Heredity (so supremely interesting at
this time to every serious investigator of Nature), and the
recognised founder of ‘‘ Kugenics.”

I come now to the duty, imposed on me by long custom,
but not (I believe) by any positive enactment, of announcing
a “special subject”? and addressing you upon it. That duty
has been described, from this chair, and on an occasion like
the present, as a responsibility which many men might not
unreasonably hesitate to accept, however highly they would

(| exxviii )

appreciate the honour of presiding over the Meetings of this
Society. Per contra another of our ex-Presidents lately told
me that he viewed it, and always had viewed it, not as a
task but as an opportunity. For myself, I know only too
well that I should be taking myself a great deal too seriously,
if I allowed the possible consequences of anything that I may
say to-night either to weigh upon my conscience overmuch,
or to thrill me with exulting anticipations. So without
preface I will announce as my “special subject ”’—

THe TEREBRAE OF THE CHALASTOGASTRA,

or, in plain English, The Saws (so called) of Sawflies.

This is a matter of which it may be assumed that we all
know something; for it would be difficult to name a text-
book or popular work of any kind dealing with Entomology
in general which does not figure the organ just mentioned
and expatiate on its marvellous adaptation to the work in
which it is employed. Summed up roughly, the general
outline of the story comes to this—that there is a Group, or
Genus, or Species (which to call it is usually left to the taste
of the reader), at any rate there is an Insect among the
Hymenoptera called a Sawfly, which lays its eggs in plants,
and that, for this purpose, Nature has armed it with a
marvellous tool, differing (as Réaumur says in an oft-quoted
and highly rhetorical passage) from human saws only in its
greater perfection, and in the material of which it is formed.
This tool is described as, so to speak, the aird ré or absolute
ideal of a saw—the Divine Original, of which the human saw
is an inferior copy—a saw of which every tooth is denticulated,
and thus becomes a saw itself. It is added (after a remark
of Newport’s) that though never ceasing to be “a saw” it is
also ‘“‘a lancet and a file.” With this instrument it saws
“wood,” or “leaves,” or “ stems,” or “‘ branches,” etc. Weare
not, as a rule, told anything as to the exact nature of the
incisions made; whether they are simple holes, or broad
excavations, or grooves, such as our saws make, and such as
might be expected to be made by a “saw of saws.” Now
and then, however, a writer says that the saw “both cuts
and pierces,” or another that “it does not pierce (as a sting

( Sexxix 2)

does), but only cuts.” We may or may not be told that
really it is “not one saw, but a pair of saws,” and that these
play alternately, and help each other, one making a cut
and the other deepening it; and this duplication is, some-
times—perhaps not actually said—but at least hinted, to be
an additional mark of superiority to the human saw. Again
it may or may not be told us that the saw is a “ tenon saw,”
one which has a solid support, or back-piece, to prevent it
from being deflected, and possibly broken, as it travels along.
In the usual descriptions of its form, I think I may say
without exaggeration, that no aspect of it is ever alluded to
except the lateral—that in which practically all entomological
objects are presented in ordinary microscopical preparations.
It seems to be tacitly assumed that, as is really the case
with an ordinary saw, a sufficient notion of its shape for all
practical purposes can be given by disregarding the question
of its thickness and representing it as an object of only two
dimensions. Finally, we learn that the saw, when not in
use, is concealed within ‘a sheath.”

In this 7éswmé, no doubt I have accidentally made
omissions, and probably done less than justice to some of the
authors whose works I have in mind. But I have really tried
to give a faithful picture of the sort of impression which as
a whole they would leave on a reader not caring too much to
inquire into minutiae, but desiring to have a broad general
notion of the facts. Such a broad general notion of pheno-
mena outside the sphere of his own particular studies, is all
that even a professed entomologist can fairly expect, or be
expected, to possess, And as long as the main facts com-
municated to him are true and the inevitable omissions and
ignoring of exceptions and difficulties and apparent incon-
sistencies in the story are not sufficient to put a really false
colour on the substantial import of the phenomena described,
he has perhaps no reason to find fault with the description.

But I think that, as I proceed, I shall be able to convince
you that the narrative which I have tried to summarise, and
which, to the best of my belief, generally passes current as
substantially correct, contains along with a great deal of fact
much also which is fantastic in its exaggeration, omissions

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1911. I

a

( ex, )

which really make misconceptions inevitable, and suggestions
of falsehood, even where nothing actually false is stated. The
result is a distorted picture, where even the realities are seen
in false perspective, and which, though ultimately derived
from certain extremely veracious and careful reports of eye-
witnesses, is inconsistent with itself and with the truth.

Assuming that I am correct in this, I think it is not
difficult to see how and why the story has become distorted—
and the same cause, exactly, seems to me to explain its
popularity.

The average intelligent human mind is, of course, not like
a sheet of white paper, ready to receive any marks made upon
it, and to retain them equally. It is more like a photographic
film, sensitive to certain rays and practically blind to others,
and a ray, to take full effect upon it, must have a certain
minimum of strength and fall on it in certain directions. ‘To
drop metaphor, the public which reads and reflects on any
account of a natural phenomenon reported to it by an author
whom it believes to be reliable, and in such a form as does
not tax its reasoning powers too severely, but which is neither
competent nor inclined to undertake an independent investi-
gation of the facts—this public, I say, is strongly impressed
by certain of such accounts, and hardly at all by others,
chiefly if not entirely in proportion as they do or do not
appeal to certain of its own pre-existing ‘‘ Obsessions.” The
average human mind has Tastes of its own, just as the body
has, some of which are especially insistent in particular ages,
but some of them at least seem to be universal, immemorial,
and ineradicable. It has a taste, for instance, and always has
had, for anything which is frankly Paradowical, such as a Fire-
breathing Dragon or a Flesh-eating Plant, or an animal which
can turn itself inside out, or be frozen hard without being
seriously the worse for it. It has a taste for anything which,
if I may say so, seems to run into extvemes whether in the
direction of the Infinite or the Infinitesimal—Giants and
Dwarfs, Aphides producing. offspring by the quadrillion per
annum ; carcases consumed (as Linné says) more speedily
by a Blowfly than by a Lion: exquisitely elaborate structures
only just visible at the highest powers of our most powerful

(" Gxxxi, )

microscopes, etc. Then there is the TZeleological taste which
—to parody Wordsworth’s phrase—-makes the “heart leap up
when it beholds”’ anything in Nature which has the appearance
of Design. We are all, I believe, teleologists of some school
or other at heart, and inclined, I will not say to exaggerate,
but at any rate to lay full stress on any phenomenon—how-
ever we account for it—in which it seems evident that a
structure is advantageous to its possessor and suitable for
the uses that are actually made of it. Lastly, I notice a taste
which may be called the Anthropomorphic obsession—the
readiness ingrained in human intelligence to see its own
productions imitated or anticipated by Nature—that which
makes us pleased and even eager to be told of lower animals
practising human occupations, and employing tools or other
appliances like our own—Fishes which are Anglers or Elec-
tricians ; Communism, Parasitism, and Commensalism among all
sorts of lowly animals ; Insects accepting or refusing Sovereigns
to reign over them, and paying court to them when accepted ;
masons, carpenters, and upholsterers among the Bees; Ants
which maintain soldiers, kidnap slaves, build towns, store
provisions, grow vegetables, keep cows and milk them ; Insects
armed with rapiers, broadswords, poison-flasks and explosives ;
digging pit-falls; weaving nets; carrying umbrellas, lamps,
scent-bottles, fiddles and fiddlesticks, spurs, combs and brushes,
instruments like those of human surgeons, or tools like those
of human workmen. Sometimes, no doubt, such stories rather
amuse than seriously interest us. But even amusement is a
kind of interest, and the things which are able to amuse a
man are no bad indication of his normal mental tastes.

Now what, meaning no offence, I shall for the moment call
the popular legend of The Sawfly and its Saws, seems to
me to appeal to every one of those obsessions or tastes of the
normal human intelligence to which I have alluded.

The phenomenon described in that legend, when first related
to any one, must certainly appear surprising. Nor is it one
which is seen so often as to have become familiar to us and
no longer paradoxical, The almost inconceivable delicacy.
minuteness, and elaboration of the saws is another point which

is constantly pressed upon our notice. And the general con-
r2

al

(( texsexi |)

ception of an insect which saws wood as we do, but with an
implement which is not only adapted but “ideal” for that
purpose, and which, but for its perfections and minuteness,
would be identical with the saws of human carpenters—
surely this is the ne plus ultra of Teleology and Anthropo-
morphism combined.

So much for the causes of its popularity, but how have thay
affected its truth? Mainly, it seems to me, as follows.

To all intents and purposes the whole of the literature from
which English readers, except a few specialists, derive their
ideas upon the subject has arisen out of a single set of observa-
tions—those of Réaumur on a species previously undescribed,
but identical, in my opinion, beyond a doubt with what is
now known all over Europe as Arge (or Hylotoma) rosae of
De Geer.

These observations were made with extreme care and com-
pleteness in every respect, and reported in the minutest detail.
Réaumur watched repeatedly the living insect in the act of
excavating fresh shoots of the rose, and subsequently laying
an egg in the excavation. He tells us exactly what he saw
from first to last, how much with the naked eye, and how
much with lenses, how the insect stood and generally com-
ported itself, how and when precisely the “saw” became
visible, how it entered the stem, and how much he could see,
or was at times unable to see, of the movements made by it.
Besides this, he gives a number of figures (which I reproduce
in the plates appended to this Address) showing both sexes of
the insect, the excavations, the eggs, and the instrument used
in the operation—this instrument as a whole, and also its
separate component parts and attachments to the body, being
shown in several different aspects, and at various magnifica-
tions. In every single positive statement made by him as to
the facts which he observed he is, I feel certain, absolutely to
be trusted. Only it must not be forgotten that he only pro-
fesses to record the operations of a single species, and that he
distinctly affirms his belief that not all Sawflies work in exactly
the same manner.

It is only when Réaumur sums up the general impressions
made upon him by his observations, that an unprejudiced

( exon )

reader may begin to find him unconvincing. Admirably
honest though he was as a witness, he was also a rhetorician,
and an advocate of particular views. One cannot but feel
that he sometimes exaggerates (or at least over-emphasises)
certain phenomena, and (though never actually suppressing
them) lays small weight upon others, because all through his
narrative he was obsessed by a desire to find the analogy
between the insect’s saw and the human saw as complete as
possible. Even where he recognises and admits real differences,
he seems anxious to believe them to be non-essential. He
might have shown, I think, from his own facts and figures,
that to think of the implement as merely one kind of saw
(however idealised gua saw) gives an inadequate and really
unworthy conception of its actual powers, and adaptation to
several quite different functions. But to show this, or to see
it himself, seems simply not to have occurred to him. Other-
wise, even if it had seemed to him to spoil his story, I believe
he would have shown it! Besides this anthropomorphic bias,
Réaumur was also a convinced and enthusiastic upholder of
Teleology in the old sense of the word. Ido not know what
were his precise theological views, but his attitude to ‘‘ Nature
and Nature’s God ” was exactly that of the eighteenth-century
Deists.

Such, if I can judge it fairly, was the actual story which
Réaumur introduced to the scientific world ; perfectly correct
as to the facts, and told with great clearness and unusual full-
ness of detail—for pure literary excellence scarcely ever
paralleled, unless in our own times by the writings of Fabre—
but soaring into highest eloquence, exactly when the narrator
ceases to narrate, and begins to moralise and generalise.
When, however, that story passed from the original author
into the hands of translaters and compilers of text-books, who
were themselves obsessed by the same ruling ideas as
Réaumur, but were comparatively uninterested in the details
qualifications, and explanations which he had so carefully in-
troduced into his own story—not unnaturally they fastened
on everything in it which was most striking and satisfactory
to their own mental tastes (the rhetoric, the hyperboles, the
strained analogies and so forth), while they omitted, as though

_

( exxmiv. )

irrelevant and tedious, whatever did not seem to bear upon
the main thesis, namely, that the God of Nature has furnished a
certain insect with the essential archetype of an unimprovable
Tenon Saw.

I feel sure that if any one whose ideas of a Sawfly and its
operations are derived from any modern text-book will take
the trouble to see what Réaumur really had to say on the
subject, he will be simply amazed to find how much more
intelligible and convincing the story is in its original shape,
and will feel as I do, what a pity it is that Réaumur’s
work, which was once in the hands of every entomologist in
Europe, should have become what is called a Classic—that is
to say, a book which every one has heard of and no one
reads !

I will now indicate briefly a few reasons which convince me
that the Sawfly’s implement, as a whole, cannot properly be
called a saw, ideal or otherwise. By saying as a whole, I
mean to save myself from denying that certain small parts of
it may act in a sense as saws. Consider what we mean by
sawing as opposed to other methods of dividing solid sub-
stances. <A toothed edge (the teeth nearly always “set ”’—i. e.
deflected alternately to right and left) is applied more or less
horizontally to some such material as a piece of wood, and
this the ‘‘ teeth” scratch, tearing away and pushing before
them small fragments (sawdust), and gradually forming a
groove of increasing depth, but constant width (this being
determined by that of the “ set”), into which a considerable
portion of the blade slowly and evenly descends. Such a
descent would obviously be impossible if the thickness of the
saw, at any part of it which was to enter the groove, should
exceed the width of that groove, or (which comes to the same
thing) the space included between the tips of the teeth. If the
teeth were not deflected at all, the blade would have to be
thinner still—practically an object of only two dimensions,
length and breadth. Next, the blade being already partly
embedded, the teeth have to go on scratching, and in whatever
direction they move the blade must, of course, move too. If it
cannot do so, the saw is said to “jam,” and the work cannot
proceed. Accordingly, not only must the blade be limited as

( "éxxxv =)

to its thickness, but its surfaces must practically be simple
planes. A piece of corrugated iron could not act as a saw,
however one of its edges might be denticulated. A sort of
“sawing ” may, no doubt, be done with a file or a rasp, but it
can hardly be considered as ideal carpentry.

Now, if we look at almost any Sawfly’s implement in any
aspect but the lateral, we shall notice that it is utterly unlike
any conceivable blade of a true saw. It is generally of very
unequal thickness, and particularly thick in parts of it which,
we know as a fact, do enter into the incisions made by it.
Sometimes it is not blade-like at all, but more resembles a
spear-head, or some horrible barbed instrument of torture or
savage warfare—admirably adapted to mangle substances but
certainly not to ‘‘saw” them. Some even of those which at
first sight are comparatively possible saws (about as much so
as a rasp) prove on closer examination to have their sides
corrugated and armed with erect processes, to an extent which
would make it impossible for them to pass evenly through any
substance less soft than butter. Again, even in the lateral
view of some so-called saws (Cladius, Lophyrus, ete.), it is
seen at once that the serrations do not form a continuous
line of ‘‘teeth” along the lower margin, but run in parallel
rows across the blade (transversely). The notion of a saw
embellished by additions which add to its powers those of
certain other tools, is at first attractive and seems conceivable.
But when any one has really thought out the necessary action
of an instrument shaped like many of these so-called saws on
such materials as they are known to be employed upon, and
has seen the movements made by them when actually so
employed by the living insects, he will inevitably come to the
conclusion that though the process does include a kind of
“sawing,” or perhaps rather ‘‘carving,” this is neither its
sole nor even its chief ingredient. The real essence of the
operation is first to pierce, then to mangle and lacerate, and
also to carve (but hardly to saw in the strictest sense) wntil
a pin-prick has become enlarged into a pocket. There is no
“saw-dust,” no ‘ groove” formed by clearing away and abolish-
ing some part of the material operated on. Even the tooth-
like undulations of the inferior margin, which have obtained

all

( “cusagi- »)

for the implement its popular name, probably never really act
as saw-teeth, and are sometimes only tooth-like in the lateral
view (foreshortened !). There is splitting, rasping, and general
lacerating of tissues by the passage through them of the
entire instrument; and (generally not wpon the so-called
teeth but rather between them) there are certain extremely
minute denticulations (without, however, any “ set”) which
no doubt do the finer parts of the work—that which I called
just now the carving. But a “real” saw—tenon saw or
otherwise—and much more an “ideal” saw—the Sawfly’s
“saw” is not!

Réaumur’s once-famous “ Mémoire ” on this subject appeared
in 1740, and to it, as has been said already, may be traced
practically everything that has been written in this country, as
to the manner of employment of the so-called Saws. But he was
not the first who witnessed and thoroughly investigated the
phenomenon. An Italian physician had put on record some
years before a set of observations upon it, in some ways
hardly inferior to Réaumur’s own. The real discoverer of the
Sawfly and its Saw I believe to have been Vallisnieri, who
published at Padua in 1726 a paper which appears to me in
many ways a most remarkable production. Réaumur acknow-
ledges in the most candid and generous fashion his obligations
to Vallisnieri ; and any one who compares the observations (and
still more the plates which illustrate them) of the two authors,
will see that these obligations must have been very real. I
am glad to have an opportunity for mentioning with respect
a most original and thoughtful naturalist, whose services to
science in general and to Entomology in particular seem to
be almost universally and very undeservedly forgotten.
In fact, except as the eponym of a genus in Botany, few of
us, I suppose, have ever heard of him at all. His works are
now hardly to be procured; though (thanks to Mr. Janson
and Dr. Gestro) I have at last obtained a copy of his treatise
on our present subject, and am able to reproduce herewith its
curious and interesting illustrations on a smaller scale. There
is a copy also in the British Museum Library at Bloomsbury
(but not at South Kensington), and another—a reprint with-
out the illustrations—in the Linnean Society’s Library.

( jexzxyu }

Others, no doubt, exist in libraries; but the above are all
that I have come across. My knowledge of Italian is very
limited, but with the help of a dictionary I have managed
to work through the whole of his observations on what he
calls the Mosca de’ Rosai, and to get a general idea of other
treatises contained in the same volume, and more or less
connected with it (though they cover a great variety of subjects,
and are not entirely confined to Entomology). I gather an
impression that the work was published with two main objects ;
partly to confute views current in his day but now universally
abandoned on the subject of Spontaneous Generation ; and
partly to suggest a scheme of his own for a fresh classification
of insects based entirely upon the differences of their life-
histories. This notion, I must think, has proved to be some-
what of an ignis fatwus ; for we all know now that similarities,
whether of structure or habits, may be merely analogical and
indicative of no real affinity; and yet I do not think that
such a notion would have occurred at all at the beginning of
the eighteenth century to a man who was not somewhat in
advance of his contemporaries, and certainly @ priori it is not
without considerable plausibility. However, returning to my
present subject—the story of the Sawfly—I am bound to say
that Vallisnieri’s treatment of it gives me a high idea of him,
as a careful and thoughtful observer, an admirable describer,
and a learned all-round naturalist and man of letters. Almost
at the beginning of his account he makes a remark, which
later writers (as far as I know) have not repeated, and which
seems to me to be one of the most sensible and suggestive
things that have yet been said on the subject—namely, that the
process is analogous to that of ploughing ; it is furrowing of a
suitable soil for the reception of seeds to be presently sown in
it. This, to my mind, is both a truer and a more far-reaching
simile than the more obvious one of the saw: it takes into
account the ultimate objects of the whole operation ; it gives a
truer notion of that which is most essential in the form and
working of the organ—namely, that, whatever else it be, it is
most certainly and obviously a wedge, and must inevitably act
as such on every substance which it penetrates : 7. ¢. it proceeds
mainly by pushing and, as it were, “ shouldering ” asunder the

na

(exxviti

material through which it passes, dividing it more by splitting
than by scratching, though it may at the same time, and, no
doubt, does, lacerate them in more ways than one. Thus it is
with that primitive type of plough, so well described by Virgil,
and still, as I am assured, surviving in Italy, certainly till
quite recently, and very likely to the present day. So it is
with many other weapons and tools both artificial and natural,
spear- and arrow-heads, pointed stakes, and conical bullets ;
nails, screws, and drills ; tusks, horns, claws; and even the
radicles of germinating plants. All these are essentially
“ wedges,” and act accordingly. And it is to this class of tools
—and not to that of tools which proceed, like a saw, by
scratching particles loose and removing them in the form of
sawdust—that I should refer the Sawfly’s implement, in
consideration both of its form, when viewed all round, and
not (as it too often is) in one aspect only—literally a ‘‘ one-
sided view” !—and also of its actual progress through the
material operated on, as I have repeatedly watched it in the
operations of the living insect.

I fear I am growing tedious, but I want to make clear one
chief object of my Address. For the conception of the ideal
saw, I want to substitute the conception of an elaborate and
complex organ of quite another type—rather an ideal wedge,
whose essential powers are supplemented by others, 7. e. it can
rasp, scour, and otherwise lacerate, according to peculiarities
of armature in particular cases ; but, on the whole, it cleaves
its way, as a ship’s prow through the water, or a ploughshare
through the soil. If I can make this point clear, I shall be
able to say much of what remains to be said more briefly, and
with less of tiresome detail.

I shall now enumerate the separate pieces of which the
complex organ, called as a whole the terebra, invariably con-
sists. Of these there are ten in all, or it would perhaps be
better to say jive pairs ; each piece being duplicated—simply,
I believe, because of the general principle of bilateral sym-
metry which we find in every insect-structure, and not because
of any advantage which such duplication gives to the organ
for performing its special functions. The same number of
pieces, similarly duplicated, occur in the corresponding organs

(CASGxexTx > ))

of the Aculeate Hymenoptera, where the function is quite
different ; and also (as Lacaze-Duthiers has shown) in many
insects belonging to other orders. Of these five pairs, three
are completely chitinised, and these are visible at all times, as
parts of the insect’s exoskeleton: they never actually enter
themselves into the substances which are excavated, but serve
only (1) to protect the two other pairs (which do enter the
incisions) when they are not thus occupied, and (2) to com-
municate to them certain of the movements which they have
to make.

Two of these chitinised pairs of pieces make up what is
commonly called the “‘saw-sheath.” It is not, however, a
sheath like that of a sword, enclosing the implement all round ;
but only in the sense in which the handle of a clasp-knife
might be called a “sheath” for its blade. The terebra,
however, is in two respects at least unlike a clasp-knife ; inas-
much as (1) when the blades become sheathed their cutting
edges face outwards and not inwards, and (2) while sheathed
it is concealed entirely. ‘The third pair of chitinised pieces
appear to act as levers, producing movements (of advance and
retreat alternately) in the cutting instrument itself. They are
called, after Kriapelin, “the triangular plates.”

As for the tool itself, it consists of two pairs of pieces—not
completely chitinised, but partly corneous, and partly frail
and membranous. As a whole, it is commonly called the
ovipositor, and the ovipositor it is: but, regarded as to its
penetrating functions, and its characters indicative of such
functions, I shall venture to call it the Scalpellum—anglicé
“penknife,” or (as surgeons term that type of blade) a
‘ scalpel.” ;

The upper (or posterior) pair, often called the “ supports,”
are partially bound together above (by membrane at least), or
even practically soldered together ; and are also articulated to
the base of the ‘“saw-sheath,” and fied (by a wire-like pro-
longation of their inferior thickened margins) to the body of the
insect ; so that neither of them can advance, or retire, without
being accompanied by the other, nor can they ever move away
from the saw-sheath altogether, but only be rotated on its base,
as on a pivot. Viewed from beneath, they appear as a

(hex) y)

cylindrico-conical trench or half-tube, which narrows gradually
towards its apex; their sides are ribbed or corrugated, and
are sometimes armed with spine-like projections, pencils of
strong bristles, etc., ete. (See Plate Il, Fig. 10.)

The “ saws,” as they are commonly called, viz. the lower (or
anterior) pair of the two pairs which together make up the
scalpellum, are not actually connate, either with each other, or
with the supports ; but, like the latter, they are ‘‘ wired” to
the insect’s abdomen, and also are connate with (indeed they
seem actually to grow out of) a portion of its ventral surface
—this portion not being chitinised any more than are the
‘‘saws” themselves. They are completely separable from the
“supports” by dissection, but, I believe, never are so separ-
ated in the living insect. Whether ‘‘ sheathed ” or in action,
their wire-like and shallowly sulcated upper margins cling to
the under margins of the supports, along which they can slide
backwards and forwards, on the principle of “flange and rail,”
but from which they never actually part company. Unless, per-
haps, at their inferior margins, it is impossible for them to be
in actual contact with each other ; and I believe that, in fact,
each makes cuts or scratches entirely by itself, independently
of the other. These inferior margins are nearly always visibly
serrate, or serrately undulate, in a particular point of view,
viz. the lateral; but, as I have already said, the real cutting
effected by them is probably due to other almost incredibly
minute (and really saw-like) denticulations. Often the sides
of the “ saws ” are armed with rasp-like processes, and usually
obliquely corrugated—these corrugations more or less cor-
responding with those of the ‘“‘supports”’; and it is the apices
of these corrugations that form the projections commonly
spoken of as ‘the teeth.”

I must pass entirely over the special and often very para-
doxical forms assumed by some of the above ten pieces in the
terebrae of particular genera and species. The phenomena are
extremely interesting, but it is simply impossible to discuss
them adequately now ; and any one interested in the matter
can easily examine them for himself. I will merely refer to
various examples of them which are to be found in the Plates
accompanying this paper.

(“exis )

We all know that the saws of human workmen differ much
both as to shape and size in general, and as to particular
details (as the size and form of the individual teeth, the spaces
between them, their wider or narrower “ set,” etc.). Carpenters
and cabinet-makers have their rip-saws, dovetail-saws, keyhole-
saws, etc. Special types of the same tool are employed by
workers in metal. More than twenty “named varieties” of
saw are listed by the dealers in surgical instruments—e. g. the
spoon-saw (a type in which I seem to recognise certain peculi-
arities shared by it with the Sawflies’ organs), the amputation-
saw, ete. Every such variation in form indicates some difference
in the circumstances of its use, ¢.g. as to the precise nature
and situation of the incision to be formed or the character of
the material operated on—seasoned timber, sappy living wood,
gold, copper, ivory, bone, ete. And an expert would recognise
at once in any such case the function especially associated with
the peculiarities of a particular type of instrument, and could
infer the former from the latter or vice versa.

One would expect to find similar correspondences between
form and function in comparing the many varied types of
natural “saws.” The substances on which they operate differ
physiologically in their essential structure, comprising, e.g.
acrogenous, exogenous and endogenous organisms. Some, again,
are comparatively dry and hard, others very moist and ad-
hesive. The incisions produced vary in shape and situation ;
and the precise actions required to produce them must vary
also. Notwithstanding, I have so far quite failed to establish
any such undoubted correlation between the special characters
of particular “ saws,” or types of “ saw,” and the differentiae of
the operations performed by them. I cannot but think that
some interesting results would be obtained from an investiga-
tion of this matter, embracing a thorough study of the
structures and operations of all the known species, But such
an investigation could be made only by an entomologist who
was also an expert in botany, in physiology, and in theoretic
and practical mechanics.

Nor can I believe that, even so, it could be made possible to
infer in every case the functions from the structure. It does
not seem to be at all a universal law, that an organ is more or

_
( exli »)

less highly developed and elaborated in accordance with any
obvious peculiarity in its actual work. And it is certain—a
fact which for many reasons I find exceedingly puzzling—that
some ovipositors, apparently highly adapted for employment
as excavating tools, are in reality never so used at all; but are
possessed by insects which either make no visible perforation
whatever, or at most just prick or scratch slightly the surfaces
on which they oviposit, and leave the eggs not embedded in
their resting-place, but merely adhering to it.

I come now to another matter which very much interests
me, but with which I can now deal only in a most cursory and
inadequate way, viz. the actual relation of those ten “ pieces ”
to the original abdominal-segments, out of which we must
suppose them to have been developed by adaptation to their
present functions. Briefly, I regard the abdomen of a Sawfly
as consisting theoretically of ten segments, each having two
distinct components, one ventral, the other partly dorsal and
partly lateral (but with no visible differentiation of the sides
and the back—the lateral regions, however, being indicated in
all the segments except the 10th, by bearing each a spiracle).
Of these segments, or (as Packard calls them) “ uromeres,” the
Ist or basal one (=the “ propodeum ” or “ median segment ”’) is
practically incorporated during pupation into the complex struc-
ture called the thorax, and is often ignored in enumerations of
the abdominal segments. The 10th and 9th are to a certain
extent fused into one, which bears one pair only of spiracles,
but, at its extreme apex, a pair of lateral palpiform appendages,
called the cerct. This fusion occurs, I believe, not during
pupation but in the embryonic stage. So at least I understand
the statements which I find in books which I have consulted
on this matter. Uromeres 2 to 7 can be recognised without
difficulty as complete rings or annuli (each with its two plates
and its pair of spiracles) in the imago of every 2 Sawfly. The
dorsal, or dorso-lateral, plate of uromere 8 is also normal ; and
the dorsal plate following this and forming the apex of the
entire dorsum is also normal in its general appearance, except
as to bearing cerci—though, as aforesaid, I take it to be
really compounded of two uromeres, the 9th and the 10th,
The ventral plates of uromeres 10, 9, and 8 are represented, I

C sexi, »)

believe, by the entire terebra, inclusively of its chitinised and
corneous pieces and the membranous connections uniting
them.

Of the chitinised paired “ pieces,” I refer the pair forming
the apex of the ‘“‘saw-sheath” to the 10th uromere, those
which form its base to the 9th, and the pair which act as
levers (=the “triangular plates” of Kripelin) to the 8th.
I draw this inference from their actual positions and attach-
ments to one another, which I cannot account for to my
own satisfaction on any other view: but I cannot pretend to
have traced their ontogenetic development, which alone could
settle the matter finally. Of the non-chitinised pairs, I refer
the so-called ‘‘supports” to uromere 9, and the so-called
‘‘saws” to uromere 8. But here, again, I have only studied
the phenomena in the imago.

I shall now make a few remarks on the movements which
are mechanically possible to an organ constructed and situate
as is the scalpellum, and which I have actually witnessed
as made by or occurring in it. 1.—As a whole, it can be
pushed by pressure from behind into any substance suffici-
ently yielding, completely up to its hilt, i.e. up to its junction
with the sheath ; but no farther, because the sheath never
itself enters the incision. In this movement its part is
entirely passive, as when a nail is driven home by taps or
pressure on its head. 2.—Also as a whole (‘‘supports” and
“saws” together, it can be rotated by muscles contained in
the saw-sheath, the base of which serves it for a pivot. In
this case, if the base of the saw-sheath remain stationary, the
point of the scalpellum describes an are of a circle, but, if the
pivot move the are described is (roughly speaking) that of
an ellipse. (Bearing the above facts in mind, it becomes
possible to calculate from the length of the scalpellum and
the extent to which its base is known to move, the maximum
depth and breadth of such an incision as can be formed by it.)
3.—However the “supports” move, the “saws” must be
carried along with them, moving in this respect only as
passenger's, and not independently. 4.—The “supports” have
no entirely independent motion, either together or separately ;
except that, to a limited extent, they can stretch asunder

_

( Texliv: 4

laterally, and so widen and again contract the space contained
between them (e. g. during the passage between them of an egg
for which they have helped to form a nidus.) 5,—They can,
however, do, and even must, take a part, which may be called
independent, in performing the processes of excavation and
oviposition. Their mere form compels them to act as does a
wedge, and their special armature in particular cases involves
their performance of various other functions, which may be
summed up in the general phrase, ‘laceration of the tissues
through which they travel.” 6,—The so-called “saws”’ have
separate motions of their own, independent of such as are
communicated to them by the supports. These movements
are limited, however, to sliding backwards and forwards,
along the lower margins of the supports, to such an extent as
their attachment to the abdomen permits. And these are the
only movements made by them, wnless the supports move also,
7.—The entire process is the work of the scalpellum as a
whole ; the characters indicating its wedge-like action reside
mainly in the “supports”; those which entitle it to be
called in any sense a ‘“‘saw” must be sought in the lower
margins of the so-called “saws proper,” those which enable it
to act as a “rasp” or “comb,” partly in the sides and back
of the supports, and partly in the sides of the saws.

And now, to the few detailed records of observations on the
operation as performed by the living insects which are vouched
for by their authors as witnessed by themselves—and it is
surprising how few they are; in fact, I can only cite three
such records, those of Vallisnieri, Réaumur, and Newport,
though I dare not deny that others may have escaped my
notice—however, to these few signed affidavits of eye-witnesses
1 will add another of my own.

In the summer of 1910 I was enabled through the great
kindness of a correspondent—Miss Ethel Chawner, of Lynd-
hurst, who has long studied the habits of these insects and
immensely increased our knowledge of them, and who (I am
pleased to add) is a Fellow of this Society—to observe the
phenomenon repeatedly in the case of a species, viz. Phymato-
cera aterrima, Klug, whose particular method of operating, and
the nature of the material on which (by preference) it works,

¢ ‘ealy. )

make it especially easy to observe its operations satisfactorily.
This species is normally attached to Polygonatum (anglicé
Solomon’s Seal), and works by forming a continuous series
of pouches situated between the outer cuticle and the inner
substance of a stem, which cuticle is so far transparent that,
even when the scalpellum has become buried under it “ up to
the hilt,” every part of it and every movement made by it is
still distinctly visible. The creature becomes so absorbed in
its work that it can be taken up, stem and all, and watched
even with a lens of short focus, without the least risk of
frightening it, or causing it to fly away. (The species observed
by Réaumur and Vallisnieri form pockets between the rind
and inner substance of young rose-stems; and the former
author notes that, while the instrument was actually buried
in the stem, its movements could be followed by the eye no
longer.) Phymatocera is also a much more rapid worker than
Arge, working no doubt on more unresisting materials: so
that many more repetitions of the process can be witnessed
during a given time than is the case with Arge; and yet it
works with such deliberation, that there is full time to note
the different movements of the scalpellwm, and the effect
produced by each on the substances traversed by it.

Early on the morning of May 18th, 1910, the weather being
at the time particularly bright and snnny, I opened a box
received on the previous night from Miss Chawner, and found
in it three freshly emerged 9? of Phymatocera, and the
earthen cocoons from which they had emerged during their
journey—also a small stock of Polygonatum (leaves, flowers,
and stems). I cut three stems toa convenient length, stuck
them upright in earth at the bottom of a glass jar covered
above with fine netting, introduced the insects into the Jar,
and awaited results. Almost immediately one of the insects
flew on to a stem; walked slowly not quite up to (but nearly
up to) its top; and then turned round, and stood quite still,
head downwards. Its position was perfectly normal and
symmetrical, like that of a fly at rest on a window-pane. It
might have been standing to have its photograph taken!
The tarsi of each leg were evenly stretched to their full
length, but slightly curving so as to clasp the convex surface

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1911. K

( cxlva }

of the stem transversely, the insect standing practically on
the apices of its tibiae, which themselves were perpendicular
to the stem. The wings were folded; the antennae evenly
porrected and motionless—as indeed was the whole insect,
except the apex of its abdomen—during the entire process.
No part of the creature actually touched the stem, except the
tarsi and the apices of the tibiae, until the work actually
commenced ; head, thorax, and abdomen formed, as it were,
a straight line, parallel to the longitude of the stem.
Presently the apex of the abdomen was moved slowly, as
though in hesitation, towards the stem, till the hairs clothing
the apical plates of the saw-sheath (but not these plates them-
selves !) appeared to touch it. I was convinced, and so still
am, that these hairs were feeling and exploring the material
with their sensitive tips. After a moment or two, the insect
seemed to have satisfied itself that all was as it should be.
The saw-sheath was again lifted into its original position,’
and the scalpellum was gradually protruded—looking exactly
like the blade of a penknife as one opens it, only that its
cutting edge (or rather edges) faced away from, and not
towards, the handle—till it stood out at right angles to its
sheath (or as nearly so as can be stated of an object which
was not strictly rectilinear). Next, it was driven or pushed,
not all at once but by a succession of stabs, into the stem
(as a nail is by a hammer—the hammer in this case being the
whole tip of the abdomen), until it was completely embedded
in the stem, and the base of the saw-sheath was in actual
contact with the latter, so that progress in this direction was
necessarily now arrested. It did not pierce the stem directly
towards its centre, but somewhat obliquely (on this occasion
on the right of the insect’s body, but in other cases I have
seen it turned towards the /eft/). Consequently no part of
the scalpellum became much more deeply sunk below the
surface of the stem than another; and its apex was at all
times as clearly visible as its base. Directly it entered the
stem (the tip of the support, as I think, actually commencing
the incision) the saws began to slide backwards and forwards,
driving their pointed tips further and further into the material,
of course in the same direction as that in which the whole

(exivir }

scalpellum was moving. ‘Their advances and retreats in no
way synchronised with the movements of the latter as a whole.
And, so far as I could see, the movements of the two saws
were independent of each other. They were certainly not
simultaneous, nor did they seem to me—as both Réaumur
and Vallisnieri state—to follow each other in regular alterna-
tion. My impression was that each saw from time to time
encountered and overcame more or less resistance from the
material, and that the pace at which they were moving varied
accordingly. During its descent the scalpellum as a whole
occasionally slightly (but only very slightly) altered its
direction ; now pressing its back, and now its sides, against
the sides of the incision, and so widening the latter slightly
in one direction or another. Thus it descended, till it was
buried up to the hilt in a deep hole, or as it were a sheath,
whose dimensions were practically identical with its own.
At this point the modus operandi completely changed. Very
slowly and gradually, and with occasional retreats in an
opposite direction, the tip of the scalpellum began to move
round in an arc towards the basal part of the insect’s venter,
the saws all the time continuing to slide, so that they were
cutting their way, and were also being carried by the
supports, in the direction in which the whole instrument was
now rotating. The effect of this was particularly conspicuous
at the mouth of the incision, which could distinctly be seen
to be growing gradually into a long clean-cut slit (situated
longitudinally as regards the stem), Meanwhile, the insect’s
abdomen, before quite straight, became a little hunched. Its
tip, and accordingly also the base of the saw-sheath and that of
the scalpellum itself, drew slowly more and more towards the
thorax. ‘This movement pressed the cutting edges harder and
harder against the tissues which they were severing, and the
slit forming the mouth of the whole incision grew longer and
longer. All the while, the whole serrated and denticulate
edges of the “saws” were hard at work, sliding faster and
faster, and being pushed harder and harder, in the direction
towards which they were advancing, by the pressure from
behind, caused by the movement which the instrument as a
whole was making, viz. swinging round on its pivot-like (but
K 2

( exlviii )

moving) base further and further in that direction in which
it was originally projected. Reflection will show how this
movement was sure to end, and did end. The scalpellwm
ultimately worked its way towards the insect’s belly till it
had worked itself clear of the stem altogether, and left behind
itself a more or less quadrant-shaped pouch or pocket, as deep
as its own length and slightly longer at the mouth than it
was deep. The sides of this pouch were scoured and torn,
bleeding sap profusely, owing to the manglings which had
created it—the wound, in fact, was such as would result from
thrusting a spear-head into living flesh and tearing it out
again, not perpendicularly but in a lateral direction.

The nidus being now completed, the insect prepared for
oviposition. The hunched abdomen straightened itself out
again ; and the scalpellwm returned to its “ half-cock” position,
just as it stood before the incision commenced. It then re-
entered the stem precisely at the point where it had first
entered it, and once more buried itself up to the hilt, on this
oceasion naturally meeting no resistance worth mentioning,
but still appearing to proceed with a certain amount of
circumspection, and, as it were, to grope about with its tip,
in search of the absolute bottom-corner of the pocket. This
reached, a long greenish egg was extruded from near the
base of the saw-sheath, entered the base of the scalpellum,
and was gradually pushed or squeezed along its hollow
interior, till it tumbled out from between the two “saws”
not at but just before their apices, and so rolled into the
bottom of the pocket. The sca/pellwm was immediately pulled
straight upwards out of the pocket by the reascending tip of
the abdomen, and the process was completed.

I should have said that the passage of the egg into the
interior of the ovipositor (= scalpellum) was accompanied by
strange and quite indescribable agitations at the base of this
organ—it seemed to wriggle and rock like a cork tossing among
big waves. According to both Réaumur and Vallisnieri, not an
egg alone, but a drop of some viscous venom is extruded from
the abdomen, for the purpose, as they suppose, of preventing
the wound in the plant from healing up again. This I can
neither affirm nor deny from my own observations. The

( Vexlix })

wound was undoubtedly flooded, and the scalpellum smeared
(and perhaps somewhat clogged) by messy green semi-fluid
matter. But whence exactly this proceeded I could never
quite feel sure.

The first egg being thus laid, the insect at once proceeded
to repeat the entire process. She walked one step down the
stem, and stood exactly as at first. The tip of the ovipositor
was again inserted, this time not into entirely new ground,
but into the lower corner of the slit which had been made
already in the cuticle ; accordingly it 7e-entered the completed
pocket, but at that part of it which was most distant from
the corner which contained the egg already laid. This being
so, if we remember that the pocket was a sort of quadrant,
it will be apparent that, before the scalpellum could again
become completely buried, it would once more encounter
resistance, and would have to commence the stabbing process
once again, and, in short, to start a fresh incision opening
(so to speak) out of the first one. This is what it did. It
stabbed its way along, till again it was buried up to the hilt
in a hole of nearly its own dimensions ; and then, exactly as
before and by identical movements, expanded this hole into
a sub-quadrant-shaped pocket: again came out of the pocket,
and returned to ‘‘half-cock,” etc., etc., as before described.
Then followed the second oviposition, which was throughout
a precise replica of the first. So now two eggs lay each in a
little corner or nidus of its own, at an equal distance from the
long clean slit which was the mouth of the entire excavation.

Another step downwards by the insect succeeded, and
again as before a pocket was formed and an egg laid in it.
And so the work went on without interruption for an hour
and a half, while I watched it through a hand-lens of con-
siderable power. During this time 15 eggs in all were
duly deposited (all in one long line and approximately equi-
distant from one another), and a pocket formed to receive
another. But, at this point, something went wrong. An
egg was produced, but for some reason failed to enter the
ovipositor, and tumbled to the ground. Thereupon the insect
struck work, and my observations had to cease.

-
(gel)

However, I had many opportunities of repeating them, both
on the three insects first received (as aforesaid) from Miss
Chawner, and on dozens of others which were either sent to
me by her afterwards, or emerged from earth-cocoons received

from the same source. The operations were always exactly

similar; except that the number of eggs laid in immediate
succession varied from 3 or 4 only, in some cases to as
many as 20 (and possibly even more in others). The insects
were indefatigable, and prolific almost beyond belief. My
first three females produced more than a hundred eggs before
they were three days old! All these eggs were produced
parthenogenetically, and from most of them in due course
came larvae, which fed and fattened on the backs of Poly-
gonatum leaves (see Plate I, Fig. 2) with which from time to
time I supplied them.

I found by trying a few experiments, that it made no
difference whatever to the insects whether I planted the
stems upright, or obliquely, or upside down. Nor did they
care themselves whether they moved as they worked upwards
or downwards. Two would sometimes work on the same
stem at the same time in opposite directions. But they
never attempted to work transversely to the stem; and
though I will not stop to prove it, I think it would be
easy to show that they would have been very foolish to
attempt it.

Sometimes I tried them with other plants than Poly-
gonatum. These were generally examined by the insects,
but not approved. Sometimes, however, they consented to
work on stems of Convallaria (Lily of the Valley), forming
rows of confluent pockets in the usual way, and depositing
eggs which I believe duly produced larvae. Once, also, a few
eggs were laid in the usual style on some other plant. I
have unluckily mislaid my original note on this; but, if my
memory serves me, the plant was an /7vs.

Once, when an insect had just completed her ovipositions,
and the scalpellum was plunged to its hilt in a third incision,
which in another moment it would have begun to widen into
a pocket, a sudden idea occurred to me, and I soused the
whole thing—inseect, stem, and all—with pure sulphuric ether.

(chi }

The insect was killed instantaneously ; without time to with
draw its ovipositor, or make any movement to speak of.
My object was not mere murder, but the desire to secure
a pictorial record of the phenomenon as it actually takes
place. A photograph which I took of it immediately after-
wards (see Plate I, Fig. 2) shows clearly enough for my
purpose—on a slightly larger scale—(1) the attitude of the
insect itself at this stage, (2) the extended saw quite visible
beneath the cuticle of the stem, (3) the long fissure which
serves as a single mouth for all the pockets, and (4) even
the two eggs deposited already resting each in its separate
corner or nidus. (The original object is now in the Natural
History Museum at South Kensington.)

Since I made these observations, I have often carefully
thought them over—weighing in my own mind, or trying
to do so, the real import and importance of this or that detail
in the process, and asking myself what on the whole was the
most reasonable view to take of the ovipositor considered as
a tool. The result is that I consider it certainly not the
equivalent or ideal of an ordinary saw. It is a tool of that
class which do their work largely by acting as wedges—in
a word by splitting. But it also mangles and scratches the
substances worked on, and this doubtless has an advantageous
result in loosening their natural cohesions and liberating
fluids which the egg will require as it grows. (N.B.—The
Sawfly’s eggs grow considerably while in situ, and meantime
much contraction and drying up of tissues occurs around
them (see Plate I, Figs. 3 and 4). Both in form and in
some of its movements the organ reminds me of certain
features characterising various human tools—but rather per-
haps those of the surgeon than those of the carpenter. And
I should say the same of the sort of results which are
achieved by it. Actual sawing, producing anything equiva-
lent to sawdust or to the groove made by a normal saw,
does not take place. Cutting or carving does enter into the
process, but rather as an accessory than as an essential. The
same may be said of the rasp-like features of certain ovi-
positors. They assist the work, but it could be done without
them. What appears to me to be essential and indispensable

F
Cen.)

is—first the piercing-power, then the splitting-power, and
lastly the lacerating-power.

These are combined in an instrument which may in certain
respects resemble, but cannot be identified with, any tool
employed by human artificers unless it similarly combines
them. The usual comparison to a éenon saw is particularly
unsatisfactory, as suggesting that the “support” takes no
active share in the process, and also, prima facie at least,
suggesting that it accompanies the movements of the “ saws.”

Finally, any notion of the tool is misleading which makes
us think of it simply as a plate, or pair of plates. It is
emphatically an object of three dimensions, and all must
be taken into consideration before we can form opinions as
to its mechanical potentialities and probable action and their
consequences.

On commencing the inquiries of which this Address is the
outcome I consulted, and often copied out in extenso, a great
many descriptions of the process contained in the works of
celebrated scientific authors. Looking now over these extracts
in the light of my subsequent investigations, truth compels
me to say that in nearly all of them a few grains of truth are
combined with an immense amount of misunderstandings and
misleading suggestions. Several of them make no profession
to rest on any special investigation of the phenomena by their
authors, but are frankly simple compilations. These I may
pass over; but one or two, which have been put forth by
really outstanding scientific authors as embodying truths
before unknown which they have discovered in their own
researches or can vouch for as having been accepted by them
on sufficient evidence, contain what appear to me such mis-
leading notions that it would be false modesty to shrink
from commenting upon them. Thus, I take up two standard
text-books on Microscopy, each of them the work of a justly
celebrated author, a pioneer in more branches of science than
one, and a Fellow of the Royal Society.

1.—One of these authors describes at great length the
microscopical characters of ‘The Saw of the Sawfly.” He
gives figures, in which I believe I can recognise with con-
fidence two portions of the organ in question as it exists in

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

All figures on this Plate refer to the same species, viz. Phymatocera
aterrima, K1,, and are photographed from nature.
Fie.

1. Eggs removed from the abdomen of a ? —not yet laid!

2. 9 in act of excavating a stem of Polygonatwm. Two eggs have
been deposited, and a third excavation commenced. ‘The
saw is seen through the cuticle, under which it has been
plunged.

3, Stem of Polygonatwm freshly operated on, showing a long
pouch under the cuticle containing eggs.

4, The same stem a few days later (more highly magnified). The
stem is becoming shrivelled ; the eggs have grown larger
and appear as a chain of dark oval spots.

. Young larva feeding on the back of a Polygonatwm leaf.
. Earthen cocoon, in which the larva pupates.
, 8. Pupating larvae extracted from such cocoons.
9. Apex of abdomen in the 9 imago. The “saws,” etc., are
enclosed in their “ sheath.”
10, Right half of a complete Terebra—
a, saw; b, support; c, triangular plate; d, basal portion of
sheath ; e, apex of sheath.
11. A single saw viewed laterally.
12. Its support in the same aspect.
13. Saws and supports together, viewed dorsally.
14. Details of saw near its base (x about 200).
15. Apex of a saw and its support, similarly magnified.

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

Figures 1-6 belong to the sp. figured in 1726 by Vallisnieri, viz.
Arge (= Hylotoma) pagana, Pz. (cf. Plates IV, V).
Fic,
1. Support. 2. Saw. 3. Apex of support. 4. Apex of saw.
(Note the lateral comb-like projections, and cf. Fig. 5 !)
5. The whole excavating organ viewed dorsally.
6. The whole excavating organ highly magnified and viewed
laterally—but without pressure !

Figures 7-10 are of Réaumur’s sp. figured in 1740, viz. Arge
rosae, de Geer. (Cf. Plates VI, VII.)
. Excavating organ viewed dorsally. 8. Saw. 9. Support.
10, Pencil-like projecting bristles on sides of the support, near its
inferior margin, and springing from the “costae” which
strengthen the support.

~1

The remaining Figures illustrate various forms of the organ
in different insects.

11. Saws and supports of Abia sericea, L., showing their basal
attachments (hypopygiwm, etc.), flattened out by slight pres-
sure,

12. Part of a saw (on left) and support (on right) of T'richiosoma

tibialis, Leach (the sp. attached to Crataegus /)

13. Saw of Lophyrus pini, L. (Note the distance between the
actual upper margin and the sulecate wire-like thickening
which joins the saw to its support !)

14. Support of Lophyrus pini. L. (ventral view). (Note the great
width of the organ at its base in this aspect !)

15. Supports of Nematus abdominalis, Pz. pressed asunder and
viewed ventrally.

16. Saw of Nematus abdominalis, Pz.

17. Saws of Cladius pectinicornis, Fourcr., showing their basal
attachments. :

18. Supports of Cladius pectinicornis, Fourcr. (They are connate,
practically, at the actual apex.)

19, Saw and support of Cephus pygmaeus, L.

20. Apex of “dart” in sting of Apis mellifica, L. (the Hive-bee),
for comparison with the previous figure.

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

This, and the next two Plates, are photographs of Plates illustra-
ting Vallisnieri’s Treatise on the “ Mosca de’ Rosai” = Arge pagana,
Pz. (all more or less reduced as to size).

Fias.
1-3 show the insect at work on rose-stems.
4 is intended to give an idea of the miniuteness of the excavating
organ.
5-6 show eggs lying in a double row in an excavation,
7-8 show eggs in different stages.
. Larvae feeding on the leaves,
10. Cocoons formed by larvae.
11. Larva magnified.
12. Cocoons magnified.
13. Cocoon split open and viewed from behind.
14. Pupa.
15. Cast skins.
16. ¢ of the insect.
17. Apparently some other species; ovipositing (according to the
author) on the midribs of the leaves only.

No)

3 (after Vallisnicri).

PLATE

André & Sleigh, Ltd

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EXPLANATION OF PuaTE IV.
(Cf. Explanation of Plate IIT.)

1. Wings of A. pagana.

2. Apex of abdomen viewed ventrally. Saws, etc., contained in
their sheath.

3. Apex of abdomen viewed ventrally, with saws, etc., exserted.

4. Supports viewed ventrally.

5. Leaf showing tracks left by a feeding larva.

6. Cut rose-stem, within whose pith a larva has buried itself. g is
the larva extracted. (It may be doubted whether this is the
same species.)

Pirate 4 (after Vallisnicri).

André & Sleigh, Lto

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.
(Cf, Explanation of Plate IIT.)

Fic.

1. Part of saw and support viewed together laterally, highly
magnified.

2. Supports lying between their saws, viewed ventrally. (The
artist seeins to have made some error in figuring the backs of
the saws, and this has puzzled Réaumur.) (Cf. his remarks
on it.)

3, 4. Lateral views of the saw. (These are practically correct !)

5, 6. Supports in different aspects.

7. Section of entrance to the cavity through which the eggs pass.

Puate 5 (after Vallisnicri).

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EXPLANATION OF PuaTE VI.

(This and the following Plate are photographs on a reduced scale
from Plates in Réaumur’s “ Mémoires,” Vol. v.)

Frias,
1, 2, 3 represent larvae of A. rosae.
4. Foot of a larva (magnified).
5. Cocoon made by a larva on a leaf, for want of earth in which to
pupate !
6, 7, 8. Cocoons; entire, and partially broken (intentionally) to
show their construction,
9. Grains of earth forming outer shell of cocoon.
10, 11, 12. Different views of the imago (12 isa ¢).
13-18 show the excavations (and eggs in Fig. 18 !) at various magni-
fications, and at various stages in the growth of the eggs.

PLate 6 (after Réaumur).

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.
(Cf. Explanation of Plate VI.)

Fras,

1, 2, 3 seem to be more or less copied from Vallisnieri’s figures—to
show the difference between this oviposition and that of
Réaumur’s species. (Réaumur, however, may have taken
them from nature, for he says that he had seen such eggs, but
failed to discover the insect producing them.)

, 5. Antennae of A. rosae (4 6,5 @).

A different species, excavating midrib of rose-leaf. (Possibly a

Pristiphora ?)

Apex of abdomen viewed ventrally (saws concealed),

8. The same (but saws, etc., partly exserted),

9-12. Various views of saws, supports, ete., dissected out. (Cf. the
corresponding figures in Plates V (Vallisnieri’s) and II (photo-
graphed from nature).

13-14. These figures (as the author tells us) refer to some other
species. I cannot identify it with confidence.

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( cliii )

one of our commonest British species, Zenthredo mesomela
of Linné. He also quotes at great length from a translation
of Réaumur’s “ Mémoires,” and proceeds to notice phenomena
which he believed that author—and indeed all others—to have
overlooked.

The true saw, he tells us, is not the object commonly so
called ; but another, as yet undetected, and figured by him
now for the first time. What has been called the saw is only
a sheath, in which the real saw is enclosed during quiescence.
He describes minutely such characters of this object as are
visible in the lateral view of it, and explains how, precisely,
it is adapted to the functions which he assigns to it.

Now—will you believe me?—-this previously undiscovered
“true saw” is simply one of the “supports.” It had been
figured and described quite adequately both by Réaumur and
Vallisnieri. And the edge of it which the later author sup-
poses to be its cutting edge, is that which is at all times in
contact with the upper margin of the veritable cutting-
instrument, and is consequently owt of contact with the
materials which it is said to act upon!

2.—The mistakes of the other author are not of his own
making. But he lends his great authority to support a
strange notion imparted to him by an entomological friend.
He tells us that this friend had watched repeatedly the opera-
tions of Sawflies, and had found out that Réaumur and others
were mistaken in supposing that the eggs travel through the
instrument which makes the incision. The latter instrument,
he says, after making its incision is immediately re-enclosed
within the sheath, and so remains while another quite distinct
organ—the real ovipositor—is protruded from the abdomen,
conveying with it an egg, which it guides into its proper
position.

As to this I can only say that I have never seen a scalpellum
re-enter its sheath between the two operations of excavation
and oviposition ; that I have watched again and again an egg
enter and pass through the same organ which had prepared
just before, a receptacle for it; and that, after dissecting
literally hundreds of Sawflies belonging to various genera
and species, I have never found anything in the least resem-

-

( cliv )

bling the supposed independent ovipositor. An _ ovipositor
other than the scalpellum does not exist, and I cannot conceive
what the observer can have mistaken for one.

3.—Burmeister’s well-known “ Manual” (p. 197 of Shuckard’s
Translation) makes statements not unlike those just discussed.
“The terebra,” he says, “‘does not pierce firm substances, but
merely guides the eggs into already existing cavities ; but the
aculeus forms the cavity itself for the egg, pierces into bodies
not firmer than itself, and as a defensive instrument it wounds
very severely.” On this I would remark, in addition to
what has been said above, that it is exceptional among the
Hymenoptera to use the aculeus as a defensive weapon ; and
that such as habitually so use it, viz. the social Bees and
Wasps, do not also employ it to form cavities for receiving
eggs.

4.—The ambitious, and in many respects very excellent,
monograph of Lacaze-Duthiers inquires, with much detail and
many figures, into the morphology and homologies of the
terebra and its parts; but the author can hardly have
witnessed its actual operations. For he insists that the
blades commonly called the saws must obviously, like an
ordinary saw, be applied to the substances they have to sever
edgewise and not like an “aculeus” point first. ‘The instru-
ment, he says in so many words, “ does not make a hole but a
slit.” I hope I have convinced you that it does both !

5.—Lastly, in the 8th edition of a well-known work by the
justly celebrated American Entomologist and late Honorary
Fellow of our own Society, Professor Packard, I find an
account, in which, taking it simply as it stands, I can
positively discover no sort of meaning whatever. Its words
are these—

The ovipositor or saw consists of two lamellae the lower edge of
which is toothed and fits in a groove in the under side of the upper
one, which is toothed above, both protected by the usual sheath-like
stylets.

How two lamellae can have two edges, a lower and an upper
one, which are fitted together in a groove ; and what is meant
by the under side of an upper edge ; and how a tool could act
when its toothed edge was enclosed within a portion of itself,

( clv )

to me at least is altogether inconceivable. I cannot help sus-
pecting that the author’s real meaning has suffered a total
eclipse, through some accidental omission or transposition of
words during printing, which has converted an intelligible
though evidently somewhat inadequate account into simple
nonsense.

I have now only to crave your indulgence for unintended but
doubtless unavoided deficiencies in this Address—omissions,
superfluities, errors as to fact, faults of judgment or faults of
taste, things that might better have been said otherwise, or
on another occasion, or not said at all. Also I must acknow-
ledge the kindness of many friends and colleagues, whom I
have troubled in various ways with my doubts and difficulties,
especially when I first took up the matter, and was dis-
covering mares’ nests in every possible direction. Above all
I must thank Miss Chawner ; and I hope to show my grati-
tude in deeds rather than in words by worrying her on
many future occasions for such help as has been so valuable
to me on the present occasion—or, I should say rather, so
altogether invaluable.

(tebyi- )

GENERAL INDEX.

The Arabic figures refer to the pages of the ‘ Transactions’; the Roman
numerals to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings.’
The President’s Address is not separately indexed.

GENERAL SUBJECTS.

Acari, myrmecophilous, exhibited, xxvii.

Acraea, African species of, exhibited, lxv ; monograph of the genus, Ixix.

aurivillit is female of A. alciope, proved by breeding, exhibited, lvi.

encedon from Lagos, all-female batches of, exhibited, liv.

lycoa and A. johnstoni, on the forms and geographical distribution

Oyeselle
+ orestia and A. humilis, bred series of, exhibited, 1xxxi.

Africa, some Bryocorina from, described, iv, 408; a factor in the production
of mutual resemblance in allied species of butterflies: a presumed
Miillerian combination of Huploeas in South India and Amauris in
South, iv, 417; Aculeate Hymenoptera in the Oxford Museum from,
xxvi, 528; Charaves from, exhibited, xxix; Papilio dardanus, f£. plane-
moides from British East, exhibited, xlii; with descriptions of new
species, report on a collection of Bombyliinae (Diptera) from Central,
lvii, 605; species of Acraea from, exhibited, lxv; new Lycaenid from,
exhibited, xxx ; contrasts in colouring between certain species of butter-
flies from the Lagos district and their geographical races in British
East, exhibited, Ixxxix; descriptions of some hitherto unknown, or
little-known larvae and pupae of Rhopalocera from South, 48.

Ayriades thetis, ab. coelestis, exhibited, xxii.

Alpine Lycaenids, exhibited, 1.

Amaurts, in South Africa, a factor in the production of mutual resemblance
in allied species of butterflies: a presumed Millerian combination of
Euploeas in South India and, iv, 417; attacks of Tachinid flies upon the
African Danaine genus, exhibited, xcix.

America, Neoponerid from Central, exhibited, xvi; descriptions of Micro-
Lepidoptera from South, bxxxiii, 673.

Ants, in nests of other species, Queen, exhibited, x ; some remarkable Lepido-
ptera of Queensland, friends of, xlvii, 577; from Rannoch, exhibited,
xlviii; depredations by minute, exhibited, lvi; new British, exhibited,
Ixx; observed in the Lagos district, some Lycaenid larvae tended by,
xcix ; further observations on temporary social parasitism, and slavery
in, 175.

Aphantopus hyperanthus, forced, exhibited, xvii.

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( .elyai. ;)

Aplecta nebulosa, varieties of, exhibited, xxi.

Australia, Aculeate Hymenoptera in the Oxf ord Museum from, xxvi, 528.

Bacilli in the gut of an insect during metamorphosis, on the persistence of
vii, 497.

Barypithes pellucidus, exhibited, xxvi.

Bat and parasitical Dipteron, exhibited, xvi.

Beetle, new British, exhibited, v; from Hyéres, Longicorn, exhibited, xvii ;
rare British, exhibited, xx ; abnormal, exhibited, xx; living, exhibited,
Xxiv.

Berkshire, Coliads from, exhibited, 1ii.

Bombyliinae (Diptera) from Central Africa, with descriptions of new species,
report on a collection of, lvii, 605.

Borneo, two new species of Lycaenopsts from Sarawak, 184,

Boxes, efficient relaxing, exhibited, xxv.

Brazil, Sphingids from, exhibited, lxii ; Syntomids from, exhibited, evi.

British, beetle, new, exhibited, v ; Scoparia, xiv, 501; beetle, rare, exhibited,
xx; Hyloicus pinastri, exhibited, xxv ; Ornithologist’s Union to Central
Dutch New Guinea, an enumeration of the Rhynchota collected during the
expedition of the, lvii, 591; Coleoptera, new, exhibited, lxi, lxxxvii;
Coleoptera, rare, exhibited, lxv; Ant, new, exhibited, lxx ; Rhopalocera,
descriptions of, Ixxxii; Museum, description de quelques espéces nouvelles
de Lucanides appartenant aux collections du, 426.

Bryocorina nonnulla Aethiopica descripta, iv, 408.

Butterflies, a presumed Millerian combination of Euploeas in South India
and Amauris in South Africa; a factor in the production of mutual
resemblance in allied species of, iv, 417; new Indian, exhibited, xxii;
from the Lagos district and their geographical races at Entebbe, contrasts
in colouring between certain species of, exhibited, Ixxxix.

Callophrys avis, living larvae of, exhibited, xxx.

Cambridge, new Entomological post at, lxiii.

Canadian Pierids, exhibited, xv.

Catasticta, with descriptions of new species, notes on the genus, 519.

Charaxes from Africa, exhibited, xxix.

Cidaria concinnata, probable specimen of, exhibited, lxxi.

Clark, A, H., notice of the death of, xlviii.

Clearwings, larvae of, exhibited, v.

Coccinellids found on Mimosa trees, exhibited, lxx.

Coleoptera, varieties of, exhibited, iii; a first supplementary paper on the
Hymenopterous parasites of, vii, 452 ; new British, exhibited, ]xi, lxxxvii;
scarce, exhibited, lxiii, 1xxxi; rare British and imported, exhibited, Ixy ;
abnormal, exhibited, lxxx.

Coliads from Berkshire, exhibited, lii.

Colias nastes, var. werdandi, larva of, exhibited, lx.

Collection, well-arranged, exhibited, xxv.

Colouring between certain species of butterflies from the Lagos district and
their geographical races at Entebbe, contrasts in, exhibited, Ixxxix.

Colour-relation between lepidopterous larvae and pupae and their surround-
ings, experiments in 1909 and 1910 upon the, 136.

Conversazione, announcement as to, xiv, xxvi.

Council for 1911-12, nomination of, lxix.

( elyii )

Cruttwell, Canon C. T., notice of the death of, xvii.

Damba Island as compared with those from the Entebbe district, Pseudacraeas
of the hodleyi group on, exhibited, xci.

Dates of the Society’s publications, enquiry as to, lix; paper on, cix, 750,

Deilemera antinorii, cocoon of, exhibited, liv ; spherical bodies on cocoons of,
exhibited, xevi.

Delias from New Guinea mountains, exhibited, Ixii.

Diplatys, a revision of the genus, 21.

Diptera, bat and parasitical, exhibited, xvi; rare, exhibited, lxxi.

Earwigs from Hyéres, exhibited, xvi.

English Hyloicus pinastr7, exhibited, xxv.

Entebbe, contrasts in colouring between certain species of butterflies from
the Lagos district and their geographical races at, exhibited, Ixxxix ;
Pseudacraeas of the hobleyi group on Damba Island as compared with
those from the district of, exhibited, xci.

Entomological post at Cambridge, new, Ixiii.

Entomology, notice of lecture on, vii.

Erastria venustula, bred, exhibited, 1xi.

Erebia aethiops, exhibited, Ixxxviii.

Euploeas in South India and Amauris in South Africa, a factor in the produc-
tion of mutual resemblance in allied species of butterflies: a presumed
Miillerian combination of, iv, 417.

Euralia anthedon and FE. dubia, proved by breeding to be forms of a single
species, exhibited, xlv.

Fellows, election of, v, ix, xv, xlviii, lix, xiii, ]xix, Ixxxiii.

Flea eggs, note on, vi.

Gynandromorphie specimen, exhibited, xxv.

Harrison, Albert, notice of the death of, xlviii.

Hawaiian, Hymenoptera, with notes on some previously described, new
species of, lxxxiii, 719; Hemiptera, with descriptions of new species,
notes on, Ixxxili, 728.

Heliconius, species of the genus, exhibited, i.

Hemiptera, mimics of Hymenoptera, exhibited, xxx; with descriptions of
new species, notes on Hawaiian, Ixxxiii, 728,

Heredity in the female forms of Hypolimnas misippus, exhibited, xliv.

Hesperia (Syricthus) stdae, a contribution to the life history of, xxvi, 563.

High ground, insects seeking, lvii.

Honorary Fellows, election of, lxiii.

Hybernation of Vanessa atalanta in captivity, 173.

Hybernia marginaria, exhibited, xxiv.

Hydroecta, on the nictitans group of the genus, cix, 738.

Hyéres, earwigs from, exhibited, xvi; Longicorn beetle from, exhibited, xvii.

Hyloicus pinastr?, English, exhibited, xxv. :

Hymenoptera, -Aculeata in the Oxford Museum, South African and a few
Australian, xxvi, 528; Hemipterous mimics of, exhibited, xxx; with
notes on some previously described, new species of Hawaiian, Ixxxiii,
719; -Aculeata (Sphegidae), collected in Algeria, 62.

Hymenopterous parasites of Coleoptera, a first supplementary paper on the,
vii, 452.

Hypoderma, probable new species of, exhibited, xxvii.

Ko Moline)

Hypolimnas misippus, heredity in the female forms of, exhibited, xliy;
separation of sexes in, Nii,

‘“‘Tmitation”’ larva, exhibited, lxxii.

India, and Amaurts in South Africa, a factor in the production of mutual
resemblance in allied species of butterflies: a presumed Miillerian com-
bination of Huploeas in South, iv, 417 ; new species and forms of butter-
flies from, exhibited, xxii; biological notes on Pierine larvae from, xxvi;
description of a new Nymphaline butterfly from British, 187.

Insects in the tropics, and their influence on mimicry, notes on enemies of, 168.

Japan, new and unrecorded species of Lepidoptera Heterocera from, 189,

Lagos district, instances of mimicry, protective resemblance, ete., from, xlvi;
all-female batches of Acraea encedon, bred in, liv; and their geographical
races at Entebbe, contrasts in colouring between certain species of butter-
flies from the, exhibited, Ixxxix; some ant-tended Lycaenid larvae
observed in the, xcix.

Lapland, Rhopalocera from, exhibited, Ixxxvii.

Lasiocampidae, new genera and species of, 161.

Lastus fuliginosus, experiments in the formation of colonies by, lxxxiii, 664.

», mixtus, females of, exhibited, xxi.
» niger, parthenogenesis in, exhibited, xlix; paper on, Ixviii, 657.

Latiorina (Lycaena) orbitulus, an amyrmecophilous Plebeiid butterfly, on the
early stages of, 148.

Lepidoptera, interesting, exhibited, xxv; myrmecophilous, exhibited, xxvii;
of Queensland, some remarkable ant-friend, xlvii, 577 ; Heterocera from
Japan, new and unrecorded species of, 189.

Leucania pallens and L, favicolor, exhibited, 1xxxvi.

Liodes, species of, exhibited, xlix.

Lithosia, melanic, exhibited, 1.

Longicorn larva, sound made by a, Ixv.

Lucanides appartenant aux collections du British Museum, description de
quelques espéces nouvelles de, 426.

Luperina gueneet, variation in, exhibited, ii.

3, nickerlii and allies, exhibited, Ixxxvii.

Lycaenids, Alpine, exhibited, 1; new African, exhibited, lxxx ; observed in the
Lagos district, some ant-tended larvae of, exhibited, xcix.

Lycaenopsis from Sarawak, Borneo, two new species of, 184.

Marmara, spherical bodies on cocoons of Tineid genus, xcviii.

Melanargia galathea, black, exhibited, xlviii ; some local forms of, exhibited,
Ixxi.

Melanic Lithosia, exhibited, 1.

Metamorphosis, on the persistence of bacilli in the gut of an insect during,
vii, 497.

Micro-Lepidoptera, descriptions of South American, Ixxxiii, 673.

Mimicry, a factor in the production of mutual resemblance in allied species
of butterflies: a presumed Miillerian combination of Euploeas in South
India and Amauris in South Africa, iv, 417; of Pompilid by Reduviid
bug, exhibited, xxix; of Hymenoptera by Hemiptera, exhibited, xxx ;
protective resemblance, etc., from the Lagos district, instance of, xlvi;
by certain Sarawak insects, instances of, exhibited, 'Ixxiii; notes on
insect enemies in the tropics, and their influence on, 168.

a

Mymar, new species of, exhibited, xxvii; paper on, cviii.

Myrmecophilous Lepidoptera, exhibited, xxvii ; Acari, exhibited, xxvii.

Natural History Museum as site of new Science Museum, resolutions as to
land proposed to be taken from, xviii, xxvi.

Neoponerid, Central American, exhibited, xvi.

Neuroptera, southern, exhibited, lxi ; northern, exhibited, Ixiv.

New Guinea, an enumeration of the Rhynchota collected during the expedition
of the British Ornithologists’ Union to Central Dutch, lvii, 591;
mountains, Delias from, exhibited, lxii; some undescribed butterflies
from Dutch, 16.

New Zealand weevil, exhibited, lxix.

Worasuma kolga, cocoons and eggs of Bombycid moth, exhibited, xcy.

Northern Neuroptera, exhibited, Ixiv,

Nymphaline butterfly from British India, description of a new, 187.

Obituary. J. W. Tutt, iv, viii; P.C. T. Snellen, xv; Canon C. T. Crutt-
well, W. A. Rollason, xvii; Dr. S. H. Seudder, A. H. Clark, Albert
Harrison, G. H. Verrall, xlviii.

Odontopera bidentata in connection with their colour surroundings, experi
ments with the larva and pupa of, 136.

Oestridae Cavicolae, lvii.

Officers for 1911-12, nomination of, Ixix.

Oryyia splendida (dubia), on the larva of, 160.

Oxford Museum, some African and a few Australian Aculeate Hymenoptera
in the, xxvi, 528.

Oxytelus, a remarkable, exhibited, xlix.

Papilio dardanus cenea, £. trophonius, exhibition of new female form leight

bred from, xxxili.
= », £. planemotdes from British East Africa, exhibited, xlii.
99 (Tachyris) melania, exhibited, lix.

Parthenogenesis in Lasius niger, exhibited, xlix ; paper on, Ixviii, 657.

Phasmid new to science, exhibited, Ixxxiii.

Pierids, Canadian, exhibited, xv.

Pierine larvae, biological notes on Indian, xxvi,

Pieris oleracea and P. rapae, exhibited, xxiv,

Planema alcinoe, observations on the courtship of, xev.

Polistes gallica, note on, xxx.

Polyctenidae viviparous, Ixiv.

Polygonia c-album, var. hutchinsont, exhibited, ili.

Pompilid mimicked by Reduviid bug, exhibited, xxix.

Presentation to Society, lxix.

President for 1911-12, nomination of, i, ix.

Pseudacraeas of the hobleyt group on Damba Island as compared with those
from the Entebbe district, exhibited, xci.

Psychid cases, gigantic, exhibited, xiv.

Publications, enquiry as to dates of the Society’s, lix ; paper on, cix, 750.

Pyrameis cardut, bred, exhibited, Ixxi.

Queensland, some remarkable ant-friend Lepidoptera of, xlvii, 577.

Rannoch, ants from, exhibited, xlviii.

Reduviid bug, Pompilid mimicked by, exhibited, xxix.

Relaxing boxes, efficient, exhibited, xxv.

els. 4

(ele)

Rhodesian insects as prey, exhibited, xxii.

Rhopalocera, Sicilian, exhibited, 1; descriptions of British, Ixxxii; from
Lapland, exhibited, Ixxxvii; descriptions of some hitherto unknown, or
little-known larvae and pupae of South African, 48.

Rhynchota collected during the expedition of the British Ornithologists’ Union
to Central Dutch New Guinea, an enumeration of the, Ivii, 591.

Rollason, W. A., notice of the death of, xvii.

Sarawak, exhibition of instances of mimicry by certain insects from, lxxiii.

Science Museum, site for new, resolutions as to, xviii, xxvi.

Scoparia, the British (and a few Continental) species of the genus, xiv, 501.

Scudder, Dr. Samuel H., notice of the death of, xlviii.

Separation of sexes in Hypolimnas misippus, liii.

Sicily, Rhopalocera from, exhibited, 1.

Sirex noctilio, exhibited, 1xi.

Snellen, P. C. T., notice of the death of, xv.

Sound made by a Longicorn larva, lxv.

Southern Neuroptera, exhibited, 1xi.

Spalgis lemolea, food of the carnivorous Lycaenid larva, exhibited, civ.

Sphegidae, Hymenoptera-Aculeata collected in Algeria, 62.

Sphingids, Brazilian, exhibited, Ixii.

Spider, a gigantic, exhibited, Ixxii.

Stereoscopic photograph, exhibited, xiii.

“ Stick-insect,”” male, exhibited, 1xi.

Striphnopterygidae, new genera and species of, 161,

Sympetrum fonscolombit, exhibited, 1ii.

Syntomidae from Brazil, exhibited, evi.

Tachinid flies upon the African Danaine genus 4 mauris, attacks of, exhibited,
CLK.

Tachyporus, a new, exhibited, ii.

Temperature, experiments on pupae, x; on animal (especially insect) life,
effect of, Ixvi.

Teratological specimens, exhibited, vi, Ixiv.

Tortricidae, new, exhibited, li.

Tortrix, rare, exhibited, lxx,

Travelled insect, exhibited, lxiv.

Tutt, J. W., notice of the death of, iv, viii.

Uropteryx sambucaria in connection with their colour surroundings, experi-
ments with the larva and pupa of, 136.

Vanessa atalanta in captivity, the hybernation of, 173.

Variation in Luperina quencet, exhibited, ii.

Verrall, G. H., notice of the death of, xlviii.

Vice-Presidents, appointment of, ix.

Weevil from New Zealand, exhibited, Ixix.

Wood-boring larva, exhibited, xxiv,

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1911. L

( elxii )

SPECIAL INDEX.

The Arabic figures refer to the pages of the ‘ Transactions’; the Roman numerals
to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings,

abducalis (Hypena), 260
ao (Rhynchina), 260
abicollis (Scolia), see albicollis (Scolia)
abietella (Phalaena), 362
abieticola (Eurytoma), 487, 489
abisara (Callidula), Ixxiv, Ixxvill
ablualis (Adrapsa), 253
abnormis (Crabro), 727
abolineola (Eriopus), 210
Abraxaphantes, 319
Abraxas, 318, 319
Abrostola, 245
abruptus (Thyridanthrax), 626, 627
absorpta (Carige), 321
Acantharades, 597
Acanthocampa, 396, 397
acanthocini (Metastenus), 466
Acanthocinus, 466
acanthomerus (Stizus), 116
acephalus (Coeliodes), 484
Aceris (Coceus), 469
Achaea, 242
Acherontia, 273
Acherontianae, 273
Acidalia, 320, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336
Acidalianae, 333
Acontia, 214, 230
acontialis (Orthaga), 367
Acontianae, 234
Acosmeryx, 278, 279
Acraea, liv, lv, lvi, Ixv, lxvi, xix,
lboogs Doodh bsoare hy ai, 25 11, @,
7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12, 18, 14, 15, 60, 171
Acraeinae, xc
Acrobasis, 362, 363
acrocosma (Coptotelia), 702
Acronicta, 748
Acronycta, 156, 215, 216, 217, 218, 506
Acronyctinae, 205
actaeata (Hupithecia), 330
», (Tephroclystia), 330

adelphella eee ae x), 361
ai (Phycis), 361
(Salebr ia), 361
admirabilis (Lophopteryx), 296
Adrapsa, 252, 253
adspectans (Crabro), 727
adyte (Erebia), vi
aeagrus (Dinia), evi, evil
aedea (Heterusia), 350
», (Papilio), 350
Aedia, 247
/Kdoeagus, 154
aedilis (Astynomus), 466
Aegeria, V, Vi, XXiv
aenea (Tachytes), 99
aenescens (Naranga), 231
aeneum (Apion), 478
aeneus (Diplolepis), 491
aenigmatica (Cnephasia), 682
aestivalis (Calosoter), 460
aethiops (Diplatys), 22, 23, 29, 31,42,43
» (Erebia), Ixxxviii
,, racecaledonia(Erebia), xxxiii,
Ixxxviii, lxxxix
Le (Eulocastra), 231
Aetroxys, 465
afer (Diodontus), 69
, (Sphex), 76
, (Thyridanthray), 625
affinis (Anadiasa), 167
», (Catasticta), 521
,, (Pteromalus), 469
africana (Myrmilla), 541
africanus (Delias), 18
»» (Oxybelus), 182
Agabus, iii
agamemnon (Papilio), xxv
aganice, f. montana (Planema), xe
Agapanthia, xvii
agathon, var. caphusa (Aporia), 188
3 var. phryxe (Aporia), 188

(celxati: )

Agelastica, 472
agilis (Odynerus), 726
agitata (Boarmia), 308
», (Duliophyle), 308
», ab. diluta (Duliophyle), 308
», (Xandrames), 808
Aglais, Ixxxvii
Agraptochlora, 344
Agriades, xxii, 154
agrili (Eurytoma), 458
Agrilus, 458
Agriotes, 458, 459
Agrotera, 374
Agrotinae, 195
Agrotis, 196
Agylla, 193, 194
Agyrta, cvi, evii
Alaparus (Eulophus), 478
alaris (Discolia), 553
», (Seolia), 553
Alathetus, 592
albella (Stenoma), 711
albertisi (Delias), ]xii
albescens (Villa), 624, 625
albicilia (Endotricha), 368
albicincta (Cerceris), 85
albicollis (Dielis), 555
(Elis), 555, 556
“i (Scolia), 555
- (Sphex), 555
albicosta (Cirphis), 200
aA (Leucania), 200
albicostata (Cymatophora), 281
Ae (Pelosia), 392
(Polyploca), 281
albidisca (Euplexia), 206
(Hadena), 206
a (Trachea), 206
albidus (Systoechus), 607
albifuscalis (Glyphodes), 382
albilunalis (Glyphodes), 381
albimaculata (Amauris), xxxviii, 3, 9,
421, 422, 423, 424
albina (Catasticta), 525
albipennis (Microgaster), 458
2 (Systole), 470
albiscutellaris (Bruchus), 470
albisectus (Parasphex), 75
” (Sphex), 75
albisignata (Elydna), 221, 222
albistigma (Acronycta), 217
15 (Olulis), 258
ps (Zethes), 258
albistrigata (Gelasma), 341
albistyla (Mutilla), 529
albocoerulea (Lycaenopsis), 186
albofasciaria (Zamacra), 396, 397
albofasciata (Catasticta), 523

29

9?

albohirtum (Lepidoderma), 457
albonotata (Bryophila), 211
He (Chytonix), 211
albopunctalis (Hypena), 264
alboradiata (Phyllalia), 162
albosignata (Caradrina), 221
albosparsus (Bruchus), 470
albotecta (Lepidoderma), 457
albotomentosa (Ammophila), 73
alboundulata (Hemithea), 338
us (Memoria), 338
Albulina, 1, li, 153, 154
alceae (Carcharodus), 567, 572
aleinoe (Planema), xc, xci, xciii, xev
alciope (Acraea), lvi, 1xxxi
Alecis, 311, 312, 315
aleyone (Mutilla), 536
alecto (Mutilla), 533
Aleochara, Ixiii
Aleurodes, 455
algira (Ammophila), 73
», (Eremochares), 72, 73
algirica (Liodes), xlix
aliena (Notodonta), 291
alienata (Odontomutilla), 547
alienus (Lasius), 180
Alloderus, 480
Allodonta, 290
alma (Catasticta), 521, 522, 525
», (Euterpe), 521
alni (Agelastica), 472
5, (Orchestes), 480
alpina (Eudoria), 505, 507, 514
altaica (Acronycta), 217
alticeps (Centrotus), 601
», (Ibiceps), 601
alula (Hyperalonia), 652, 654
aluminias (Capua), 674
Alydus, xxx, xxxi
Alysia, 459, 473, 484
Alyson, 111
Amalus, 485
amastris (Catasticta), 520, 522
‘e (Euterpe), 520
Amatissa, 346
Amauris, iv, xXxiil, xxxvili, xlii, xlv,
xvas xlvil, xcix,, 3, 8,9) 0421, 422)
423, 424
ambidens (Tachytes), 100
ambigua (Gelasma), 341
(Spoelotis), 196
», (Thalassodes), 341
ambigualis (Scoparia), 501, 502,
507, 508, 509, 510,
512, 513
5 var. syriaca (Scoparia), 513
Amblychia, 307
Amblymerus, 491

9

503,
511,

I 2,

ca

( hay ~))

Ambulicinae, 276

americana (Hydroecia), 740, 745, 746,

747, 748, 749

Ammophila, 64, 65, 71, 72, 73, 74
Ammoplanus, 68
Amoebe, 328
Amoebotricha, 327
amoena (Nonagria), 211
amoenaria (Euchloris), 339

an (Phorodesma), 339

5 (Uliocnemis), 337
Amorpha, 277, 278
Ampelophaga, 278, 279
amphicoma (Dichomeris), 695
amphicrena (Coptotelia), 703

annandalei (Diplatys), 22, 28, 29, 42
annexa (Cerceris), 82, 84
annularis (Caloclytus), Ixxvi, ]xxviii
+ (Chlorophorus), Ixxvi
annulipes (Anisolabis), xvi
xs (Aphycus), 475
», (Oneocephalus), 597
Anobium, 460, 461, 488
Anodonta, 761
anomala (Sorocaba), xxv
Anommatus, 456
Anoratha, 258, 259
Anoxus, 462
anseraria (Acidalia), 332
7 (Asthena), 332

amphidamas, var. obscura (Chrysopha-
nus), Ixxxvil
(Loweia),

Antaeotricha, 708, 709, 710
Antarchaea, 249

” 3 Antaxia, 457

99
Ixxxvil
Amphidasis, 136, 309
amphidasyaria (Boarmia), 314
Amphidasys, 311
Amphimoea, Ixiii
amphitritaria (Nemoria), 840
ampliata (Cymatophora), 282
amurensis (Amorpha), 277, 278
var. sinica (Amorpha), 278
Amyeles, evii
Anacampsis, 694
anacardii (Salamis), 55
Anadiasa, 167
anaitis (Catasticta), 524
analis (Liacos), 552
», (Oxybelus), 132
»» (Triliacos), 552
Anarpia, 506, 507, 513
Anarta, ]xxxvii
Anastoechus, 605, 609, 610
Anceryx, 275
anceus (Acosmeryx), 279
Ancistromma, 66, 105
andalusiacus (Philanthus), 93
andrenaeformis (Aegeria), xxiv
andrewsalis (Pyrausta), 389
andrewsi (Eurycyttarus), 347
andromedae (Hesperia), 1xxxvii
anemosa (Acraea), Ixxx, 60
Anerastianae, 356
angeronaria (Amblychia), 307
angulata (Mutilla), 546
Ss (Odontomutilla), 546, 547
», (Rivula), 267
angustatus (Diplatys), 21, 28, 25, 80
angustea (Eudoria), 507, 515
angustus (Perilampus), 461
Anisodes, 299
Anisolabis, xvi
Anisotoma, 454

antennata (Mimesa), 727
antennatum (Callidium), 465
antennatus (Sphecius), 125, 127, 128,
129
Antennophorus, xxvii
Antestia, 594
Anthaxia, 457
anthedon (Euratia), xlv
anthonomi (Catolaccus), 483
Anthonomus, 483
Anthophila, 62
anthracina (Nesoprosopis), 725
Anthrax, 606, 616, 618, 620, 621, 622,
623
Anthribus, 469
Anthrocera, Ixxxvii
antica (Lithosia), 393
Antichloris, evi
antinorii (Deilemera), xlvi, liv, xevi
antirrhini (Gymnetron), 481
Apamea, 207, 209, 210
Apanteles, 152, 453
Apatela, 216
apaturina (Catasticta), 520, 526
Apenesia, 456, 486
Aphaena, 600
Aphantopus, xvii
aphirape, var. ossianus
Ixxxvii
Aphycus, 475
apicalis (Aulacus), 463
,, (Exoprosopa), 653
», (Labena), 458
», (Odoniella), 412
», (Sypna), 246
apicipunctata (Acidalia), 334
Apion, 476, 477, 478
apionis (Holaspis), 476
», (Semiotus), 477
Apium, see Apion, 477

(Brenthis),

(clay, }

Aplecta, xxi
Apoda, 349
Aporia, 188
Appias, 172
apricans (Apion), 476
aptalis (Paraponyx), 371
arabs (Oxybelus), 131
Aradidae, 597
Aradophagus, 491
Aradus, 597
arboricola (Nysius), 732, 734
Archanara, 224, 225
archesia (Precis), Ixxiii, 56
Archonias, 522
arcta (Miana), 209
Arctiadae, 191, 391
Arctianae, 391
arctides (Apamea), 209

», (Hadena), 209

», (Oligia), 209
arcuata (Urodonta), 293
ardates (Nacaduba), xxiii

5, var. dima (Nacaduba), xxiii
ardescens (Conistra), 204

5 ab. purpurea (Conistra), 204

3 (Dasycampa), 204
arenaria (Cerceris), 88, 89

a5 (Planema), xc, xci, xciii
arenarum (Stizus), 63, 123
Arenostola, 224
argentatum (Pison), 727
argenteiventris (Mutilla), 532
argentifrons (Exoprosopa), 636, 643
argentilinearia (Decetia), 352

o (Mimozethes), 352
argocosma (Paraptila), 677
Argynnides, Ixviii
Argyramoeba, 615, 616, 620, 621, 623
Argyroeides, evii
argyrognomon, var. aegidion (Plebeius),
lxxxvii

argyrolepis (Litorrhynchus), 630
argyrophora (Exoprosopa), 636, 643
Argyroploce, 689, 690, 691, 692
Arichanna, 317, 318
aristolochiae (Papilio), 170, 171
arithmeticus (Astichus), 463
armata (Kerana), xxv
armatus (Ascogaster), 475
armicollis (Magdalalis), 487
arnearia (Corymicca), 396
Aromia, 464
Arrowi (Hemisodoreus), 441, 442
Artaxa, 272
artemisia (Mutilla), 529
Arthrolytus), 460
aruana (Mictis), 596
arundinis (Hypera), 472, 479

arundinis (Phytonomus), 479
asclepiadis (Abrostola), 245
i (Noctua), 245
Ascodipteron, xvi, xvii
Ascogaster, 475
Asecodes, 483
asela (Euploea), 169, 171, 418, 419
asella (Bombyx), 350
», (Heterogenea), 350
asellus (Gymnetron), 482
asiatica (Hydroecia), 747, 748, 749
», (Pachytelia), 397
Asinduma, 233
askoldis (Trachea), 208
aspersa (Hypocala), 246
asperulus (Amalus), 485
53 (Ceuthorrhynchus), 484
asphodeli (Agapanthia), xvii
Aspidomorpha, lxiv
Aspiloptera, 624
assimilata (Nodaria), 256 :
assimilis (Ceuthorrhynchus), 484
assimulans (Nesoprosopis), 725
astarte (Barymutilla), 550
Astata, 94
Astatus, 94, 95, 96
asteria (Tachyris), 1x
Asteroscopus, 284
Asthena, 331, 332
Astichus, 463
astragali (Apion), 478
astrarche (Lycaena), 150
astrigera (Acraea), lxv
», #. brunnea (Acraea), Ixv, xvi
Astynomus, 466
atalanta (Vanessa), 173, 174
Atanycolus, 457
atavia (Coreura), cvii
ate (Dasylabris), 544
Ateleopterus, 456
ater (Proctotrypes), 453
aterrima (Eurytoma), 481
Athetis, 218
Athous, ili
atlantica (Hydroecia), 740, 745, 746,
748, 749
atomalis (Scoparia), 501, 502, 503, 507,
508, 509, 510, 511, 512
atra (Eryx), ]xxxvii
atrata (Dolichomutilla), 542
,, (Proteostrenia), 306
atrator (Bracon), 481
», (Meteorus), 463
atrocyanea (Ammophila), 72
be (Psammophila), 72
atropos (Mutilla), 529
atropurpureus (Eupelmus), 470
atrovittata (Brachionycha), 284, 285

©

() “clxvt .)

atrovittata (Microphalera), 284
atrovittatus (Asteroscopus), 284
(Microphalera), 284,
atrox (Oedipoda), 607
Attagenus, 457
Attelabus, 475
attenuatum (Trypoxylon), 131
Atteria, 676
attonita (Oxycriptis), 692
Aucha, 214
audouini (Oxynopterus), Ixxx
Aufidus, 602
Aulacodes, 372, 373
Aulacus, 463, 464
Aulicus, 467
aurata (Euproctis), 272
aurea (Pyrinioides), 353
», (Rhodoneura), 353
aureicollis (Campsomeris), 555
aureola (Acraea), Ixvi
», (Dielis), 556, 558
»» (Elis), 556, 558
», (Scolia), 558
aureomaculata (Catasticta), 525
aureopuncta (Kuplexia), 208°
aureus (Bruchus), 470
auricoma (Kurytoma), 487,489, 490, 491
auriferana (Chrysoxena), 685
aurimargo (Circobotys), 384
aurivillii (Acraea), lvi
australiensis (Heterarthrellus), 456
autumnalis (Systoechus), 607
avis (Callophrys), xxx
Avitta, 251
axis (Hemisodoreus), 439, 440
aygulus (Anthrax), 620, 621
azurea (Euagra), evi, evil
Bacillus, 1, 497, 499
Bactra, 689
badiata (Amoebotricha), 327
Baeturia, 599
bajularia (Phorodesma), 539
bajulus (Hylotrypes), 464
balanini (Ephialtes), 485
Balaninus, 485, 486
Bapta, 298, 299
barbara (Bembex), 129
sp (Cb erdave))s bel
Barcinus, 596
Bargaglii (Eurytoma), 489
baridil (Bracon), 485
Baridius, 485
Baris, 485
Barymutilla, 546, 549, 550
Barypithes, xxvi, xxvii
basalipunctata (Gorty na), 220
5 (Hydroecia), 220, 221
basalis (Antaeotricha), 709

285

basalis (Entedon), 470
(Hyperaeschra), 295
,, (Litorrhynchus), 630
,, (Palimpsestes), 282
basilinea (Notodonta), 292
basistrigalis (Scoparia), 501, 502, 503,
505, 507, 510, 512
Bassus, 478
batrachoides (Exoprosopa),
646, 648
bathrogramma (Orphnolechia), 711
bella (Leucotmemis), evii
bellargus (Agriades), 154
.; ab. coelestis (Agriades), xxii
bellicosus (Cremastus), 152
bellus (Callimerus), 1xxvi, ]xxviii
Belomicrus, 133
Belyta, 477
belzebul (Lomatia), 614
bembeciforme (Trochilium), vi
Bembex, 129, 130
Bembidium, Ixxxi
beroe (Mutilla), 545
»» (Stenomutilla), 545
Bertula, 254
betularia (Amphidasis), 136
o ab. nigra (Biston), 309
A (Geometra), 309
HA (Lycia), 309
betularius, var. fumosarius(Biston), 309
betuleti (Byctiscus), 475
», (Rhynchites), 475
biangulifera (Ozola), 320
(Zarmigethusa), 320
biatomea (Rivula), 267
bicolor (Antaeotricha), 710
,, (Diplatys), 22, 27, 36, 38, 40
», (Hylesinus), 489
», (Labia), 36
bidentata (Amoebe), 328
ms (Geometra), 303
a (Gonodontis), 303
. (Odontopera), 136, 137, 144
(Phalaena), 328
bidentatus (Pityogenes), 492
xe (Stauropus), 287
bidentis (Diplolepis), 492
bifasciata (Calymnia), 223
up (Grammesia), 223
A (Strangalia), 466
bifasciatum (Rhagium), 465
bifidella (Polyocha), 357
bifurcalis (Parthenodes), 373
biguttatus (Endomychus), 456
biguttula (Hadjina), 220
4s (Mamestra), 220
bilinea (Polia), 197
bilinealis (Antarchaea), 249

637, 645,

( clxvil )

bilineata (Macalla), 364
biloba (Drymonia), 295
», (Hyperaeschra), 295
»» (Semidonta), 295
bilunaria (Selenia), x, xi
bimaculata (Diplolepis), 491
binotata (Ricania), 601
bipars (Oeceticoides), 347
bipartitus (Laelius), 467
bipennis (Nemoptera), 1xi
bipuncta (Schistophleps), 195
bipunctatus (Oxybelus), 132
bipunctella (Hypsotropha), 356
bipunetifera (Schoenobius), 356
(Tripanaea), 356
bipustulatus (Agabus), ii
- (Attelabus), 475
Pe (Chilocorus), lxx
Birmanicus (Nigidius), 446
bisacutum (Latirostrum), 258
biskrensis (Tachytes), 99
bispinosa (Ploiaria), 761
Biston, 309, 310, 311, 312
bithys (Catasticta), 524
bitinctella (Nephopteryx), 359
biundularia (Tephrosia), 316
biustus (Leptostylus), 466
bivirgae (Acronycta), 217
bivittellus (Crambus), 353
blackburni (Nesoprosopis), 725, 727
,, __(Nysius), 733
Blacus, 467
Blanaida, 169
blandula (Bryophilina), 215
Bleptina, 253, 254, 255
Boarinea, 316
Boarmia, 308, 312, 318, 314, 315, 316
Boarmianae, 298, 396
bohemani (Apion), 476
boisduvalii (Sagra), 471
boleti (Cis), 463
boliviana (Catasticta), 519
boliviensis (Catasticta), 519
Bombyliinae, lvii
Bombylius, 605, 606, 607
Bombyx, 243, 289, 350, 351
Bomolocha, 265
bodps (Astatus), 95, 96
bore (Oeneis), lxxxvii
borealis (Bruchophagus), 469
Borkhausenia, 695
bormansi (Diplatys), 21,
32, 33, 36,
Borolia, 201
Bostrichus, 491
Bostrychus, 462
Bothromyrmex, 182
Botys, 376 380, 388, 390

23, 26, 30,

Brachionycha, 284, 285
Brachymerus, 133
Brachyrhynchus, 491
Brachysyinbola, 718
Brachytarsus, 469
Bracon, 462, 465, 479, 481, 488, 485,
488, 489, 490
branicki (Urodonta), 293
braueri (Nysson), 109
Brenthis, Ixxxvii
brevicornis (Passaloecus), 70
(Rhopalicus), 479

brevifascialis (Syngamia), 377
Brevipecten, 248
brevipennis (Ilema), 393

PF (Lithosia), 393

Ny (Semiotus), 477
breviventris (Pachylarthrus), 470
brevivittalis (Bertula), 254

(Mastigophorus), 254

bruchicida (Sparthiophila), 469
bruchivorus (Meraporus), 470
Bruchophagus, 469, 470
Bruchus, 469, 470
brumosa (Acronycta), 216
brunnearia (Ectropis), 316

“ (Tephrosia), 316
brunneri (Bembex), 129
brutus (Charaxes), 54
bryographa (Peronea), 687
Bryomoea, 212
Bryomoia, 212
Bryophila, 211, 212, 213
Bryophilina, 214, 215
Bupalus, 300, 301
bupresticida (Cerceris), 77, 78, 79, 80
buprestoides (Melasis), 458
Busiris (Entedon), 477
Byctiscus, 475
byrsinitis (Stenoma), 713
Cacoecia, 678
caeca (Caradrina), 222
caelestis (Entedon), 458
caeruleolineata (Hastina), 332
Cafius, 454
caicus (Grammodia), | xiii
Calandra, 486, 487
Calandrae (Pteromalus), 486
c-album (Polygonia), iv

5, var. hutchinsoni (Polygonia),
iii, iv

calear (Proctotrypes), 453
calearatus (Alydus), xxx, xxxi
Calcaritis, 307
calculator (Microdus), 475
caldarena (Acraea), 60
caliginosa (Bleptina), 253

BS (Hypena), 262

-

(Gla 5)

callidii (Aetroxys), 465, 468
,, (Hetroxys), 465, 468
Callidium, 465
Callidryas, 171
Callidula, lxxiv, Ixxviii
Callidulidae, xxiv, Ixxviii
Callimerus, Ixxvi, xxviii
Callimome, 489
Calliphara, 591
Callopepla, evi, evii
Callophrys, xxx, 155
Callopistria, 210
calmariensis (Galeruca), 472
i (Galerucella), 472
Caloclytus, Ixxvi, Ixxvii, Ixxviii
calopteryx (Stizus), 120
Calosota, 461
Calosoter, 460
Calosphex, 75, 76
Calymnia, 214, 222, 223
Calyptus, 476
campanulae (Cleopus), 481
A (Miarus), 481
campestris (Cicindela), 452
Campoplex, 471, 484, 492
Campsomeris, 555, 556, 558
Camptochilus, 353
camptocladius (Anthrax), 621, 622
canaliculatus (Lyctus), 454, 462
candida (Stilpnotia), 395
candidaria (Bapta), 299
candiope (Charaxes), 52, 54
Canephora, 397
canesceus (Elis), 555
Canidiella, 479
canis (Ctenocephalus), vi
Canna, 215
capicola (Mutilla), 544
» (Stenomutilla), 544
capitalis (Tachysphex), 105
capito (Cerceris), 86, 87, 88, 92
,, (Dischistus), 611
Capnodes, 250, 251
capnoptera (Exoprosopa), 637, 645, 648
Caprilia, 396
Capsidae, 729
Capua, 674, 675
capucinus (Bostrychus), 462
caraborum (Prosacantha), 452
Caradrina, 221, 222
Carcharodus, 567, 572
cardamines (Euchloe), 1
cardui (Pyrameis), 1xxi
Carige, 321
carlottae (Cotylosoma), Ixxxv
Md (Prisopus), Ixxxv
carphitis (Antaeotricha), 710
Carposina, 673

Carposinidae, 673
carthami (Hesperia), 568
caryae (Xorides), 467
caspica (Cerceris), 82, 83
Cassida, 473, 474
Cassididae, ]xiv
castanea (Acosmeryx), 279
castaneiceps (Corgatha), 227
castaneum (Tetropium), 468
ss var. hirtum (Nicobium), 461
castra (Napata), evil
Catada, 257
Catasticta, 519, 520, 521, 522, 523;
524, 525, 526, 527
catella (Achaea), 242
catenalis (Nacoleia), 378
Catephia, 247
Catocala, 239, 240, 242
Catocalinae, 238
catocaloida (Acronycta), 217
Catogenus, 456
Catolaccus, 483, 484
Catophaga, lix, lx
caudatus (Platigaster), 473
», (Sigalphus), 476
5S (Thersilochus), 474
caustolomaria (Corymica), 300
caveata (Argyroploce), 691
Cechenena, 280
Cecidostiba, 490
cecilia (Mutilla), 549
Celama, 191, 192
Celeopsyche, 227
celestina (Tachyris), lix, lx
cembrae (Scoparia), 503, 507, 511, 512
cenea (Papilio), xevili, 50
centaureae (Hesperia), 1xxxvii
Centrotus, 601
centuriella (Scoparona), 506, 507, 510,
5138
Cephalomyia, lviii
Cephalonomia, 459, 460, 490, 492
Cephalonomyia, 463
Cephenomyia, lviii
cepheus (Barymutilla), 549
», (Mutilla), 549
cerago (Noctua), 204
Cerambycidae, Ixxviii
Cerambyx, 464, 465
Cerastis, 204
Ceratarcha, 380
cerberus (Catasticta), 520
Cerceris, 63, 64, 65, 66, 77, 78, 79, 80,
81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89,
90, 91, 92, 93
Cercopidae, 602
Cercopis, 602
Cerocephala, 461, 487, 488, 491

() (elie)

cervicalis (Seymnus), 455
cervicornis (Kulophus), 458
cervus (Lucanus), 435
cespitalis (Pyrausta), 390
ceto (Erebia), vi
Cetoniidae, xx
ceuthorrhynchi (Encyrtus), 484
a (Selitrichus), 484
Ceuthorrhynchidius, 485
Ceuthorrhynchus, 484
ceylonica (Nola), 192
ceyx (Lycaenopsis), 185, 186
Chabrias (Asecodes), 483
¥i (Cirrospilus), 483

Chabuata, 198
Chaerocampa, 278, 280
Chaetostricha, 475
Chaleidites, 474
chalciope (Nyridela), cvii
chalcodora (Ethmia), 718
Chaleosia, xxv, Ixxviii
Chaleosianae, 350
Chalcosiinae, Ixxv, lxxviii
chambezi (Acraea), lxv
Chamopsis, 415, 416
champa (Moma), 242

» var. ainu (Moma), 242

“5 (Trichosea), 242
Chamus, 413, 414, 415
charadrophilus (Odynerus), 720
Charaxes, Xxli, xxili, xxix, 51, 52, 53,

54, 55
charaxus (Mutilla), 529
Chasminodes, 225
Cheiropachus, see Cheiropachys, 460,

480
Cheiropachys, 460, 480, 488, 490
Chelidonii (Aleurodes), 455
chelifer (Chelodynerus), 726
Chelodynerus, 726
Chilo, 354
Chilocorus, lxx
chimaera (Ornithoptera), 16, 17, i8
chinensis (Nesoprosopis), 725
Chionamoeba, 615
Chittendeni (Plastanoxus), 463
Chittendenii (Anoxus), 462
Chlaenius, 453
Chlamys, 471
chlamytis (Tetrastichus), 471
Chlorion, 74
chlorizans (Baris), 485
chlorochroa (Machimia), 697
Chlorophorus, lxxvi
chlorotica (Bembex), 129
choaspitis (Lobophora), 331

a (Trichopteryx), 331

Choleva, v

Cholius, 506, 507
chordostoma (Cryptolechia), 704
Chreonoma, Ixxvii
chrysanthema (Atteria), 676
chrysidia (Pseudostegania), 333
chrysidice (Pseudostegania), 333
chrysippus (Danaida), xlvii
a f. dorippus (Danaida), 5
. (Danais)s 7a liz
Se (Platigaster), 477
chrysippusalis (Oligostigma), 371
Chrysobothris, 458
chrysolopha (Catasticta), 526
Chrysomela, 472
chrysomelae (Eulophus), 472
chrysomelinus (Tachyporus), ii
Chrysopa, xiii
Chrysophanus, Ixxxvii
chrysoplaca (Anacampsis), 694
Chrysostola, evii
chrysostoma (Capua), 675
chrysotricha (Discolia), 552
30 (Scolia), 552
Chrysoxena, 685
Chytonix, 211, 212
Cicada, 599
Cicadidae, 599
cicatricosa (Marasmia), 376
ciceri (Bruchus), 470
Cicindela, 452
Cidaria, Ixxi, 324, 325, 326, 332
cilia (Chasminodes), 225
», (Leocyma), 225
cilialis (Pyrausta), 390
Cimex, 591
cinerea, subsp. alberta (Acraea), Ixvi
», (Catasticta), 521
», (Formica), 657
cinnamommea (Anisotoma), 454
cinnamopterus (Pilophorus), xxxii
cioni (Entedon), 483
cionobius (Entedon), 483
Cionus, 483
circeis (Acraea), ]xxxi, lxxxii
Cireobotys, 384
circumdatus (Melamphaus), 596
Cirphis, 200, 201
Cirrospilus, 479, 480, 483
Cis, 462, 463
cithaeron (Charaxes), 54, 55
citrago (Cosmia), 205
», (Noctua), 205
citrina (Gangarides), 283
citroleuca (Cnephasia), 683
clarescens (Bactra), 689
claripennis (Sphecius), 125, 126, 127,
128, 129
clava (Apamea), 210

_
(

clava (Eriopus), 210, 211
clavicornis (Mycetoporus), 1xxxi
clavifera (Stenoma), 715
clelia (Mutilla), 545, 549
», (Stenomutilla), 545
cleopatra (Gonepteryx), |
Cleopus, 481
cleorides (Paragona), 266
clisias (Cnephasia), 685
cloantha (Mutilla), 540
- (Precis), 56
clotho (Campsomeris), 556
3» (Dielis); 556,557, 559
», (Blis), 556, 557, 559
clypeatus (Crabro), 134
NA (Thyreus), 134

elzx, *')

comitans (Nysius), 736
communis (Pteromalus), 473
comparata (Barymutilla), 550

- var. affecta (Barymutilla),

550

55 (Mutilla), 550
compedita (Solierella), 131

oF (Sylaon), 131
conchitis (Eulia), 681
concinna (Kubyjodonta), 309

As (Machimia), 697
concinnata (Boarmia), 312

Fa (Cidaria), xxi

A (Dysstroma), lxxi
confectus (Entedon), 465
confusa (Cyrtopeltis), 729, 730

elytoides (Daphisia), Ixxvi, 1xxviii, », (Lygranoa), 321

lxxix
Cnephasia, 677, 682, 683, 684, 685
Coccidae, civ, ev
Coccinella, Ixv, 455
Coccinellae, 472
Coceinellid, 455
Coccinellidae, 1xx
Coccoteris, 594
Coccus, 469
Codrus, 453
Coecilius (Eulophus), 469
coelata (Pseudomicronia), 345
coelebs (Dielis), 555
Sy CENLIS) Sooo
coelestina (Euagra), evii
Coeliodes, 484, 488
coeliodis (Catolaccus), 484
Coeloides, 466, 480
coenobita (Bombyx), 243
AS (Panthea), 243
Coenocalpe, 323
coenosulus (Nysius), 734, 737
coeruleus (Omophlus), 474
cognataria (Amphidasis), 309
Coleocentrus, 467
Coleoptera, 1xi
Colias, lii, lx, Ixxxvii
colla (Catasticta), 520, 525
collaris (Dielis), 554, 555
», (Blis), 554, 555
», (Hyperaeschra), 294
;, (Mecinus), 482
» (Tiphia), 554
Collix, 322
Colobochyla, 252
colon (Cheiropachys, 488
Coloptera, 73
Colpa, 558
comatus (Stauropus), 288, 289
comis (Cylindrepomus), Ixxvii, Ixxx
,, (Larentia), 325

3 (Planema), 5, 6
>, (Plusia), 244
», (Rivula), 268
confusemaculatus (Anthrax), 621
confusor (Monochammus), 467
confusorius (Ichneumon), 475
congerens (Formica), xlviii
conglobata (Ethmia), 717
coniceps (Nesoprosopis), 723, 724
conifer (Odynerus), 727
coniotalis (Metasia), 386
Conistra, 203, 204
conjuncta (Dasychira), 270
A (Heterogenea), 348
He (Limacodes), 348
“3 (Natada), 348
connexa (Catocala), 240
conradti eons, 416
o (Diplatys), 21, 28 26, 32, 44
consanguinea (Pla anema),
consanguis (Brevipecten), “D418
consimilis (Euripus), xxiii

a f. torsa (Euripus), xxiii
ae (Evergestis), 385
NA (Kentrochrysalis), 275

D6 (Pityophthorus), 491
consocians (Formica), 179
consonaria (Boarmia), 316

- (Ectropis), 316

. (Geometra), 316
consorta (Amatissa), 346
conspicualis (Scoparia), 502
conspureatus (Anthrax), 621
constabilis (Monima), 394
constellata (Coptotelia), 701
contigualis (Pyrausta), 390
continua (Perigea), 209

a (Prospalta), 209
convergens (Hippodamia), 455
conviva (Baeturia), 599

», (Cicada), 599

CG ‘eleai? )

cooki (Nesodynerus), 726
Coptotelia, 700, 701, 702, 703
Coquillettii (Ratzeburgia), 468
cora (Catasticta), 521
», (Euterpe), 521
cordigera (Anarta), 1xxxvii
core (Kuploea), 418, 419, 421
Coreidae, 594
Coremia, 326
coreta (Euploea), 418, 419, 421
Coreura, ¢evii
Corgatha, 227, 228
coriacea (Diplatis), 44
», (Forficula), 44
coridon, var. syngrapha (Agriades),
xxii
cornigera (Cerocephala), 461, 487
coronata (Apenesia), 456
Correbia, evii
correlata (Amoebotricha), 327
corrivalaria (Acidalia), 333
corruscus (Philonthus), Ixxxi
corticalis (Diplolepis), 491
corvula (Antaeotricha), 710
corydon (Agriades), 154
corylata (Cidaria), 326
», (Geometra), 326
», (Hydriomena), 326
Corymbites, xxiv
Corymica, 299, 300, 396
Cosinia, 204, 205, 222, 223
cosmius (Xylophanes), xiii
Cosmopsaltria, 599
Cosmoscarta, 602, 603
Cosmosoma, xxv, cvii
Cossidae, 191, 348
Cossus, 348
costae (Tachysphex), 102
costaemacula (Zethes), 250
costalis (Schoenobius), 355
», var. parvalis (Schoenobius),

costimacula (Nola), 192
costipuncta (Phiala), 164
Cotylosoma, lxxxv
coxalis (Kohlia), 115
Crabro, 64, 65, 138, 134, 135, 727
Crabronidae, 135
Crambina, 506
Crambinae, 353
Crambus, 353, 354, 358
Craspedia, 334
crassa (Lembeja), 599
erassicornis (Didineis), 111

43 (Stizus), 119
erassineura (Eurytoma), 488
crassistriga (Hyloicus), 274, 275
crataegata (Rumia), 136

crataegella (Dipleurina), 506, 507, 513
craterosema (Eulia), 678
Creatonotus, 391
Cremastochilides, xx
Cremastus, 152, 468
crenata (Gluphisia), 289
Creophilus, 453, 459
cretaceus (Eunotus), 480
cretea (Ourapteryx), 301
Crimia, 597
crimnodes (Borkhausenia), 695
crinanensis (Hydroecia), 741, 742, 743,
744, 745, 746, 747, 748, 749
Criocephalus, 466
Crioceris, 471
cristata (Mutilla), 536
crocalis (Phlyctaenodes), 385
Crocidophora, 384
Croesus, 1
croixi (Diplatys), 36
Crossocerus, 65, 134
cruciata (Saperda), 466
Crypsicomata, 300
crypterythrus (Odynerus), 720
Cryptoblabes, 363, 364
Cryptocephalus, 471
Cryptolechia, 704
Cryptus, 464, 467, 487
Ctenocephalus, vi, vii
Ctenopseustis, 681
ctenopterus (Systoechus), 607, 609
Ctenucha, evli
Cucula, 318
Cucullia, 203
Cucullianae, 203
cuculus (Odontosia), 294
culiciformis (Aegeria), v, vi
Cupido, 150
cuprea (Miresa), 348
curculionoides (Attelabus), 475
% (Diplolepis), 481
curculionum (Eurytoma), 478, 481, 482
curta (Oligostigma), 371
curtipennis (Reduviolus), 729
curvata (Euproctis), 271
curvifera (Paricana), 600
curviferalis (Hypena), 260
curvilinea (Leucania), 202
45 (Meliana), 202
rf (Rivula), 269
cyanator (Cryptus), 464
cyanea (Discolia), 551
», (Scolia), 551
cyanealis (Nacoleia), 379
cyanescens (Stizus), 115
eyaneus (Ocypus), Ixv
cyaniceps (Eupelmus), 470
cyanipes (Scutellera), 591

_

(telxsat, )

Cyaniris, xxiii, 154
Cyanopepla, evii
eyclica (Perigea), 209
Cycloneda, 455
Cyclosia, Ixxv, Ixxviii
Cyclotorna, xxvii, 577, 588, 589, 590
Cyclotornidae, 590
Cylindrepomus, Ixxvil, 1xxviii, ]xxix
Cylindrogaster, 31, 35, 38
Cymatophora, 281, 282
Cymatophoridae, 191, 280
cynorta (Papilio), xe
cyparissias (Kuphorbia), 468
Cyrtojana, 161, 162
Cyrtopeltis, 729, 730
cytheris (Mutilla), 533
dacica (Cerceris), 82
», Var. magnifica (Cerceris), 82, 83
», var. opulenta (Cerceris), 82, 83
Dactylipsa, Ixxvii, lxxix
Dactylopiinae, ev
Dactylopius, ev
Dadica, 221
daemonius (Nesocrabo), 727
dahlbomi (Bembex), 130
daimenes (Pteromalus), 480
d’Albertisi (Delias), 18
dallasi (Nysius), 732
damone (Euchloé), 1
Danaida, xlvii, liii, 5
Danainae, xlvi
Danais, 170, 171, 172
Daphisia, Ixxiii, Ixxvi, Ixxviii, ]xxix

dardanus (Papilio), xxxvili, xxxix, xli,

Dasycampa, 204
Dasychira, 270, 271, 288
Dasylabris, 537, 543, 544
Dasylabroides, 540
datanidia (Fagitana), 211
A. (Nephelodes), 211

daubei (Plusia), 245
daveyi (Isotamia), 627, 628
davidis (Anceryx), 275

», (Hyloicus), 275
Decetia, 352
decimator (Procinetus), 468
decipiens (Molybdamoeba), 617, 619
decipirus (Mutilla), 532
decisus (Dindymus), 596
decussata (Striglina), 352
defectata (Larentia), 333

65 (Pseudostegania), 333

definita (Boarmia), 315
DeGeeri (Kupelmus), 469

Deilemera, xlvi, liv, xevi, xevii, xeviii

Deilephila, 278

Deilinia, 299

Deiopeia, 237

deipyrus (Tetrastichus), 465, 489
delecta (Chrysobothris), 458
delectulus (Nysius), 736, 737

delectus (Nysius), 732, 733, 734, 736,

737
deletaria (Bapta), 298
Delias, lxii, 16, 18, 19
delicatior (Uliocnemis), 336
delicatulus (Gastroplakaeis), 166
a (Gorytes), 114

xlii, 1 5 (Harpactus), 114
55 f. cenea (Papilio), xxxiii, | Demas, 243

XXXIV, Xxxv, _xxxvi, | dembowskii (Notodonta), 291

XXXViil, Xxxvili, xxxix, | demodocus (Papilio), xevili

xl, xli, xlii, xlvii, lxxii

dardanus (Papilio), xliv
f. hippocoon (Papilio), xx xiii,

XXXIV, XXXV, XXXVI, XXXVIi,

Sogn eooobe sdb dhe
xhiii, 1xxii

f, leighi (Papilio), xxxiv,
OO | SOSH, | pdo.drahl
Sosapin, Sooobey ohh odhve
xiii

f. mixtus (Papilio), xlii

f. niobe (Papilio), xliii

f. planemoides (Papilio),

xoedbey edly dhe, Sd hih obit.
xliv, xlvii

tibullus (Papilio), xliv

f. trophonius (Papilio),
SOON | | Re-Oahe, XXXV,
POOP LOS OBE dod;

RoCabiG Sidhly Sdkvhy sdhhy

demoleus (Papilio), 49, 50
dendroctoni (Cecidostiba), 490
Dendrophilus, 454
| denigrator (Atanycolus), 457
dentata (Catasticta), 522
dentatus (Apoda), 349
(Heterogenea), 349
(Limacodes), 349

ss (Phloeosinus), 490
denticlathrata (Pomasia), 329
denticollis (Physophoroptera), 409
dentifascia (lodis), 341
dentiferus (Litorrhynchus), 630, 632
dentipes (Dinetus), 106

5, (Odontomerus), 457, 488
deplana (Lithosia), xlix
deplanatus (Pteromalus), 484
depressus (Pytho), 475
| Dermestes, 457
| Deropeltis, 1x xiii

(

despicata (Barymutilla), 549
Destolmia, 284, 285
destructor (Scolytus), 488
dewitzi (Philoponus), 94
Diacrisia, 392
diadematus (Dischistus), 610
Dialithoptera, 193
diana (Saturnia), 344
Dianthoecia, 206
Diaparsis, 486
Diceropyga, 599
Dichagyris, 229
Dichomeris, 695
dicissa (Geometra), 342
Didineis, 111
didyma (Apamea), 207

», (Kuplexia), 207

3 (Noctua), 206
dieckmanni (Geometra), 339

5 (Megalochlora), 339

Dielis, 457, 554, 555, 556, 557, 558
difficilis (Nesoprosopis), 727
diffusa (Naranga), 231
diffusus (Anthrax), 620, 621, 622
dilatatus (Litorrhynchus), 632, 634

», (Platymischus), 454
Dilinia, 298, 299
diluta (Lyramorpha), 594
dimidiata (Colpa), 558

& (Exoprosopa), 636, 640, 641,

642, 643
dimidiatipennis (Dielis), 554
e (Elis), 554

dimidiatus (Elachestus), 474
Be (Nysson), 110

Dindymus, 596

Dinetus, 106

dingana (Leptoneura), 61

Dinia, evi, evii

diocletiana (Euploea), xxiii

Diodontus, 64, 68, 69, 70, 71

Diomea, 250, 251

Dioryctria, 361, 362

Diospilus, 458, 462, 484

Diplatys, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,
99, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38,

39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44
Dipleurina, 506, 507, 513
Diplolepis, 481, 490, 491, 492
Diploptera, 62
Dirades, 346
directa (Trichotaphe), 694
disa (Amauris), 424
Dischistus, 605, 610, 611, 612
discipennis (Aleochara), |xiii
discisigna (Leucinodes), 257

“ (Nodaria), 257
Discocephalinae, 592

elxxiii)

discoidea (Saperda), 467
Discolia, 551, 552, 553
discolor (Cercopis), 602
;, (Cosmoscarta), 602
,, (Garaeus), 304
», (Hygrochroa), 304
»» (Scolia), 555
fo) (stizus); tl; 1s

discriminata (Exoprosopa), 636, 641,

642, 643
discus (Delias), ]xii
disjuncta (Hemithea), 337
7 (Trigonodes), 247
dispar (Bracon), 462
», (Discolia), 552
» (Scolia), 552
disputabilis (Palarus), 108
dissimilis (Boarmia), 314
35 (Proxenus), 219
distans (Hygrochroa), 303, 304
» (Pericallia), 303
distincta (Catasticta), 523
i (Lissonota), 474
distinctus (Entedon), 480
. (Omophlus), 474
Dithecodes, 343
divergens (Camptochilus), 353
diversella (Polyocha), 357
dives (Ammophila), 72
,, (Kremochares), 72
», (Spatalia), 297
divisa (Cereopis), 602
», (Cosmoscarta), 602
,, (Ctenucha), evii
divitalis (Stericta), 366
divitiacus (Entedon), 480
dixanthia (Trichura), evii
Dixophlebia, evii
dizona (Villa), 624
doerriesi (Spatalia), 297
Dohertyi (Lucanus), 435, 436
dohrni (Diplatys), 26, 33
Dolbina, 274
Dolichomutilla, 533, 534, 541, 542
dolosa (Amycles), evii
domestica (Musca), 497, 498
r (Scleroderma), 464
domesticum (Anobium), 460
3 (Scleroderma), 461, 464
dominicanus (Amauris), xxxiii, xlli
Doreatoma, 462
Dorchaschema, 468
dorsigera (‘Toxocampa), 248
doryca (Cicada), 599
», (Cosmopsaltria), 599
Doryctes, 461, 462
dorycus (Euagoras), 597
,, (Pristhesancus), 598

*

dorycus (Zelus), 597
dotata (Noctua), 241

», (Ophiusa), 241
doubledayaria (Amphidasis), 309
doublieri (Hymenorus), 474
Doumeti (Pteromalus), 470
Drepana, 351
Drepanidae, 191, 351
dresdensis (Dorcatoma), 462
dryas (Satyrus), 168
Drymonia, 288, 295, 296
Dryocaetes, 491
dryope (Eurytela), 59
dubia (Euralia), xlv, xlvi
(Liodes), xlix

», (Orgyia), 160
dubiosata (Philereme), 322

rr (Scotosia), 322
dubiosus (Odynerus), 726
dubitalis (Scoparia), 503, 507, 508, 509,
513

29

var.

508
ductilis (Trigonoderus), 460
dulcamarae (Haltica), 473

, (Psylliodes), 473

dulcissima (Nolasena), 236
5 (Paracrama), 236
Duliophyle, 308
dumerilii (Luperina), 1xxxviii
dumetorum (Nesoprosopis), 723, 724
duodecempunctatus (Cryptocephalus),

ss ingratella (Scoparia),

duodecem-striatus (Anommatus), 456
duplana (Rhyacionia), li, lii
duplicata (Gelastocera), 234
duplicatus (Barypithes), xxvii
duplicifimbria (Striglina), 852
dura (Mutilla), 534
dux (Agyrta), evii
Dycladia, evii
dycladioides (Chrysostola), evii
Dyscritina, 35, 38, 45, 46
Dysdaemonia, xxv
Dysdercus, 596
Dysodius, 597
Dysstroma, ]xxi
eatoni (Cerceris), 85
(Harpactopus), 74
(Miscophus), 131
(Sphex), 74
,, (Tachysphex), 102
Eceopteroma, 234
Eedicius, 593
echeria (Amauris), xxxviii, 3, 9, 422,
423, 424
jacksoni (Amauris), 421
f. steckeri (Amauris), 4

29
99

29

39

2?

celxxiv

)

echerioides (Papilio), 49, 50
echthroides (Cryptus), 487
a (Helcostizus), 487

ecostatus (Odynerus), 726
Ectatops, 596
Ectenus, 594
Ectropis, 316, 317
Edema, 229
eduardi (Tachysphex), 103
edusa (Colias), lii
ab. helice (Colias), lii

,, ab, helicina (Colias), lii
efllorescens (Hypocala), 247
ega (Catophaga), lix, lx
egena (Cyclotorna), 588, 589, 590
egens (Nesodynerus), 726 |
egialea (Amauris), xlv
Elachestus, 474
Elachistid, 482
electrias (Argyroploce), 691
elegans (Cosmosoma), evii
(Macalla), 364
(Polysphincta), 461
(Thyridanthrax), 625, 649

»”)
2?

”

| elegantulus (Hemisodorecus), 439, 440,

441
55 (Oxybelus), 133
Elemana, 593, 594
Elis, 554, 555, 556, 557, 558, 559
ella (Acraea), Ixvi
elongatulus (Crabro), 134
es (Crossocerus), 134
elongatus (Delias), 19
», (Pteromalus), 481
eluta (Hemithea), 337
Elydna, 221, 222
Elymnias, 170, 171, 172
emarginata (Callopepla), evii
(Cerceris), 63, 80, 81
33 (Leipoxais), 166
embla (Erebia), Ixxxvii
emeris (Catasticta), 519
Emmalocera, 358
encamina (Machimia), 696
encaustella (Acrobasis), 363
encedon (Acraea), liv, lv
- f. daira (Acraea), 5
Encyrtus, 455, 469, 472, 478, 484, 489
endoica (Catasticta), 526
Endomychobius, 456
Endomychus, 456
Endotricha, 367, 368
Endotrichinae, 367
Enispa, 225, 226
Enmonodia, 238
Entedon, 458, 465, 469, 470, 475, 477,
480, 483, 484, 485
epaea (Planema), xe, xci, xciy

be)

€ “eleexy. |)

epaea paragea (Planema), xc, xci, xciii { Kuborellia, xvi

epeoliformis (Nysson), 109, 110
var. ditior (Nysson), 109
Ephialtes, 458, 464, 465, 466, 467, 485
Ephoria, 307
Epicrocis, 361
Epione, 305, 307
Epipaschianae, 364
Epiplemidae, 352
Epipomponia, 350
Epipyrops, 350
Episilia, 196, 197
Epistor, 1xili
equestris (Cassida), 474
erasa (Dithecodes), 343
Erasmia, 350
Erastria, lxi, 230
Erastrianae, 225, 394
erato (Heliconius), ii
,», estrella (Heliconius), i
aA » #. feyeri (Heliconius), i, ii
»» 4. ilia (Heliconius), i, ii
Erebia, vi, Ixxxiii, Ixxxvii, lxxxviii,
Ixxxix
Eremochares, 72, 73
Ergates, 463
Ericsoni (Gnaphaloryx), 443
erinnyis (Mutilla), 548
F (Odontomutilla), 548
Eriococcus, cv
eriophora (Elis), 555
ae (Seolia), 555
Eriopus, 210, 211
Eriopyga, 199
eriphia (Antichloris), evi
eriphyle (Erebia), vi
Erirrhinus, 481
ernesti (Diplatys), 21, 22, 28, 27, 35, 36
Ernobius, 460, 461
Erosia, 319
erotias (Machimia), 698
errabunda (Rivula), 269
errabundus (Campoplex), 471
a (Holocremnus), 471
erubescens (Nysson), 110
erucalis (Pyralis), 385
eruditus (Hypothenemus), 490
erythraeus (Litorrhynchus), 634
erythrocephala (Oberea), 468
erythrognathus (Odynerus), 726
Eryx, lxxxvii
Eterusia, 350
ethalion (Charaxes), 51, 52, 54
Ethmia, 717, 718
euadrusalis (Orthaga), 367
Euagoras, 597
Euagra, evi, cvii
Eubazus, 476

Eubyja, 309, 310

Eubyjodonta, 309

Eucereon, eviii

Euchera, 352

Euchloé, 1

Euchloris, 336, 339

Euchromia, xcix

Kuchrysia, 458

Eucosma, 688

Kucosmidae, 688

eucyane (Napata), evii

Endoria, 505, 506, 507, 510, 514, 515,
516

eugenia (Cerceris), 80

Kugraphia, 222

Euhampsonia, 284

Eulia, 677, 678, 579, 680, 681

Eulocastra, 230, 231

eulophoides (Pteromalus), 489

Eulophus, 458, 469, 470, 472, 473, 477,
478, 484, 485

Eunotus, 480

Eupelmus, 469, 470, 473, 478

Euphorbia, 468

Euphorus, 455, 472

euphrosyne (Brenthis), 1xxxvil

Eupithecia, 329, 330

Euplexia, 206, 207, 208

Euploea, iv, xxii, xxiii, xlvii, 169, 171,
417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 423, 424,
425

Eupoecilia, 1xx

Euproctis, 271, 272

Eupterotidae, 191, 283

EKuralia, xlv, xlvi

Euricania, 601

Euripus, xxiii

europaea (Ancistromma), 66, 105

5 (Tachytes), 100

Eurota, evil

Eurukuttarus, 347

Eurycarenus, 605, 611, 613

euryclealis (Botys), 380

a (Lygropia), 380, 381

Eurycyttarus, 347

Eurytela, 59

Eurytoma, 458, 462, 469, 476, 477,
478, 480, 481, 482, 484, 485, 486,
487, 488, 489, 490, 491

eurytus (Planema), xciv

EKusandalum, 466, 468

Eustroma, 323, 324

Eutelia, 231, 232

Eutelianae, 231

Eutelus, 455

Euterpe, 519, 520, 521, 522, 527

Euxoa, 195, 196

(Criekoevi _)

Evergestis, 385
Evetria, li
exacta (Dolbina), 274
exaltata (Mutilla), 536
exaltatus (Salius), xxxi
exanthemata (Cucula), 318
(Perenia), 318

exarator (Spathius), 460, 461
excavata (Acanthocampa), 396, 397
excellens (Heydenia), 489
excelsior (Isognathus), lxiii
excisa (Acontia), 230
exhausta (Baeturia), 599

5 (Cieada), 599
exigua (Calymnia), 222

», (Mesogona), 222
exigualis (Pionea), 388
exiguus (Bruchus), 470
exocentri (Blacus), 467
Exocentrus, 467
Exochus, 457, 461
Exoprosopa, 606, 616, 627,

649, 650, 651, 653
experta (Cyclotorna), 588, 589
exsecta (Formica), xlviii, 179, 665
exstincta (Hadena), 206
extimalis (Evergestis), 385
+ (Pyralis), 385
extraneus (Odynerus), 726
extrema (Deiopeia), 237
4 (Sinna), 237
a4 ab. unicolor (Sinna), 237
exulans, var.
Ixxxvii
faber (Ergates), 463
fabius (Charaxes), xxiii
fabrefactaria (Cidaria), 326
facilis (Nesoprosopis), 725, 727
fagi (Apion), 476
», (Orchestes), 480
Fagitana, 211
fairmairei (Eryx), lxxxvii
43 (Gorytes), 112
falcata (Eecopteroma), 234
falcatus (Diplatys), 22, 24, 30
», (Ibiceps), 601
falciger (Perilitus), 472
fallax (Planema), 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 13
falsidicalis (Syngamia), 377
fasciatella (Dielis), 556
BH (Elis), 556, 557
5 (Seolia), 556
fasciatipennis (Dielis), 558
a (Elis), 558
5 (Seolia), 558
fasciatus (Aradophagus), 491

628, 629,
635, 636, 637, 638, 639, 640, 641,
642, 643, 644, 645, 646, 647, 648,

vanadis (Anthrocera),

fasciatus (Ctenocephalus), vi, vii
_ (Dasychira), 288
* (Stizus), 119, 122
4 (Tachyporus), ii
fasciola (Corgatha), 227
fasciosa (Ampelophaga), 278
fascipennis (Megalyra), 463
fatua (Catada), 257
fausta (Lecithocera), 694
favicolor (Leucania), Ixxxvi, lxxxvii

eA ab. lutea (Leucania), Ixxxvi
feae (Diplatys), 44
Feisthameli (Sphenognathus), 428

429, 430, 431
felina (Campsomeris), 558
», (Dielis), 558
», (Elis), 558
felis (Ctenocephalus), vi
fella (Diplatys), 22, 28, 39
femoralis (Eulophus), 473
33 (Exochus), 461
4 (Polyclistus), 461
x (Pternistria), 594
femorata (Chrysobothris), 458
fenestralis (Thyridanthrax), 626
fenestrata (Scolia), 554
fenestratus (‘Thyridanthrax), 62&
fenestella (Coptotelia), 701
fenestrella (Coptotelia), 701
fennica (Hoplosia), 465
fennicus (Cerambyx), 465
fentoni (Nodaria), 257
Fentonia, 286
ferreolutea (Siglophora), 237
ferreri (Cerceris), 88
ferruginea (Hadjina), 220
ya (Siglophora), 237
ferruginella (Acrobasis), 363
ferrugineus (Systoechus), 608
i (Tettigonia), 604
fervens (Macrochthonia), 234
fervidus (Pompilus), 560
festiva (Kpisilia), 196, 197
», (Noctua), 196
festivus (Bassus), 478
», (Pompilus), 560
», (Promethes), 478
ficus (Loganius), 488
Fidia, 471

| Fidiobia, 471

filicornis (Tachysphex), 101
filicum (Nesoprosopis), 722
filiformis (Sichelia), 463

> (Xylonomus), 463, 465
fimbriares (Plossa), 348
fininigra (Loxophlebia), evil
fischeri (Cerceris), 79, 80

», (Prisopus), lxxxiv

( tchown)

flabellata (Atteria), 676
flabelliformis (Prisopus), lxxxiv
flagellaria (Gelasma), 341
a3 (Hemithea), 341
e (Thalera), oe
flagrans (Calliphara), 5
», (Tetrathia), soe
flaminius (Encyrtus), 472
»» (Homalotylus), 472
flammea (Scea), cvi
flava (Chrysopa), xiii
flavago (Gortyna), 468
flavator (Bracon), 462
flavescens (Noctua), 204
iB (Thyatira), 281
xs (Villa), 624, 625
flaviceps (Nematopus), 596
s3 (Priocnemicoris), 596
flavicollis (Diplatys), 21, 22, 26, 34
flavicornis (Rhamphus), "480
flavida (Thyatira), 280, 281
flavifrons (Scymnus), 456
Ae (Sphex), 555
flavipennis (Sphex), 77
flavipes (Endomychobius), 456
,, (Fidiobia), 471
flavirons (Sphex), see flavifrons (Sphex)
flavofascialis (Rhodaria), 367
flavomaculata (Catasticta), 526
flavus (Lasius), 180, 181, 668
fletcheri (Diplatys), 22, 28, 28, 39
flexuosa (Hypena), 264
floccosa (Sypna), 246
fluetuatus (Tachysphex), 101
fluctuosalis (Nymphula), 371
fluminata (Stenoma), 716
foedalis (Isopteryx), 372
», (Nymphula), 372
foliator (Nototrachys), 474
fonscolombei (Scleroderma), 489
fonscolombii (Sympetrum), lii
Forficula, 29, 41
Forficularia, 45
Formica, xxxi, xlviii, 175, 176, 177,
178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 657,
665
formicetorum (Stenus), lxxxi
formiciformis (Cephalonomyia), 463
(Theocolax), 460
ormosa (Dielis), 457
forticornis (Mycetoporus), 1xxxi
Fossores, 62, 529
foveolatum (Tyloderma), 483
fraterna (Elymnias), 170, 171, 172
fraxini (Catocala), 240
», (Eurytoma), 489
», (Hylesinus), 489, 491
s, (Noctua), 240

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v. 1911.

fraxini (Stereonychus), 483
frequentella (Eudoria), 506, 507, 514,
515, 516
freya (Brenthis), lxxxvii
freygessneri (Tachytes), 98, 99
friesei (Diodontus), 68
frigga (Brenthis), ]xxxvii
frontalis (Phloeotribus), 490
Fryi (Lucanus), 431, 432, 433
fugax (Rhodia), 344
»» (Rhodinia), 344
fulgidus (Pteromalus), 484
Fulgoridae, 582, 600
fuliginosa (Choleva), v
se (Eriopyga), 199
. (Hyphilare), 199
fuliginosus (Lasius), x, xxxii, 1xxxiii,
180, 181, 182, 664, 665,
666, 667, 668, 669, 670,
671, 672
ES (Stizus), 124
fulvago (Cosmia), 204
» ab. asiatica (Cosmia), 204, 205
» (Noctua), 204
», (Xanthia), 204, 205
fulvipes (Eurytoma), 489
», (Petrorossia), 615, 616
fulvotaenia (Ophiusa), 241
fumifascia (Encyrtus), 455
fumipennis (Astatus), 95, 96
fundigera (Machimia), 696
funerea (Cerceris), 80
fur (Ptinus), 459
furva (Hypena), 262
fusca (Formica), 175, 176, 177, 178,
179, 180, 657, 665
», race fusco-rufibarbis (Formica),
xoxox
fuscicornis (Sclerochloa), 489
fuscipes (Cis), 463
», (Systropha), 393
fuscirostre (Apion), 478
fusifera (Phtheochroa), 674
Gadirtha, 232
galactina (Bembex), 129
galathea (Melanargia), xxi, Ixxii

» var. lugens (Melanargia),
xlvili

», var. procida (Melanargia),
xxii

», var. syracusana(Melanargia),
lxxil

Galeruca, 472
galerucae (Oomyzus), 472
», (Pteromalus), 474
,, (Tetracampe), 474
Galerucella, 472
gallarum (Pteromalus), 472

M

( elxxvili )

gallerucae (Oomyzus), see galerucae | glaucotorna (Oruza), 226

(Oomyzus)
gallica (Polistes), xxx
5, (Scoparia), 507, 512
gallicus (Miscophus), 131
Gangarides, 283
Garaeus, 300, 304
Garleppi (Sphenognathus), 428, 429,
430, 431
Gastropacha, 136
Gastroplakaeis, 166
Gastrosericus, 106
gaudens (Catocala), 240
gazagnairei (Gorytes), 112
Ba (Stizus), 117, 118
Gelasma, 341
Gelastocera, 234, 235
Gelechia, 692, 693
Gelechiadae, 692
gelida (Nemoria), 340
gemmata (Dialithoptera), 193
gemmifer (Kerana), lxxv
generosus (Marcius), 596
genistae (Apion), 477
gensanalis (Capnodes), 250
55 (Circobotys), 384
74 (Crocidophora), 384
a (Zethes), 250
gensanaria (Corymica), 300
gensanellus (Chilo), 354
geographica (Cacoecia), 678
Geometra, 303, 309, 316, 324, 326,
330, 338, 339, 342
Geometridae, 191, 298, 396
Geometrinae, 336, 397
germanica (Cicindela), 452
a (Panorpa), lxiv
5 (Vespa), 127
gerstaeckeri (Diplatys), 21, 22, 23, 27,
35, 36, 38, 41
ae var, calidasa (Diplatys), 35
ie Nannopygia, 35, 42, 43
gibba (Eurytoma), 476, 477, 478
gibbulus (Mesochorus), 479
gigantea (Agylla), 194
a (Lithosia), 194
be (Lomatia), 614
an (Notodonta), 290
ue (Peridea), 290
giganteus (Acantharades), 597
a (Sphenognathus), 428, 429,
430
gigas (Leucospis), lvii
gladiator (Diplatys), 22, 24, 29
glandarius (Odontomerus), 485
glandium (Balaninus), 485
glaphyrus (Bracon), 485
glaucopa (Stenoma), 712

glauculalis (Glyphodes), 382
elaucus (Ceuthorrhynchus), 484
Gluphisia, 289
glyphodalis (Phryganodes), 378
Glyphodes, 381, 382
Gnaphaloryx, 443, 444
Gnophos, 311
godefredi (Campsomeris), 556
af (Dielis), 556
5 (Elis), 556, 557
Gonatopus, 460
gonatus (Pteromalus), 460
Gonepteryx, xxv, |
Gonionota, 700
Gonodontis, 302, 303
gorgon (Epistor), ]xiii
Gortyna, 220, 221, 468
Gorytes, 65, 112, 118, 114
goschkevetschii (Blanaida), 169
grabezewskii (Hutelia), 232
gracilalis (Scoparia), 502
Gracilia, 465
gracilicornis (Ectatops), 596
gracilipes (Diodontus), 69
gracilis (Campoplex), 484
,, (Cylindrogaster), 31
», (Diplatys), 23, 25, 31
», (Ephialtes), 466
», (Oeme), 468
gracilitarsis (Tachysphex), 103, 104
gracillima (Ammophila), 73
graeseri (Notodonta), 291
graminellae (Pimpla), 483
graminicola (Meraporus), 486
graminis (Chrysomela), 472
Grammesia, 223
Grammodia, |xiii
granaria (Calandra), 486
grandificaria (Thalassodes), 343
= (Thalera), 343
grandis (Eriopyga), 199
», ab, bicolor (Eriopyga), 199
, (Mythimna), 199
», (Nigidius), 761
5 (Stizus), 121
‘ (Trichura), evii
granitalis (Thera), 326
granulatus (Brachyrhynchus), 491
graslini (Luperina), lxxxviii
gratiosa (Petrorossia), 615, 616
Gravenhorsti (Pezomachus), 483
gravipes (Exochus), 457
greeni (Diplatys), 22, 28, 27, 32, 36,
37, 38

griffithsi (Diplatys), 22, 28, 27, 37
grisealis (Orthaga), 366
grisescens (Kctropis), 317

\

¢ -elxaax "")

grisescens ab. obliqua (Ectropis), 317
35 (Tephrosia), 317
grosvenori (Acraea), Ixvi
guderiana (Charaxes), 51, 52
gueneei (Luperina), ii, ili,
Ixxxvill
», var. baxteri (Luperina), li, ill
», var. fusca (Luperina), iti
ab. murrayi (Luperina), ii
guineensis (Dolichomutilla), 583, 542
e (Mutilla), 542
gulussa (Ammophila), 72
», (Psammophila), 72, 73
gummiferae (Hulophus), 470
guttiventris (Vipio), 468
gymnetri (Pimpla), 481
Gymnetron, 481, 482
gyrini (Gausocentrus), 453
5, (Hemiteles), 453
Gyrinus, 453
hadassa (Anisodes), 299
», (Syntaracta), 299
», ab. unicolor (Syntaracta), 299
Hadena, 206, 209
Hadeninae, 197, 394
Hadjina, 220
haemapera (Pheia), evil
haemataula (Machimia), 699
haemorrhoidalis (Athous), iii
haimatosoma (Ammophila), 73
Halavrita, 600
haleakalae (Nysius), 735
i (Odynerus), 726
Halias, 236
halitherses (Euripus), xxii
Haltica, 473
Halydinae, 592
Halys, 594
hampsoni (Asinduma), 233
re (Nola), 192
hampsonialis (Hypena), 261
handlirschi (Miscophus), 131
hanga (Cosmosoma), evii
hannibal (Crabro), 134
33 (Lindenius), 134
hanningtoni (Amauris), 422
Harpactopus, 74
Harpactus, 113, 114
harpagula (Bombyx), 351
5s (Drepana), 351
harrisii (Euploea), 424
Harrisimemna, 213
hartliebi (Cerceris), 66, 87, 88
Hastina, 332
hatami (Libythea), 20
hawaiiensis (Cyrtopeltis), 730
*p (Odynerus), 726
hecabe (Chalcosia), Ixxv, lxxviii

Ixxxvil,

hecabe (Cyclosia), Ixxv, Ixxviii
», (Terias), xxv, lxxvi, ]xxvili
Hecabolus, 460, 461
hecate (Amauris), xlv, 424
hegemon (Catasticta), 520
,, (Eulophus), 484, 485
Helcon, 466
Helcostizus, 487
helena (Hyperalonia), 651, 653
Heliconius, i
heliopolites (Tachysphex), 100
Helonotus, 598
Helophorus, xx
Hemeroplanes, Ixiii
Hemimerus, Ixiv
Hemipenthes, 622, 623
Hemisodoreus, 439, 440, 441, 442
Hemiteles, 453, 471, 479
Hemithea, 337, 338, 341
hemixanthopterus (Sphecius),
125, 127, 129
hercules (Acronycta), 217
Herculia, 369, 370
hermione (Eurota), evii
Hesperia, xxvi, lxxxvii, 563, 564, 565,
568, 569, 573
Hesperidae, lxxiv, Ixxviii, 169, 171, 569
hesperus (Argyramoeba), 615, 616
»» (Petrorossia), 615
hessii (Anthrax), 621
hetaera (Catocala), 240
Heterarthrellus, 456
Heterocera, 355, 365
heterocera (Exoprosopa), 638, 649
Heterogenea, 235, 348, 349, 350
Heterogyna, 62
Heteronus, 486
Heteroptera, 591
heteropus (Ephialtes), 464
Heterostylum, 613
Heterusia, 350
Hetroxys, 465
Heydenia, 489
heydenii (Ammophila), 74
hiarbas (Eurytela), 59
Hieraceum, 459
hilarella (Epicrocis), 361
hilaris (Aufidus), 602
hiloensis (Nysius), 735, 736
Himeropteryx, 297
Himotica, 705
Hipparchia, 1
hippia (Entedon), 484
Hippodamia, 455
hirsuta (Ammophila), 72
,, (Psammophila), 72
Hirsutina, 154
hirsutum (Nicobium), 461

M 2

124,

ie

(y elxxx, )

hirsutum var. longiventre (Nicobium),
461
hirticollis (Scolia), 555
hirtus (Dischistus), 611
Hispella, 473
Hispidae, lxxvii
hispoides (Plaxomicrus), Ixxvii, lxxix
Hister, 454
histrio (Palarus), 107
hobleyi (Pseudacraea), xci, xcii, xciii,
XclV
hochenwarthi (Plusia), Ixxxvii
Holcopelte, 470
Holocremnus, 471
holopyrrha (Cryptolechia), 704
holosericata (Acidalia), 336
Homalotylus, 455, 472
homeyeri (Sisyrophanus), 611, 612
homoeochroma (Nesoprosopis), 722, 723
ea (Nesoprosopis), 723,
24
homogeneus (Anthrax), 620, 622, 623
Homoptera, 599
hopfferi (Catasticta), 520
Hoplosia, 465
horrida (Mutilla), 546
Hubbardii (Eusandalum), 466
5 (Ratzeburgia), 466
hubneri (Catasticta), 525
hula (Nesoprosopis), 721, 722
humeralis (Palarus), 107
humilis (Acraea), lxv, Ixxxi
», (Villa), 625
hyacintha (Cnephasia), 682
Hyalanthrax, 624
hyale (Colias), lii
hyalinipennis (Cephalonomia), 490
hyalipennis (Stizus), 123
hyalodiscalis (Pyrausta), 391
Hybernia, xxiv
hybridus (Pirates), xxix
Hydrilla, 219
Hydrillodes, 254, 255
Hydriomena, 326
Hydrocampa, 370
Hydrocampinae, 370
Hydroecia, cix, 220, 221, 738, 739,
740, 741, 742, 743, 744, 745, 746,
747, 748, 749
hydrogramma (Cnephasia), 683
3 (Coptotelia), 702
Hygrochroa, 303, 304
hylaeus (Nysius), 785
Hylastes, 489
hylesinum (Diplolepis), 490
Hylesinus, 489, 491
Hylocrabro, 727
Hyloicus, xxv, 2738, 274, 275

Hylophila, 236
hylophilus (Odynerus), 720°
Hylotrypes, 464
Hylurgus, 489, 490, 491
Hymenoptera, 63, 67, 719
Hymenoptera Aculeata, 528
Hymenorus, 474
Hypena, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264,

265, 266
Hypeninae, 252, 395
Hypera, 472, 478, 479
Hyperaeschra, 294, 295
Hyperalonia, 606, 635, 651
hyperanthus (Aphantopus),
Hyphilare, 199
Hypocala, 246, 247
Hypochrysops, xxv
Hypoderma, xxvii
Hypolimnas, xliv, lili
Hypolycaena, c
hypomelaena (Exoprosopa), 638, 651
Hyponomeutidae, 717
Hypophloeus, 1xxxi
Hypopyra, 238
hypopyroides (Enmonodia),
Hyposada, 394
hypospilata (Collix), 322

a (Phibalapteryx),

Hypothenemus, 490
Hypothripa, 233
hypsae (Crabro), 133

», (Solenius), 133
Hypsotropha, 356
hyreanus (Anastoechus), 610
Iambia, 213, 214
iantha (Cnephasia), 684
Ibiceps, 601
icarus (Polyommatus), Ixxxvii
icelusalis (Endotricha), 367

»» (Pyralis), 367 ;
Ichneumon, 457, 475
Ichneumonidae, 478
iclhineumonoides (Methoca), 452
Ichthyura, 297, 298
idia (Dasylabroides), 540
», (Mutilla), 540

ignava (Exoprosopa), 644
igniflualis (Herculia), 370
ignobilis (Acidalia), 334

», (Craspedia), 334
Tlema, 393
Illiberis, 398
illitata (Cidaria), 324
illiturata (Thalassodes), 343
illudens (Tachytes), 98
illustrata (Kuplexia), 208
ima (Tipulodes), evii
imbella (Acidalia), 334

xvii

238

322

( elxxxi

imbella (Craspedia), 334
imitans (Lithosia), 393
imitator (Delias), 18

AA (Pseudacraea), 57, 58, 59
impedita (Acidalia), 320

- (Ozola), 320

as japonica (Ozola), 320
implicitana (Eupoecilia), lxx

a (Phalonia), Ixx
impostor (Bracon), 465
impudens (Noctua), 202
impunctifrons (Chlaenius), 453
inachia (Callopepla), cvi, evii
infequalis (Mordellistena), 475
inambitiosa (Hypena), 266
inanis (Chabuata), 198
», (Leucania), 198

incerta (Catasticta), 519, 522, 524

», (Formica), 179, 665
incertalis (Scoparia), 513
incertaria (Crypsicometa), 300
ab. plana (Crypsicometa), 300
(Phasiane), 300
var. suffusa (Phasiane), 300
incertella (Rhodophaea), 362
incertus (Catolaccus), 483

», (Chamus), 414
inchoata (Acidalia), 335
incisuralis (Molybdamoeba), 617, 618
incisus (Orthocentrus), 485
inclusus (Mimeuploea), Ixxv, Ixxvi,

lxxvill

”
”

”

incondita (Metachrostis), 229

a (Ozarba), 229
inconspicua (Dasylabroides), 540
(Mutilla), 540
(Synegia), 299
(Tettigonia), 603

is (Tettigoniella), 603
inconspicuus (Pristhesancus), 598
increta (Acronycta), 218
incretata (Acronycta), 218
incubitor (Spilocryptus), 490
incurvata (Hypena), 260
indagator (Rhagium), 465
indeterminata (Acidalia), 335
(Ptychopoda), 335

indistincta (Macaria), 298
inermis (Exoprosopa), 635, 638
inexacta (Dolbina), 274

»» (Gadirtha), 232

5, (Pseudosphinx), 274
inflata (Dasylabris), 544

», (Mutilla), 544
infracta (Thalassodes), 342
inframicans (Cirphis), 200
(Leucania), 200

9
)

+)

»”

(Pidorus), Ixxv, lxxvi, Ixxviii | |

|

)

ingrata (Thalera), 343
ingratella (Scoparia), 502, 503, 506,
507, 508, 509, 513

| inimica (Macalla), 364
| initiator (Bracon), 488

», (Coeloides), 480
innocua (Celama), 192
innuba (Catasticta), 527
inornata (Amatissa), 346:
(Exoprosopa), 638, 651
», (Lomatia), 613
inquirenda (Molybdamoeba), 618

9

| inquisitor (Pimpla), 460

(Rhagium), lxv, 465

”

insignis (Cerceris), 77, 79, 80

(Destolmia), 284, 285
(Passaloecus), 70

,, (Prosopigastra), 106
insignita (Gelastocera), 235
insontata (Lobophora), 331

i (Trichopteryx), 331
instabilis (Pezomachus), 483
instigator (Pimpla), 480
var. processioneae (Pimpla),
480

insulicola (Odynerus), 726
insulivagus (Nysius), 734

”

9?

?

| intercessor (Bracon), 483

intercisella (Nephopteryx), 859

| intermedia (Catasticta), 527
| intermedius (Pezomachus), 479

(Philonthus), Ixxxi

ab. donisthorpei (Philon-
thus), Ixxxi

(Sphecius), 124

29

”

2)

_intermixta (Gortyna), 221

(Lithosia), 393

29

| interoceanica (Hydroecia), 740
| interrupta (Boarmia), 313

interruptalis (Hydrocampa), 370
var. separatalis (Hydro-

campa), 370
(Nymphula), 370
intestinata (Coenocalpe), 323
intracta (Agrotis), 196

», (Euxoa), 196

intricata (Saurita), evii
inuus (Hemeroplanes), ]xiii
invenustaria (Alcis), 311
ab. suffusaria (Alcis), 312
a (Amphidasys), 311
s (Boarmia), 312
j var. sinicaria (Biston),

312

29

29

Todis, 341

ioleuca (Coptotelia), 703
iphianassa (Mutilla, 535
Iphierga, 585

(

iphonoe (Mutilla), 537
iridipennis (Ephialtes), 458
(Pompilus), 562
Fe (Salius), 562
iridis (Lixus), 479
Iridomyrmex, 577
iris (Exoprosopa), 651
irritans (Pulex), vi
irritator (Ephialtes), 466
isa (Kuripus), xxiii
Isanthrene, cvili
Ischnoceros, 465
isodelta (Kulia), 681
Isognathus, Lxiii
isographa (Timocratica), 70
isomeris (Stenoma), 711
Isopteryx, 372
Isotamia, 606, 627, 628
Ithomiinae, lxvii
ixion (Villa), 625
iyenobu (Acosmeryx), 278, 279
jacchoides (Exoprosopa), 637, 644
jacchus (Exoprosopa), 644
jacens (Pompilus), 560
jacksoni (Amauris), 422
jacobsoni (Diplatys), 22, 23, 28, 40,
41, 42
jacquinotii (Catophaga), 1x
jaguarinaria (Arichanna), 318
jancousci (Acronycta), 216
(Calymnia), 222
(Cucullia), 203
», (Stenoloba), 229
jankowskii (Acronycta), 216
(Apatela), 216
(Calymnia), 222
(Capnodes), 251
(Cucullia), 203
(Dichagyris), 229
(Diomea), 251
(Eugraphia),
(Marumba), 276
(Smerinthus), 2
(Stenoloba),
Janomima, 161
jansoni (C ylindrogaster), Bp
», (Diplatys), 28, 25, 31, 32
japonaria (Operophtera), 328
», (Oporabia), 328
japonica (Gluphisia), 289
5 (Ochrostigma), 285 |
japonicum (Orthetrum), 169
Jassidae, 579, 580, 581, 582, 588, 603
jermyni (Parhestina), 187
johnstoni (Acraea), 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
Uy, il, ORS aks
f. confusa (Acraea),

”

i

29

”

Lr)
ey
>
9
29
29
+]

39

for)

Le)

229

ae

9?

3, 6, 7;

elxxxii

9, 10, 11, 14

)

johnstoni f. fulvescens (Acraea), 14

A johnstoni (Acraea), 13
ab. octobalia (Acraea), 6, 15
subsp. toruna (Acraea), 6, 7,

TOY, Wal as)

jonesi (Pseudosphex), evii
jucunda (Cyanopepla), evii
judaeorum (Ammophila), 73

HA (Coloptera), 73
julliani (Tachysphex), 102
jutta (Oeneis), 1xxxvii
kadeni (Dysdaemonia), xxv
kamehameha (Nysius), 734
kanakanus (Tichorhinus), 730
Katha, 393
kauaiensis (Nesoprosopis), 723

ae (Odynerus), 726
kekele (Tichorhinus), 731
Kentochrysalis, 275
Kentrochrysalis, 274, 275
Kerana, Ixxv
kerasphoros (Reduviolus), 729
khasiana (Langia), 277
kilimandjara (Acraea), 3, 4, 6, 13
kirbyi (Odynerus), 726
kirkaldyi (Tichorhinus), 731
klugi (Stizus), 119
klugii (Euploea), 418, 420
koae (Nesoprosopis), 727
koehleri (Purpuricenus), 464
koelensis (Reduviolus), 728, 729
Kohlia, 64, 115
kolga (Norasuma), xev
kollari (Euploea), 418
komarovii (Cerceris), 86

a (Philanthus), 93
kona (Nesoprosopis), 722, 723
konanus (Odynerus), 726
Koruthaiolos, Ixxiv, Ixxy, ]xxviii
kotschyi (Stizus), 119

9

i

| koui (Creatonotus), 391

kriechbaumeri (Nesoprosopis), 719

| Labena, 458

Labia, 36
lacerataria (Poecilochlora), 397
45 (Thalera), 397

lachesis (Acherontia), 273
(Campsomeris), 556
(Dielis), 556
(Elis), 556

+ (Manduca), 273

,, (Sphinx), 273
Jachrymosa (Epione), 307
laciniata (Telephora), 459
laciniatus (Malthodes), 459
Lacosi, 553
Laelia, 165
Laeliopsis, 165

7

39

( elxxxii )

Laelius, 456, 460, 462, 467
laeta (Exoprosopa), 637, 645
laetalis (Eudoria), 515
laetella (Eudoria), 507
laetus (Astatus), 96
», (Cylindrepomus), lxxvii, Ixxvili,
Ixxix
», (Palarus), 107, 108
laevigatum (Apion), 477
laevior (Prosopigastra), 106
laevis (Gorytes), 118, 114
», var. pyrrhobasis (Gorytes), 114
», (Harpactus), 113
laevisuleatus (Odynerus), 726
lamellatus (Oxybelus), 131
Lamiidae, lxxvi, lxxviil
laminatus (Cis), 463
laminifer (Lucanus), 435
laminiferus, var. minor (Lucanus), 435
lanaiensis (Odynerus), 726
lanceolata (Catasticta), 524
lancifer (Xylophrurus), 467
Langia, 276, 277
languida (Machimia), 698
Laphyragogus, 64, 107
lapidea (Athetis), 218
lappona (Erebia), lxxxvii
laqueatus (Oxytelus), xlix
Larentia, 325, 326, 327, 328, 333
Larentianae, 321
laricis (Bostrichus), 491
», (Tomicus), 491
Larridae, 98
larvarum (Pteromalus), 478
larydas (Lycaenesthes), civ
», _ f. kersteni (Lycaenesthes), civ
lasia (Villa), 625
Lasiacme, 376
Lasiocampidae, 161, 165
Lasius, x, xxi, xxii, xxvii, xxxii, xlix,
], Ixviii, Ixxxiii, 180, 181, 182, 656,
657, 658, 659, 660, 661, 662, 663,
664, 665, 666, 667, 668, 669, 670,
671, 672
lateralis (Scolia), 552
laticeps (Eurycarenus), 613
laticineta (Cerceris), 92
laticollis (Baridius), 485
a (Baris), 485
- (Mononyx), 599
laticornis (Nigidius), 449
latifascia (Eucereon), eviii
latifasciata (Kulocastra), 231
re (Planema), 7
Latiorina, 1, li, 148, 149, 150, 152,
153, 154, 155
latipes (Pteromalus), 469
Latirostrum, 258

lativalvis (Tachysphex), 102
lativentris (Nabis), xxxii
lativitta (Notodonta), 292
lauta (Acidalia), 335
,, (Ptychopoda), 335
laxia (Hypena), 264
lecithitis (Coptotelia), 703
Lecithocera, 694
lectonia (Boarmia), 315
leda (Ephoria), 307
5» (Epione), 307
,, (Proteostrenia), 307
», ab. occulta (Proteostrenia), 307
leechi (Nodaria), 257
Leechia, 355
lefroyi (Diplatys), 22, 23, 25, 30
leighi (Elis), 557
Leiopus, 466
Leipoxais, 166
Lema, 471
Lembeja, 599
lemolea (Spalgis), civ, ev
lentalis (Hydrillodes), 255
Leocyma, 225
Leodonta, 19
Lepidoderma, 457
lepidogastra (Exoprosopa), 636, 639
Lepidoptera, xlvii, 519
lepidus (Palarus), 107, 108
leporina (Acronycta), 156
leptocerus (Sisyrophanus), 612
Leptoneura, 61
Leptosia, 1
Leptostylus, 466
Leptothorax, Ixx
Lertha, lxi
Lesteva, lxi
lethe (Acherontia), 273
», (Kuchromia), xcix
letho (Petrorossia), 615, 616
Leucania, Ixxxvi, 1xxxvii,
201, 202:
Leucinodes, 257
leucocincta (Polyocha), 358
leucocinetus (Crambus), 358
(Emmalocera), 358
leucodesma (Eucosma), 688
leucogaster (Anthrax), 623
(Doryctes), 462
leucographa (Mythimna), 197
(Noctua), 197
(Pachnobia), 197
leucomelas (Aedia), 247
PP (Catephia), 247
- (Noctua), 247
leuconoe (Deilemera), xcvii
leucophaea (Catasticta), 522, 524
leucophaeus (Systoechus), 607, 608.

198, 200,

a)

-

( ehomav 7)

leucopogon (Molybdamoeba), 617, 618
leucoproctus (Thyridanthrax), 627
leucopyga (Mutilla), 530, 533
Leucospis, lvii
leucosticta (Enispa), 225
leucostigma (Macroeneme), evi, cvii,
315 (Noctua), 207
Leucotmemis, evii
Liacos, 552, 554
liberatus (Diplatys), 22, 29, 30, 32, 36, 42
Libythea, 20
Licha, 259
lichen (Drymonia), 288
lichenicola (Nysius), 733
ligea, var. adyte (Erebia), Ixxxvii
lignealis (Hypena), 263
lignicola (Polysphincta), 464
ligniperda (Cossus), 348
lilii (Crioceris), 471
Limacodes, 348, 349
Limacodidae, 191, 348
limbalis (Marasmia), 376
limbativentris (Mictis), 596
limbirena (Plusia), 244
Limneria, 479
Limnerium, 574
limosa (Peronea), 688
lincea (Ophthalmis), Ixviii
Lindenius, 134, 135
linea (Thyridanthrax), 626
linealis (Paraponyx), 371
linearis (Hypophloeus), lxxxi
lineatus (Agriotes), 459
lineola, var. cyanipes (Cimex), 591
,, (Eudoria), 507, 515
», (Galerucella), 472
», (Syrphus), lxxi
», (Tectocoris), 591
lineosa (Chaerocampa), 280
,, (Dadica), 221
», (Elydna), 221
,, (Theretra), 280
Liodes, xlix
liquidalis (Polythlipta), 383
Liris, 98
Lissonota, 468, 474
Lithobius, 453
Lithosia, 1, 194, 393
Lithosianae, 392
Litorrhynchus, 606, 629, 630, 631, 632,
633, 634, 635, 637
Lixus, 479
loangwana (Mutilla), 539
lobengula (Acraea), 12
Lobophora, 331
localis (Odynerus), 727
loewi (Lomatia), 614
lofua (Acraea), Ixvi

logaea (Rhyacionia), li, lii
Loganius, 488
logica (Argyroploce), 692
Lomatia, 606, 6138, 614
Lonchodes, 1xi
longicaudis (Bracon), 489
longiceps (Nesoprosopis), 727
longicollis (Nysius), 733, 737
longicuspis (Dactylispa), Ixxvii, Ixxix
longisetosa (Diplatys), 35
(Dyseritina), 35, 38, 46
longitarsis (Anthrax), 616
a (Petrorossia), 616
Longitarsus, lxiv
longitudinalis (Lomatia), 614
lophophoralis (Nacoleia), 379
Lophopteryx, 294, 295, 296
loti (Apion), 476, 477
Loweia, Ixxxvii
loxiella (Cryptoblabes), 364
Loxophlebia, cvii
Lucanus, 4381, 432, 433
lucens (Hydroecia), 738, 739, 740, 741,
742, 743, 744, 745, 747, 748, 749
lucetius (Dycladia), evii
lucidicostella (Emmalocera), 358
lucilla (Sypna), 246
luctifera (Exoprosopa), 636, 642
luctuosa (Cerceris), 90
bs (Lesteva), ]xi
lugens (Campoplex), 492
» (Sphex), 74.
lugubrina (Limneria), 479
lugubris (Aradus), 597
He (Morimus), xxiv
lunata (Cerceris), 83
lunicornis (Didineis), 111
lunifer (Lucanus), 432, 433
luniger (Sphecius), 124
lupata (Argyroploce), 690
Luperina, ii, Ixxxvii, ]xxxvili
luperus (Diodontus), 70
lurida (Ctenopseustis), 681
luridum (Tetropium), 468
lusitanica (Nemoptera), lxi
lutea (Ammophila), 73
», (Cerceris), 85, 86
», japonica (Diacrisia), 392
,, (Kremochares), 73
luteipes (Ephialtes), 467
luteola (Galerucella), 472
lutescens (Pendulinus), 596
lutosa (Arenostola), 224
», (Noctua), 224
Lycaena, 1, 150, 153, 154
lycaena (Okenana), 601
Lycaenesthes, civ
Lycaenidae, Ixvi, 169

( clxxxv )

Lycaenopsis, 184, 185 maculata (Diplolepis), 491
lychnitidis (Gymnetron), 482 maculicornis (Tachytes), 99
Lycia, 308, 309, 310, 311 maculifemoratus, var. Hopei(Lucanus)
lycia (Acraea), liv, lv, lvi 432
Lycidae, 411 maculipennis (Anthrax), 621
Lycidocoris, 409, 410 93 (Euchrysia), 458
lycoa (Acraea), 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, | maculipes (Macroneura), 473
2S Madopa, 252
5, subsp. aequalis (Acraea), 4,13 | maerkeli (Triarthron), lxiv
», subsp. bukoba (Acraea), 12 magdalidis (Eurytoma), 487
», ab. butleri (Acraea), 4, 15 Magdalis, 487
,, subsp. entebbia (Acraea), 12 magnaria (Epione), 305
,, subsp. fallax (Acraea), 6, 13 magnifica (Halias), 286
», subsp. kenia (Acraea), 13 M. (Hylophila), 236
», lycoa (Acraea), 12 major (Exoprosopa), 637, 645, 646, 647
», subsp, media (Acraea), 12 », (Timoceratica), 707
subsp. tirika (Acraea), 13 malachitis (Canna), 215
lycoides (Correbia), evii . (Telesilla), 215
lycti (Eurytoma), 462 malaya (Megisba), 185
Lyctus, 454, 462 maligna (Ancistromma), 105
Lycus, 411 Mallodeta, evii
Lygaeidae, 732 Malthodes, 459
Lygranoa, 321 Mamestra, 198, 220
Lygropia, 380, 381 mancella (Nephopteryx), 360
Lymantriadae, 191, 270, 395 manco (Catasticta), 522, 524, 527
Lymnas, xviii », (Kuterpe), 527
Lyramorpha, 594 mandarinaria (Megalochlora), 339
lysippe (Mutilla), 537 mandibularis (Crabro), 727
maackii (Papilio), 169 (Sphenognathus), 426
mabillaria (Abraxaphantes), 319 Manduca, 273
i (Erosia), 319 manducator (Alysia), 459
‘9 (Palaeomystis), 319 maniensis (Nysius), 732
Macalla, 364, 365 manifestella (Scoparia), 507, 509, 512,
Macaria, 298 513
macarista (Iphierga), 585 mansya (Acraea), lxv
(Planema), xe, xci, xciii Marapana, 259, 260
Machimia, 696, 697, 698, 699 Marasmia, 376
macilentus (Papilio), 171 marchicum (Apion), 477
macquarti (Thyridanthrax), 625, 626 us (Apium) [i. e. Apion], 477
Macrocentrus, 474 Marcius, 596
macrocephala (Diplatys), 23, 29, 30, | margaritalis (Pyralis), 385
32, 39 Margarodes, 382
(Forficula), 29 Margaronia, 382
macrocephalus (Diplatys), 22, 24, 29, | marginaria (Hybernia), xxiv
2, 39 marginata (Agraptochlora), 344
( Eubazus), 476 marginellus (Bruchus), 469
Macrochthonia, 234 * (Piesarthrius), 463
Macrocneme, evi, evii marina (Hemithea), 337
Macroglossinae, Ixvi, 279 marinaria (Thalassodes), 342
macromera (Pternistria), 594, 595 marisalis (Botys), 376
Macroneura, 473 Marmara, xeviii, xcix
macronota (Stenoma), 716 marmarodes (Peronea), 687
macronychivorus (Pteromalus), 457 marmorata (Harrisimemna), 213
Macronychus, 457 maroccanus (Stauronotus), 607
macrops (Nyctipas), 239 marshalli (Mimacraea), lxxx
. (Phalaena), 239 marthae (Stizus), 123
macropterus (Litorrhynchus), 630 marthesiusalis (Margaronia), 382

maculalis (Nacoleia), 379 Marumba, 276

_

( clxxxvi )

Masalia, 195
masinissa (Ammophila), 72
Mastigophorus, 254
matanga (Lycaenopsis), 185
Matsumura, 46
mauuensis (Crabro), 727
‘ (Nesoprosopis), 722, 724
maxillosus (Creophilus), 453, 459
=e (Sphex), 77
maxima (Carposina), 673
mayri (Stizus), 116
Mearesi (Lucanus), 433
Mecinus, 482
Mecyna, 386
Medasina, 315, 316
medialis (Bleptina), 252
mediator (Perithous), 464
mediterranea (Bembex), 130
mediterraneus (Tachysphex), 101
medon (Mutilla), 530
meeki (Ogyris), xxv
mefisto (Chamus), 414
megacephalus (Encyrtus), 489
Megachile, 719
megaera (Discolia), 553
5 (Lacosi), 553
race caledonia (Parage) [i. e.
Pararge], ]xxxili
3 race caledonia
lxxxlil
Ap (Scolia), 553
megaleuca (Stenoma), 711
Megalochlora, 338, 339
Megalyra, 463
Megisba, 185
melachlora (Bryomoea), 212
3 (Bryomoia), 212
melaena (Lycaenopsis), 186
melagona (Ochrostigma), 285
melaleuca (Anarta), [xxxvii
5G (Noctua), 203
3 (Sympistis), 203
Melamphaus, 596
melampogon (Systoechus), see melano-
pogon (Systoechus), 607, 609
Melanargia, xlviii, lxxi, lxxii
melanargia (Psychostrophia), 345
“5 ab. albomaculata (Psycho-
strophia), 345
melanaria (Discolia), 551
us (Seolia), 551
melancholicus (Oxybelus), 132
melanesia (Stenoma), 712
melania (Catophaga), 1x
», (Papilio), lx
spe ey Raelnyas) 9 lixalx
melanifera (Saurita), evii
melanixa (Stenoma), 715

9

(Pararge),

melanobasis (Mesolasia), evii
melanocephala (Micrurula), Ixy
re var. brunnea (Micru-
rula, lxv
melanocephalus (Longitarsus), lxiv
melanochroa (Hydrilla), 219
melanopa (Anarta), ]xxxvii
melanopleurus (Thyridanthrax), 626
melanopogon (Systoechus), 607, 609
melanopterus (Stizus), 119, 120
melanoscelus (Bracon), 462
e (Diospilus), 462
melasidis (Diospilus), 458
Melasis, 458
Meliana, 202
melicerte (Noctua), 242
ee (Ophiusa), 242
Melitaea, vi
melliniformis (Philanthus), 93
Mellinus, 65
melpomene (Heliconius), ii
aglaope (Heliconius), i
(f. adonides (Heli-
conius), i
~ », (f. rubripicta (Heli-
- BS conius), i
Membracidae, 601
membranaceus (Aradus), 597
(Mezira), 597

Le)
9 9?

” ”?

2?
Memoria, 338
mena (Parhestina), 187, 188
mephitis (Dasylabris), 543

»» (Mutilla), 543
Meraporus, 470, 486
mercurella (Kudoria), 506, 507, 514,

515, 516

merdigera (Crioceris), 471

re (Lema), 471
meridionalis (Anastoechus), 610
(Crabro), 134
(Discolia), 553
(Gastroplakaeis), 166
(Lacosi), 553
nS (Scolia), 553
r (Stizus), 116, 117, 118
Meritastis, 677
merope (Papilio), 1
Mesochorus, 472, 479
Mesogona, 222
Mesolasia, evi, evii
mesophaea (Hyposada), 394
mesostrota (Antaeotricha), 708
Mesothen, cvii
mespili (Anthonomus), 483
Metachrostis, 229, 230, 395
Metasia, 379, 386
Metastenus, 466
Meteorus, 463

(

Methoca, 452
Metopon, 471
Mexicanus (Bruchophagus), 470
Mezira, 597
Miana, 209
Miarus, 481
micans (Bombylius), 606
», (Orchesia), 474
», (Perilampus), 454, 462
micilia (Agyrta), evii
micipsa (Ainmophila), 72
,, (Psammophila), 72
microdemas (Odynerus), 720
Microdus, 475
Microgaster, 458
microgyna (Formica), 665
Microleon, 348
micromelas (Discolia), 553
i (Seolia), 553
Micromelus, 482
Micronia, 345
Microphalera, 284, 285
Microrhopala, 473
microrhopalae (Tetrastichus), 473
Microterys, 478
Micrurula, Ixy
Mictis, 595, 596
midamus (Euploea), xxii, 420
militaris (Mictis), 595
miltopa (Coptotelia), 700
Milu, 729
mima (Euralia), xlv
Mimacraea, lxxx
Mimesa, 727
mimeticus (Lycidocoris), 410
Mimeuploea, lxxv, Ixxvi, xxviii
mimica (Lasiacme), 376
Mimikana, 592, 593
mimikensis (Cosmoscarta), 602
Mimozethes, 352
minimus (Cupido), 150
minna (Hypena), 262
minois (Exoprosopa), 638, 650
minor (Astatus), 95, 96
», (Catasticta), 524
», (Cechenema), 280
», (Chaerocampa), 280
», (Hylurgus), 489, 491
», (Theretra), 280
minos (Mutilla), 529
minuta (Gracilia), 465
3 (Nola), 192
», (Trachys), 458
minutator (Bracon), 490
minutus (Diodontus), 69
mira (Corgartha), 228
miraculosa (Himeropteryx), 296
miranda (Abraxas), 318

elxxxvii_ )

| Miresa, 348

mirus (Amblymerus), 491
Miscophus, 131
Miselia, 287
misippus (Hypolimnas), xliv, liii
a4 f. inaria (Hypolimnas), xliv
mitratus (Encyrtus), 478
$s (Microterys), 478
mixta (Molybdamoeba), 618
mixtus (Anthrax), 618
,, (Lasius), xxi, 182, 664, 672
,, (Monohammus), 761
, (Mononyx), 599
», (Systoechus), 609
moderator (Porizon), 474, 484
modesta (Agrotis), 196
a; (Catasticta), 520
moerens (Catocala), 240
moesta (EKuborellia), xvi
molata (Alcis), 312
mollis (Ernobius), 460, 461
moltrechti (Diacrisia), 392
Molybdamoeba, 606, 617, 618, 619, 621.
Moma, 242
Mominae, 242
monacha (Hyperalonia), 652
monetaria (Notodonta), 290
Fi (Tachytes), 97, 98
monilicornis (Ammophila), 72
* (Parapsammophila), 72
Monima, 394
monocentra (Cyclotorna), 577, 589
Monochammus, 467
Monohammus, 761
Monomorium, lvi
Mononyx, 599
montana (Huploea), 418
monticola (Nysius), 735
montivagus (Nysius), 734
ri (Reduviolus), 729
moorei (Hypocala), 247
morata (Machimia), 697
morawitzi (Gorytes), 113
mordax (Rhagium), 465
Mordella, 475
Mordellistena, 475
moricei (Gastrosericus), 106
», (Prosopigastra), 106
Morimus, xxiv
morio (Antaxia), 457
», (Anthaxia), 457
,, (Hemipenthes), 622
», (Stenus), lxxxi
morosa (Bleptina), 254, 255
», (Hydrillodes), 254
morosalis (Nephopteryx), 360
Fe (Salebria), 360
morta (Acherontia), 273

_

( chexxvii )

moschata (Aromia), 464
moschatus (Cerambyx), 464
moultoni (Lycaenopsis), 184
mucianus (Eurytoma), 477
mulciber (Euploea), xxii, 420, 425
sis var. duarseri (Euploea), xxii
5 f. kalinga (Euploea), 420
multiarticulatus (Bracon), 480
multistriata (Cidaria), 324
multistriatus (Scolytus), 488
munitalis (Phryganodes), 377
murana (Eudoria), 507, 515
mus (Demas), 244
Musca, 497, 498
musculalis (Nola), 192
Mutilla, 529, 530, 531, 532, 533,
535, 536, 537, 538, 539, 540,
543, 544, 545, 546, 548, 549,
Mutillidae, 529
Mycalesis, 168
mycetophila (Cephalonomia), 492
Mycetoporus, Ixxxi
Mygale, Ixxii
Mymar, xxvii, xxviii, cviii, cix
Mymaridae, xxviii
Myrilla, 600
Myrina, xcix
Myrmilla, 541
myrota (Sparganothis), 686
mysticus (Callimerus), lxxvi, ]xxviii
Mythimna, 197, 199
Myzine, 559
Nabis, xxx, xxxii
Nacaduba, xxiii
Nacoleia, 378, 379
Nadata, 284
nana (Kuchera), 352
», (Mimozethes), 352
nanalis (Pyralis), 369
naninia (Phiala), 163
Nannopygia, 35, 42, 43
Nanophyes, 483
Napata, evii
napi (Ceuthorrhynchus), 484
», (Pieris), 1xxxvili
»» var. bryoniae (Pieris), 1xxxvii
», ab. minima (Pieris), 1xxxix
», ab. minor (Pieris), 1xxxix
ab. napella (Pieris), lxxxix
Naranga, 231
nasicus (Balaninus), 486
nastes, var. werdandi
lxxxvii
nasuta (Ammophila), 73
,, (Cerceris), 88
Natada, 348
natalicolus (Pompilus), 560
natara (Lithosia), 393

550

(Colias), 1x,

534,
542,

natator (Gyrinus), 453
naturalis (Odonota), 473
5 (Uroplata), 473
navigatrix (Xylorycta), 705
nawai (Epipomponia), 350
,, (Epipyrops), 350
nawalis (Aulacodes), 373
neavei (Dolichomutilla), 542
nebulosa (Aplecta), xxi
ss var, robsoni (Aplecta), xxi
ir var. thompsoni (Aplecta), xxi
3 (Cassida), 474
nechus (Xylophanes), ]xiii
Neesii (Coeloides), 466
Nemacerota, 281
Nematopus, 596
Nemoptera, lxi
Nemoria, 340
nemorivagus (Nysius), 734
Neolycaena, 155
Neoponera, xvi
Neoscleroderma, 456
Neotrichura, evii
Nephelodes, 211
Nephopteryx, 358, 359, 360, 361
Neptis, 424
nereis (Margarodes), 382
nero (Tachyris), lx
Nesocrabro, 727
Nesodynerus, 726, 727
Nesomimesa, 727.
Nesoprosopis, 719,
725, 727
neutra (Natada), 348
nexifasciata (Oporabia), 328
niavius (Amauris), xlvii
nicevillei (Parhestina), 187, 188
nickerlii (Luperina), Ixxxvii, ]xxxviii
Nicobium, 461
nictitans (Hydroecia), cix, 738, 739,
740, 741, 742, 743, 744,
745, 746, 747, 748, 749,
55 (Noctua), 207
niger (Lasius), x, xxxii, xlix, Ixviii,
180, 181, 182, 657, 658, 659,
660, 661, 662, 668, 669, 670,
671, 672
»» var. americanus (Lasius), 657
nigerrimus (Lycaenopsis), 184
Nigidius, 446, 449, 450, 761
nigra (Dasychira), 270
», (Selca), 270
nigralbata (Pogonopygia), 319
op var, attenuata
pygia), 319
nigraplaga (Oeceticoides), 347
nigribasalis (Chytonix), 212
nigricans (Choleva), v

721, 722, 723, 724,

(Pogono-

(

nigricans (Didineis), 111
nigriceps (Diplatys), 21, 27, 32, 36, 38,
43, 44
nigricornis (Sphecius), 125, 128
nigrifumata (Alcis), 315
nigripennis (Hyperalonia), 651, 652, 653
o (Mutilla), 540
nigripes (Neotrichura), cvii
(Oxybelus), 132
», (Systoechus), 608
nigripuncta (Raparna), 251
nigripunctalis (Rivula), 268
nigristernus (Orthocentrus), 485
nigrita (Choleva), v
(Liacos), 554
(Notogonia), 96
(Scolia), 554
», (Triliacos), 554
nigrolinealis (Hydrocampa), 370
nigromacularia (Euchloris), 336
sy (Uliocnemis), 336
nigropectinatus (Calosphex), 76
fe (Sphex), 76
nigrum (Dorchaschema), 468
nihonica (Fentonia), 286
nikkonis (Boarmia), 316
5 (Medasina), 316
nilotica (Cerceris), 85
niloticus (Stizus), 122
nimbatus (Oceanides), 732
nimbice (Catasticta), 519
niobe (Catasticta), 520
nireus (Papilio), xeviii
nitens (Celeopsyche), 227
», (Corgatha), 227
nitida (Nesomimesa), 727
nitidulator (Alysia), 473
nitidulus (Anastoechus), 610
nitidus (Nysius), 732
», (Tachysphex), 102
nitrariae (Cerceris), 89, 90
niveatus (Calosphex), 75, 76
5, _ (Sphex), 75, 76
niveisignella (Parastega), 693
a5 (Psoricoptera), 693
nivellus (Crambus), 353
niveosparsa (Dasychira), 271
nivescens (Dianthoecia), 206
nivilinea (Edema), 229
nobile (Callimome), 489
nobilis (Heterogenea), 235
(Phrixolepia), 235
(Sphenognathus), 428
>, (Westermannia), 235
noctilio (Sirex), lxi
Noctua, 196, 197, 198 202, 203, 204,
205, 206, 207, 217 219, 224, 240, |

”

”

”

be)

29

9

elxxxix

241, 242, 245, 247

)

Noctuidae, 191, 195, 229, 394
Noctuinae, 245

Nodaria, 255, 256, 257
nodieri (Oxypleurus), 464
nohara (Acraea), 60

Nola, 192

Nolasena, 236

Nolinae, 191

Nonagria, 211, 223, 224
nonogriella (Archanara), 224
Norasuma, xev

| norna (Oeneis), lxxxvil

notabilis (Heliconius), 1, il,

notata (Mutilla), 548
», (Odontomutilla), 548

notatus (Pissodes), 480

Notodonta, 284, 285, 289, 290, 291,
292, 293

Notodontidae, 58, 191, 229, 284

Notogonia, 96, 97

Nototrachys, 474

| novemlineata (Stibolepis), 163

noverca (Pseudosphex), cvii

| nubicola (Nysius), 735

(Reduviolus), 728

99

| nubigenus (Reduviolus), 728

nubilus (Bruchus), 469

nucum (Balaninus), 485
», (Pimpla), 479, 485

nudaria (Acidalia), 334

| nutritor (Ophion), 486

nyasae (Litorrhynchus), 630, 631

_nyctimene (Dasylabris), 543

(Mutilla), 543

”

| Nyctipas, 239

Nymphalinae, 171
Nymphula, 370, 371, 372

| Nyridela, cvii

Nysius, 732, 733, 734, 735, 736,
737
Nysson, 64, 109, 110

| obductalis (Hypena), 264, 265

Oberea, 468
Obereae (Zaleptopygus), 468
oberthiierii (Calcaritis), 307

| oberthiiri (Euxoa), 196

LB)

(Notodonta), 290

| obitalis (Oligostigma), 371

obliqua (Nodaria), 255

obliquisigma (Metachrostis), 230, 395
(Ozarba), 230
(Paragona), 395

”

| oblonga (Thyatira), 280

Oboronia, ci, cii, cili

| obscura (Hypena), 265

, (Myrilla), 600
(Nonagria), 223
(Phoracantha), 463

”?

”

- .

(

exc )

obscura (Pseudacraea), xci, xcii, xciii, | Ogyris, xxv

xclv, CVi
obscurata (Leucania), 202
=A (Nesoprosopis), 727
i (Sypna), 246
obscurellus (Sigalphus), 484
obscurepunctatus (Odynerus), 720
obseurus (Agriotes), 458
a (Belomicrus), 133
AR (Homalotylus), 455
obsoleta (Tachytes), 100
obsoletus (Acanthocinus), 466
As (Proctotrypes), 456
obstructa (Risoba), 238
obtecta (Diceropyga), 599
», (Tettigonia), 599
Obtusipalpis, civ
occidentalis (Diplatys), 44
occulta (Proteostrenia), 307
Oceanides, 732
ocellata (Sphinx), 275
ocelliferella (Nephopteryx), 359
i (Oligochroa), 359
ochracea (Catasticta), 519
A (Euterpe), 519
ochrago (Noctua), 205
ochrealis (Cholius), 506, 507
»» (Pagyda), 375
‘A (Phlyctaenodes), 384
ochriasis (Nysius), 734
Ochrostigma, 285
o’connori (Phaedrophilus), lxix
octavia (Precis), 56
octodentatus (Bostrichus), 491
octofasciatus (Sphingonotus), 75
octoguttale (Thliptoceras), 383
oculata (Bembex), 130
Ocypus, Ixv, 453
Odoniella, 411, 412
Odonota, 473
odonotae (Spilochalcis), 473
0 (Trichogramma), 473
Odontomerus, 457, 485, 488
Odontomutilla, 546, 547, 548
Odontopera, 136, 187, 144
odontophorus (Belomicrus), 133
Odontosia, 294
Odynerus, 720, 721, 726, 727
Oeceticinae, 347, 397
Oeceticoides, 347
Oecophoridae, 695
Oecophylla, ciii
Oedipoda, 607
Oeme, 468
Oeneis, 1xxxvii
Oenochrominae, 319
Oestridae Cavicolae, lvii
Oestrus, lvili

Oiketicoides, 347
Okenana, 600, 601
oleae (Phloeotribus), 489
olens (Ocypus), 453
oleracea (Pieris), xv, xvi, xxiv
oleraceus (Diospilus), 484
Oligia, 209
Oligochroa, 359
Oligostigma, 371
olivalis (Stericta), 365
olivescens (Licha), 259

*i (Marapana), 259
Olulis, 258
omophli (Perilitus), 474
Omophlus, 474
Oncocephalus, 597
Oniscus, 590
ononidis (Apion), 476
ononis (Kurytoma), 476
onorpordi (Lixus), 479
ooctonus (Pteromalus), 472
Oomyzus, 472
opaca (Mutilla), 533
opalipennis (Notogonia), 97
Operophtera, 328
ophidicephalus (Papilio), 48, 49
Ophion, 486
ophion (Argyroeides), evii
Ophioneurus, 475
Ophiusa, 241, 242
ophrysta (Antaeotricha), 708
Ophthalmis, Ixviii
Opius, 480, 483
Oporabia, 328
oppositata (Micronia), 345

a (Pseudomicronia), 345
optilete (Lycaena), 1538, 154

», (Vacciniina), li, Ixxxvii, 153
opuntiella (Marmara), xcix
orbitulus (Latiorina), 1, li, 148, 149,
150, 152, 158, 154, 155

56 (Lycaena), 148
orbona (Cyanopepla), evil
Orchesia, 474
Orchestes, 480
orchesticida (Sparthiophilus), 480
oreas (Systoechus), 607
oresitrophus (Nysius), 734
orestia (Acraea), Ixv, ]xxxi
Orgyia, 156, 160, 288
oribasus (Nysius), 734
ornata (Enispa), 226
ornatus (Bombylius), 607
Ornithoptera, 16, 17, 18
Orphnolechia, 711
orsidice (Tetrastichus), 473
Orthaga, 366, 367

( (exe)

Orthetrum, 169 paniscus (Villa), 624
orthocapna (Stenoma), 717 pannonica (Didineis), 111
Orthocentrus, 485 pannosa (Bryophila), 213
orthodoxa (Machimia), 697 Panorpa, lxiv
Oruza, 226 Panthea, 243
Oryba, 370 panzeri (Tachysphex), 101, 103, 104
Orybina, 370 ,, var. discolor (‘Tachysphex), 104
Oryctes, 457 », var. oraniensis (Tachysphex),
oryzae (Calandra), 486 104
;, (Pteromalus), 486 paphlactis (Gelechia), 693
oryzalis (Paraponyx), 371 Papilio, xxxilil, xXxxiv, XXXV, XXXVi,
oryzinus (Pteromalus), 486 XXXVil, XXXVili, xxxix, xl, xli, xlii,
oscillans (Reduviolus), 728, 729 xliti, xliv, xlvii, lx, lxxv, xe, xeviii,
ossea (Epione), 307 1, 48, 49, 50, 169, 170, 171, 350
otiosus (Agrilus), 458 papuana (Myrilla), 600
Ourapteryx, 301 Paracrama, 236
ovialis (Sylepta), 380 paradisea (Ornithoptera), 17
Oxybelus, 131, 132, 133 paradoxa (Catasticta), 521
Oxycriptis, 692 Paraethria, cviii
Oxynopterus, lxxx Parage, see Pararge
Oxypleurus, 464 paragea (Planema), xc, xci, xcili
Oxytelus, xlix Paragona, 266, 395
Ozarba, 229, 230, 395 parallela (Nodaria), 256
Ozola, 320 Paraona, 194
Pachnobia, 197 Paraponyx, 371
pachyceratus (Eurycarenus), 613 Paraptila, 677
Ns (Sisyrophanus), 613 Pararge, 1xxxiil
Pachylarthrus, 470 parasitica (Apenesia), 486
Pachypasa, 167 Parasphex, 74, 75
Pachytelia, 397 Parastega, 693
pacifica (Hydroecia) 740 Parastichtis, 205, 206
Pademma, 420 pardalina (Elis), 559
pagina (Boarmia), 314 e (Scolia), 559
Pagyda, 375, 398 mt (Trielis), 559
Palaeomystis, 319 Parhestina, 187, 188
Palarus, 107, 108 Paricana, 600
Palimpsestes, 282 parishii (Cyaniris), xxiii
pallens (Leucania), Ixxxvi, lxxxvii paritalis (Anoratha), 259
palliatus (Hylastes), 489 Le (Hypena), 259
pallida (Bembex), 129 Parthenodes, 373, 374
‘,, (Witlesia), 504, 505, 506, 507, | parva (Hygrochroa), 303, 304
514, 515 », (Pericallia), 303
pallidicornis (Bruchus), 470 parvula (Mordellistena), 475
pallidinotalis (Nacoleia), 378 pasillus (Anthrax), see pusillus (An-
pallidipes (Codrus), 453 thrax), 621
“h (Euphorus), 472 Passaloecus, 65, 70, 71
- (Proctotrypes), 453 Pastinaceae, 454
AB (Sigalphus), 483 patagiata (Phiala), 163
pallidula (Cerceris), 83, 84 paula (Mesolasia), evi, cvii
palpalis (Caradrina), 221, 222 paulina (Appias), 172
», (Lissonota), 468 », (Catophaga), lx

paludis (Hydroecia), 738, 739, 740, | pauperculella (Nephopteryx), 359
741, 742, 743, 745, 746, 747, 748, 749 | paurocentra (Stenoma), 713

palustris (Noctua), 219 pectinicornis (Ptilinus), 461
a (Petilampa)) 219 pectinipes (Tachysphex), 103

pandora (Plocamosaris), 706 pectoralis (Pyracmon), 457

paniceum (Anobium), 460 peculiaris (Papilio), xe

paniscoides (Villa), 624 pedestris (Hemiteles), 471, 479

xii. })

pelasgis (Precis), 56
pele (Nesoprosopis), 723
peles (Odynerus), 726
pelinitis (Stenoma), 714
pellio (Attagenus), 457
pellucidus (Barypithes), xxvi, xxvii
Pelogonidae, 598
Pelosia, 392
renee 65
Pendulinus, 596
penicillata (Geometra), 342
pensilis (Sceliphron), 71
Pentatomidae, 591
Pentheus (Entedon), 469
penthoptera (Exoprosopa), 637, 648
Pepsis, xxix
Perenia, 318
perdita (Gnophos), 311
perdix (Dasychira), 288

», (Stauropus), 288
peregrinus (Stizus), 116, 117, 119
perflava (Mesothen), evil
Pergesinae, 280
Pericallia, xi, 303
Peridea, 290
Perigea, 209
perilampoides (Pteromalus), 479
Perilampus, 454, 461, 462
Perilitus, 472, 474
peringueyi (Mutilla), 532
periphanes, f. acritoides (Acraea), lxvi
Perithous, 464
Peronea, 686, 687, 688
perplexella (Scoparia), 507, 513
perplexus (Litorrhynchus), 633, 634
Perrisi (Laelius), 460, 462
perrisii (Ammoplanus), 68
persector (Hemiteles), 453
persephone (Mutilla), 533
persimilis (Hypopyra), 238
perspicua (Hypena), 265
persuasa (Apatela), 216
persuasoria (Rhyssa), 467, 475
pertinax (Anobium), 461
pertyi (Isanthrene), cvii
Petilampa, 219
petrobius (Odynerus), 720
Petromalus, 476
petrophila (Eudoria), 507, 510, 516
Petrorossia, 606, 615, 616
Pezomachus, 453, 479, 483
phaedon (Amauris), 424
Phaedrophilus, ]xix
phaeocrossa (Machimia), 699
phaeoleuca (Scoparia), 502, 507, 513
phaeophanes (Stenoma), 714
Phalaena, 239, 318, 328, 362
Phal.—Geometra, 304

Phalonia, lxx, 673
Phaloniadae, 673
pharaonis (Monomorium), lvi
pharnakia (Catasticta), 522
Pharnus (Entedon), 477, 485
Pharyngobolus, ] viii
Pharyngomyia, lviii
Phasiane, 300
Phasicnecus, 164, 165
Pheia, cvii
Phellandrii (Prasocuris), 472
pheres (Cosmosoma), evii
pheretes (Albulina), 1, li, 158, 154
», (Lycaena), 1
Phiala, 163, 164
Phibalapteryx, 322, 323
philais (Catasticta), 522
», (Huterpe), 522
Philanthus, 93, 94
Philereme, 322
philippi (Tachysphex), 102
philippus (Hypolycaena), c
philoctena (Uropoda), xxvii
philomene (Catasticta), 520
philone (Catasticta), 521
Philonthus, lxxxi
Philoponus, 94
phlaeas, var. hypophlaeas
phanus), lxxxvii
Ss var. hypophlaeas (Rumicia),
lxxxvii
phloeosini (Eurytoma), 490
Phloeosinus, 490 —
phloeotribi (KEurytoma), 490
3 (Seeodes), 490
Phoeotribus, 489
Phlyctaenodes, 384, 385
Phoenicoprocta, eviii
Pholus, Ixiii
Phoracantha, 463
phorbas (Pholus), xiii
Phorodesma, 339
Phrixolepia, 235
Phryganodes, 377, 378
Phtheochroa, 674
Phycis, 361
Phycitinae, 358
Phyllalia, 162
Phyllotreta, 473
phyllotretae (Pleurotropis), 473
Physophoroptera, 408, 409
Phytoeciinae, Ixxvi, lxxvii
Phytonomus, 478, 479
piagetioides (Tachysphex), 105
pica (Proteostrenia), 306
picea (Liodes), xlix
picinus (Baridius), 485
»» (Baris), 485

(Chryso-

¢ exe )

picipes (Dendrophilus), 454
(Hister), 454
», (Teretrius), 454
pictipennis (Lomatia), 614
pictus (Laphyragogus), 107
Pidorus, Ixxv, Ixxvi, ]xxviii
Pieridae, lxxv, lxxvili
Pieris, xv, XVi, XXiv,
Ixxxviii, 1xxxix
pieris (Catasticta), 527
Piesarthrius, 463
pileata (Euryeyttarus), 347
Pilophorus, Xxxi, xxxii
pimpinellata (Eupithecia), 330
Pimpla, 460, 471, 479, 480, 481, 483,
485
pinastri (Hyloicus), xxv
», (Sphinx), xxv
pinava (Catasticta), 519, 520, 523, 525
pini-abietis (Scymnus), 455
piniperda (Hylurgus), 490
pione (Petromalus), 476
», (Pteromalus), 476
Pionea, 387, 388, 389
Pirates, xxix
pirus (Pteromalus), 489
Pison, 727
Pissodes, 480
pistaciae (Eurytoma), 485
pistaciperda (Balaninus), 485
pithecius (Anthrax), 620, 621
Pityogenes, 492
pityophthori (Cerocephala), 491
Pityophthorus, 491
placodoides (Callopistria), 210
a: (Eriopus), 210
plagialis (Pionea), 387
plagiatus (Phasicnecus), 164
plana (Nemoria), 340
», (Sypna), 246
Planema, xliii, xe, xci, xciii, xciv, xcv,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14
Planeti (Lucanus), 432
plantaginis (Hypera), 479
Plastanoxus, 463
Platigaster, 473, 477
Platygerrhus, 488
Platymischus, 454
plauta (Lycaenopsis), 185, 186
Plaxomicrus, Ixxvii, lxxix
Plebeius, Ixxxvii
plebeja (Allodonta), 290
plesseni (Heliconius), i, ii
», Niepelti (Heliconius), i
pleuraemata (Leucotmemis), evii
pleuripunctatus (Gorytes), 112
pleurostigma (Ceuthorrhynchus), 484
Pleurotropis, 473

PROC, ENT. SOC. LOND., V. 1911.

2?

Ixy excxavis

plexippus (Danaida), liii, 170, 171, 172
plicata (Chlamys), 471
Plocamosaris, 706
Ploiaria, 761
Plossa, 348
plumata (Eurytoma), 481
plumbeotincta (Coremia), 326
Plusia, Ixxxvii, 244, 245
Plusianae, 244
plusiotis (Spatalia), 297
plutona (Cosmosoma), evii
Poecilochlora, 397
poecilocnemis (Ammophila), 74
poecilopterus (Stizus), 119, 120
poggei nelsoni (Planema), xc, xci, xciii
Pogonopygia, 319
Polia, 197, 198
Polistes, xxx
polita (Archanara), 224, 225

»» (Nonagria), 224
pollionis (Lixus), 479
polyacantha (Crimia), 597
polyacanthus (Barcinus), 597
polybioides (Pseudosphex), evii
Polyclistus, 461
Polyctenidae, lxiv
Polyergus, 657
polygoni (Hypera), 478
(Phytonomus), 478

a (Pyrausta), 398
Polygonia, ili, iv
polygraphi (Cecidostiba), 490
Polygraphus, 490
Polyocha, 357, 358
Polyommatus, Ixxxvii
Polyploca, 281
Polysphincta, 461, 464
polytes (Papilio), 171
Polythlipta, 383
Pomasia, 329
pomorum (Anthonomus), 483
Pompilidae, xxxi, 62, 560
pompiliformis (Notogonia), 97
Pompilus, xxix, xxxi, 560, 561, 562
populnea (Saperda), 46
Porizon, 474, 484
porphyriata (Cidaria), 324

ee (Eustroma), 324

postalbida (Cidaria), 325
posthumus (Ceuthorrhynchidius), 485
postica (Cirphis), 201

», (Leucania), 201
posticalis (Agrotera), 374
posticana (Rhyacionia), li, lii
potamea (Catasticta), 521

35 (Euterpe), 521
praecisa (Antaeotricha), 709
praepicta (Ectropis), 317

te)

N

_

( exeiv’ )

Prasocuris, 472
Prasolithites, 707
pratensis (Formica), xlviii
precatorius (Xylonomus), 468
Precis, Ixxili, 56
predatrix (Mutilla), 531
Preussi (Phasicnecus), 164, 165
priamus (Ornithoptera), 17
primulae (Noctua), 197
Priocnemicoris, 596
prisca (Cerceris), 86, 88
Prisopus, lxxxiii, lxxxiv, Ixxxv, Ixxxvi
Pristhesancus, 598
procellaris (Reduviolus), 728
Procinetus, 468
Proctotrupidae, 454, 456
Proctotrypes, 453, 456, 459
prodigalis (Parthenodes), 374
producta (Holcopelte), 470
producticollis (Ammophila), 73
profana (Mictis), 595
Prolophota, 395
Promethes, 478
prominens (Risoba), 238
propinqua (Ammophila), 74

3 (Cerceris), 88
propria (Elemana), 594
Prosacantha, 453
Prosopidae, 719
Prosopigastra, 106
Prosopis, 91, 727
Prospalta, 209
proteina (Acraea), 1, 5, 11, 14

i f. flavescens (Acraea), 5, 6, 11,

14

a f. fulvescens (Acraea), 5, 7, 10,

12, 14

3 f. semialbescens (Acraea), 5,
6 ll, a4

- f. semifulvescens (Acraea), 4,

G7 Seti ve) 14
Proteostrenia, 306, 307
Proxenus, 219
pruinosa (Cerceris), 83, 84
prunalis (Pionea), 387, 389

3) (Pyxalis), 889
prunaria (Dirades), 346
pruni (Illiberis), 398
prunipennis (Mecyna), 386
pryeri (Cosmia), 223

», (Glyphodes), 382

», (Lophopteryx), 294

», (Somera), 288, 289
psammathe (Mutilla), 529
psanmobia (Nesoprosopis), 724
psammobius (Tachysphex), 105
Psammophila, 72
pseudabietis (Dasychira), 288

Pseudacraea, xci, xcil, xciii, xciv, evi,
57, 58, 59
Pseudocoecus, ev
pseudolutea (Diacrisia), 392
pseudolycia (Acraea), Ixv
Pseudomicronia, 345
Pseudopterocheilus, 726
Pseudosphex, c¢vil
Pseudosphinx, 274
Pseudostegania, 333
psi (Acronicta), 748
,, (Acronycta), 217
», (Noctua), 217
Psilocera, 471
psilopus (‘Tachysphex), 103
psittacopa (Coptotelia), 701
Psoricoptera, 693
Psyche, 397, 398
Psychidae, 191, 346, 397, 590
Psychinae, 346
Psychostrophia, 345
Psylliodes, 473
Psyllocora, 455
psyttalea (Amauris), xlv, xlvi, xcix,
422, 423, 424
damoclides
422, 424
pteridicola (Nysius), 734, 735
Pternistria, 594, 595
pterocheiloides (Pseudopterocheilus),
726
Pteromalidae, 476
Pteromalus, 453, 457, 460, 469, 470,
472, 478, 474, 476, 477, 478, 479,
480, 481, 482, 484, 486, 489
pterophaennes (Odynerus), 726
Ptilinus, 461
ptinorum (Gonatopus), 460
Ptinus, 459
Ptychopoda, 335
pubescens (Apion), 478
pudens (Spirama), 238
pudorina (Leucania), 202
a. (Noctua), 202
pugnax (Oxybelus), 132
pulchella (Daphisia), lxxvi, lxxviii
aH (Erasmia), 351
pulchellus (Cheiropachys), 490
5 (Gorytes), 118, 114
Pe (Mymar), xxvii,
eviil, cix

53 it (Amauris),

XXVlii,

Pulex, vi

pulverulenta (Hypena), 260
pumila (Nola), 192

pumilio (Amalus), 485
puncta (Avitta), 251
punctaria (Zonosoma), xi
punctata (Catasticta), 524

( exev )

punctata (Deilinia), 299
», (Dilinia), 299
5, (Oboronia), ci, ciii
punctatella (Orgyia), 288
_ (Stauropus), 288
puncticollis (Arthrolytus), 460
punctifera (Katha), 393
punctifrons (Macrocentrus), 474
punctimargo (Marapana), 259, 260
a (Sarcopteron), 259
punctipennis (Exocentrus), 467
vA (Molybdamoeba), 617,618
punctulata (Exoprosopa), 637, 645,
646, 648
punctuligera (Laeliopsis), 165
punicus (Diodontus), 68
purdeyi (Rhyacionia), li
purpurascens (Peronea), 686
purpurata (Mutilla), 529, 543
purpureus (Corymbites), xxiv
5 (Iridomyrmex), 577
pusillus (Anthrax), 621, 623
puspa (Lycaenopsis), 185
Pygaera, 297, 298
pygidialis (Tachysphex), 102
pygmaea (Corgatha), 228
35 (Gracilia), 465
pygmaeator (Opius), 483
pygmaeus (Cis), 463
pyocyaneus (Bacillus), 497, 499
Pyracmon, 457
Pyralidae, 191, 353, 398
Pyralinae, 369
Pyralis, 367, 368, 369, 383, 385, 389
Pyrameis, ]xxi
Pyrausta, 389, 390, 391, 398
pyrausta (Eccopteroma), 234
Pyraustinae, 374, 506, 507
pyrenaealis (Anarpia), 506, 507, 513
pyrenaica (Latiorina), 153
pe (Lycaena), 153
Pyrinioides, 353
pyrochrous (Dindymus), 596
5 (Dysdereus), 596
pyropata (Eustroma), 324
6 (Geometra), 324
pyrrhocerus (Sisyrophanus), 612
Pyrrhocoridae, 596
Pyrrhocoris, xxix
pyrrhogaster (Micromelus), 482
pythia (Barymutilla), 549
», (Mutilla), 549, 550
Pytho, 475
quadratricollis (Ammophila), 73
quadricincta (Cerceris), 91
quadricollis (Heteronus), 486
quadrifasciata (Strangalia), 466
quadrimaculata (Cerceris), 90, 91

| quadripunctata (Anthaxia), 457

quadripustulatum (Bembidium), lxxxi
quadristrigata (Dixophlebia), evii

.| quadrituberculatus (Macronychus), 457

quadrum (Cheiropachys), 488
quaternarius (Dysodius), 597
quatuordocem-notatus (Oxybelus), 132
quercifolia (Gastropacha), 136
quercinus (Torymus), 467
querciperda (Pityophthorus), 491
quinqueangularis (Canidiella), 479
quinquefasciata (Dielis), 558

Pe (Elis), 558

- (Seolia), 558
quinquelinealis (Pagyda), 398
quinque-notatus (Brachymerus), 133

“15 (Crabro), 133
quinquepunctatus (Crytocephalus), 471
quotata (Coccinella), 455
radialis (Astatus), 95, 96
radiata (Catasticta), 521

», (Huterpe), 521
radiolus (Apion), 478
radoszkowskyi (Bembex), 130
radula (Odynerus), 727
raffrayi (Diplatys), 22, 23,.29, 30, 32,
39, 42

raidhaka (Charaxes), xxii
ramburii (Catephia), 247
ramicornis (Eulophus), 478
ranunculata (Cnephasia), 684
rapae (Pieris), Xv, XVi, XXxiv
Raparna, 251
rapax (Stizus), 123
rasa (Exoprosopa), 645, 646
ratzburgi (Alyson), 111
Ratzeburgia, 466, 468
rectilinealis (Colobochyla), 252
3 (Madopa), 252
rectomarginata (Paracrama), 236
Reduviidae, 597
Reduviolus, 728
Reduvius, 597
regalis (Mymar), xxviii, eviii
», (Oryba), 370
», (Orybina), 370

regularis (Oligostigma), 371
relegata (Operophtera), 328
remissa (Asthena), 332
renisigna (Sypna), 246
repletus (Litorrhynchus), 632, 633
replicata (Sypna), 245
repulsaria (Boarmia), 315
resinea (Eudoria), 507, 514
resoluta (Archanara), 224
resutor (Monochammus), 467
resutorivorus (Aulicus), 467
reticulatis (Adrapsa), 252

N 2

o

( exevi )

Retinia, li
retrogradus (Anastoechus), 610
reuteri (Odoniella), 412
reversa (Aphaena), 600
», (Ulasia), 600
Rhaetulus, 437
Rhagium, Ixy, 465
rhamni (Gonepteryx), xxv, 1
Rhamphus, 480
Rhinoestrus, lviii
Rhodaria, 367
Rhodia, 344
Rhodinia, 344
Rhodoneura, 353
Rhodophaea, 362
Rhogas, 574
rhombalis (Bomolocha), 265
nf (Hypena), 265
Rhopaliceschatus, 412
Rhopalicus, 479
rhopalocerus (Gorytes), 112
Rhopalomestes, 488
rhua (Odontomutilla), 548
Rhyacionia, li, lii
Rhynchina, 260
Rhynchites, 475
Rhynchota, lvii, 591
rhyparella (Nephoptery x), 360
Rhyssa, 467, 475
Ricania, 601
ricardoi (Litorrhynchus), 630, 631, 632
Risoba, 237, 238
Rivula, 249, 267, 268, 269
rivularis (Callopistria), 210
robustum (Biston), 309, 310, 311
50 var. parva (Biston), 309, 311
a ab. albicollis (Hubyja), 309,
310
(Lycia), 309, 311
robustus (Systoechus), 607, 608
romanovi (Deilephila), 278
rosealis (Pyralis), 367
rossi (Bacillus), 1
rostrata (Bembex), 130
rostratus (Litorrhynehus),
634, 635
-rothschildi (Ornithoptera), 16, 17, 18
rubescens (Nysius), 732
rubicundula (Microleon), 349
rubida (Cerceris), 86
rubiginosa (Ampelophaga), 278, 279
5 (Cassida), 474
(Chaerocampa), 278
rubra (Odoniella), 412
rubricata (Catasticta), 519, 522
rubritinctus (Reduviolus), 729
rubrofemoratus (Hemisodorcus),
442

632, 638,

441,

rubropustulatus (Odynerus), 720
rufa (Formica), xxxi, xlviii, 175, 176,
177, 178, 180, 665
,, (Hyperalonia), 651, 653
(Magdalis), 487
rufescens (Cylindrogaster), 35, 38
,, (Diplatys), 22, 23, 28, 38
38, 40, 41, 42, 43
if (Polyergus), 657
rufibarbis, var. fusco-rufibarbis (Ior-
mica), 176
ruficeps (Corgatha), 227
», (Thermesia), 227
ruficirra (Hypothripa), 233
ruficollis (Campsomeris), 555
ne (Pimpla), 481
ruficornis (Discolia), 551

x var. melanaria (Discolia),
551
a5 (Scolia), 551

rufilimbalis (Rhodophaea), 362
rufinodis (Gorytes), 112
rufipennis (Polygraphus), 490
rufipes (Bruchus), 469
», (Eurytoma), 469, 488
», (Metopon), 471
», (Psilocera), 471
», (Trichacis), 485
,, (Xylonomus), 465
rufirostre (Apion), 477
rufitarse (Apion), 477
rufiventris (Stizus),. 122
rufocoronata (Mutilla), 538
rufonigra (Myzine), 559
rufopetiolata (Belyta), 477
rufus (Catogenus), 456
,, (Hemisodorcus), 439
», _(Nysson), 110
rugulosus (Scolytus), 488
Rumia, 136
Rumicia, ]xxxvil
rumicis (Hypera), 478
ruralis (Botys), 376
rurea (Parastichtis), 206
», (Xylopasia), 206
ruspator (Helcon), 466
x (Ichneumon), 457
russata (Cidaria), [xxi
rusticus (Criocephalus), 466
,, (Ischnoceros), 465
rutha (Catocala), 239
rutilans (Philanthus), 93
rutilella (Cryptoblabes), 364
sagittata (Larentia), 328
a (Phalaena), 328
sagmatica (Eulia), 680
Sagra, 471
Sagrae (Pimpla), 471

(texevn }

saharae (Gorytes), 112 Scolia, 457, 551, 552, 553, 554, 555,
sahlbergi (Cylindrogaster), 31 556, 558, 559
os (Diplatys), 31 Scoliidae, 551
Salamis, 55 scolyti (Platygerrhus), 488
Salebria, 360, 361 ,, (Tetrastichus), 488
salicis (Apion), 478 scolyticida (Coeliodes), 488
5, (Eurytoma), 476, 477, 478 scolytivora (Cerocephala), 488
», (Stilpnotia), 396 Scolytus, 488
», var. candida (Stilpnotia), 395, | Scoparia, xiv, 501, 502, 503, 505, 506,
396 507, 508, 509, 510, 511, 512, 513,
salictella (Marmara), xcviil 514 ‘
Salius, xxxi, 562 scoparialis (Macalla), 365
saltusalis (Obtusipalpis), civ Scopariinae, 507
sambucaria (Uropteryx), 136, 143 Scoparona, 506, 507, 510, 513
sananas (Tartessus), 603 scoriaceus (Odynerus), 726
sangaica (Erasmia), 351 Scotosia, 322
sanguinea (Argyroeides), evil scrophulariae (Cionus), 483
< (Coccinella), 455 sculpturata (Notogonia), 97
os (Cycloneda), 455 sculptus (Euphorus), 455
a (Formica), xlviii, 178, 179, 53 (Oxytelus), xlix
180, 181, 182, 183, 657 ~—‘| scutatum (Trypoxylon), 131
sanguineum (Callidium), 465 scutellare (Apion), 477
sanguipuncta (Mallodeta), evii scutellaris (Coleocentrus), 467
sao (Hesperia), 564 ‘ (Odonota), 473
Saperda, 466, 467 scutellator (Monochammus), 467
Sarantus, 601 Scutellera, 591
Sarcopteron, 259 Scymnae (Eutelus), 455
Sarrothripinae, 232 Seymnus, 455, 456
satanas (Acherontia), 273 Sebastosema, 305
saturata (Calymnia), 222 sebennica (Catasticta), 526
», (Cidaria), 326 secalis (Noctua), 206
», (Lophopteryx), 295 ,», (Trachea), 206, 207
»» var. hoegei (Lophopteryx), | Secodes, 490
295 secreta (Mutilla), 534
Saturnia, 344 sediliata (Argyroploce), 689
Saturniadae, 191, 344 seitzi (Catasticta), 523
saturnus (Charaxes), 51 seladonia (Cassida), 473
Satyrus, lxxxili, 168 Selca, 270
saundersianus (Nysius), 732 Selenia, x, xi
Saurita, cvii Selitrichus, 484
saxea (Larentia), 327 semele (Hipparchia), 1
scabrifrons (Tettigonia), 604 »» var. algirica (Hipparchia), 1
scalaris (Nysson), 109 », race scota (Satyrus), lxxxiii
», (Saperda), 467 semiargus (Cyaniris), 154
scaligera (Exoprosopa), 636, 643 Semidonta, 295
Scea, evi semiorbiculata (Phibalapteryx), 323
Sceliphron, 71 semiotoides (Pteromalus), 489
schauinslandi (Megachile), 719 Semiotus, 469, 477, 481
Schistophleps, 194, 195 semirugosus (Alloderus), 480
schmiedeknechti (Tachysphex), 102 semisquamosus (Tychius), 481
schmiedeknechtii (Cerceris), 92 semistrigata (Larentia), 327
5 (Diodontus), 70 senegalensis (Litorrhynehus), 634
Schoenobiinae, ciii, 355 senex (Discolia), 552
Schoenobius, 355, 356 », (Scolia), 552
Sciatheras, 487 seniculus (Pteromalus), 481
Sciomyza, lxxi senilis (Calosphex), 75
Sclerochloa, 489 »» (Scolia), 555

Scleroderma, 461, 464, 489 », (Sphex), 75

( cxeyHi °)

sepulcralis (Brachysymbola), 718
sequens (Cercopis), 602
», (Cosmoscarta), 602
seriatus (Dischistus), 611
sericea (Trisuloides), 244
Serropalpus, 475
servona (Acraea), Ixxxii
sesamus (Precis), 56
seticornis (Cryptus), 464
setosella (Doreatoma), 462
severa (Diplatys), 28, 25, 32
severus (Diplatys), 32, 43
sexdentatum (Sinoxylon), 462
sexdentatus (Tomicus), 491
sexfasciatus (Villa), 625
sharpianus (Reduviolus), 729
Shiraki, 46
shuckardi (Pemphredon), 71
Sichelia, 463
sicula (Bombyx), 351
siculus (Nanophyes), 483
sidae (Hesperia), xxvi, 563, 564, 565,
568, 569, 573
», (Syrichthus), xxvi
sieversi (Ichthyura), 298
», (Kentochrysalis), 275
Be Kentrochrysalis), 274, 275
», (Pygaera), 298
Sigalphus, 476, 478, 483, 484
Siglophora, 237
sigmoidea (Exoprosopa), 626, 640, 642,
643
signata (Chaetostricha), 475
», (Dielis), 554
3). (ils); 554
», (Ophioneurus), 475
», (Scolia), 554
signatalis (Pyrausta), 389
signatus (Anthonomus), 483
silacea (Aspidomorpha), lxiv
silenus (Myrina), xcix
silhetana (Terias), xxiv
Silvanus, 456
similis (Catasticta}, 526
», (Homalotylus), 455
», (Phiala), 164
simillima (Tachytes), 99
simplex (Cirphis), 200
», (Crambus), 354
», (Leucania), 200
», (Sciomyza), lxxi
», (Systoechus), 607, 608
simplicipes (Dinetus), 106
simson (Anthrax), 621
sinapina (Catasticta), 519
sinapis (Leptosia), 1
singularis (Lucanus), 482, 433, 434
sinhala (Euploea), 418

Sinna, 237
Sinoxylon, 462
sinuicosta (Ozola), 320
sinuosa (Hypena), 263
sinuosalis (Leechia), 355
sinuosiceps (Mutilla), 532
Sirex, xi
sisamnus (Catasticta), 521
sisyphus (Hyperalonia), 652, 654
Sisyrophanus, 605, 611, 612
siva (Diplatys), 21, 23, 26, 34
smaragdina (Oecophylla), ciii
"e race longinoda (Oecophyl-
la), ceili
(Pyralis), 383
Smerinthus, 276, 278
smithii (Odynerus), 726
socialibus (Odynerus), 726
soldaria (Cidaria), 332
Solenius, 133
Solierella, 131
solipunctella (Hypsotropha), 356
solskyi (Stigmus), 68
solutus (Tachyporus), ii
Somera, 288, 289
sordida (Fentonia), 286
», (Varcia), 601
sordidata (Eupithecia), 329
Sorocaba, xxv
Sorocostia, 192
Spalgis, civ, cv
sparsa (Thermesia), 227
Sparthiophila, 469
Sparthiophilus, 480
spartii (Bruchus), 469
», (Entedon), 469
», (Tetrastichus), 477
spasmae (Polyctenida), lxiv
Spatalia, 297
Spathius, 460, 461
Spathomeles, Ixxvii
spathomelina (Zelota), Ixxvii
speciosus (Rhaetulus), 437
spectabilis (Anthrax), 621
specularis (Cerceris), 93
45 (Garaeus), 301
. (Nesoprosopis), 723, 724
speculatrix (Mutilla), 532
speiserianum (Ascodipteron), xvii
Sphecius, 64, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128,
129
Sphedanolestes, 597
Sphegidae, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67
Sphenognathus, 426, 428, 429
Sphex, 74, 75, 76, 77, 555, 560
Sphingidae, 191, 273
Sphingonotus, 75
Sphinx, xxv, 273, 275

al

(?sexer. )

Spilochalcis, 473
Spilocryptus, 490
spilostomus (Crabro), 134
* (Lindenius), 134
Spirama, 238
splendens (Canna), 215
5 (Mamestra), 198
- (Noctua), 198
», (Polia), 198
splendida (Euagra), evi, evii
5 (Euhampsonia), 284
is (Euricania), 601
os (Nadata), 284
5 (Napata), evii
», (Orgyia), 160
5 (Ricania), 601
splendidella (Dioryctria), 361, 362
i (Nephopteryx), 361
Spoelotis, 196
spreta (Nola), 192
squalida (Celama), 192
ies Nola); 192,
squalidus (Gnaphaloryx), 443, 444
stagnata (Nymphula), 372
stannusi (Exoprosopa), 637, 645, 647
Staphylinidae, 32
staudingeri (Paraona), 194
Stauronotus, 607
Stauropus, 287, 288, 289
Stegasta, 693
Stelidota, 456
stellata (Borolia), 201
», (Dialithoptera), 193
stenocoryphe (Liodes), xlix
Stenoloba, 229
Stenoma, 711, 712, 713, 714, 715, 716,
raw)
Stenomidae, 706
Stenomutilla, 544, 545
Stenus, Ixxxi
Stephanodes, xxix
stercorator (Pimpla), 460
Stereonychus, 483
Stericta, 365, 366
Stibolepis, 163
stictitalis (Phlyctaenodes), 385
stigma (Astatus), 96
stigmata (Toxocampa), 248
stigmatalis (Pionea), 387
Stigmus, 68
Stilpnotia, 395, 396
Stizus, 63, 64, 65, 115, 116, 117, 118,
119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124
straminator (Opius), 480
straminea (Cerceris), 81
re (Therapis), 307
stramineipes (Semiotus), 481
Strangalia, 466

stratata (Coenocalpe), 323
streckeri (Kentochrysalis), 275
Ag (Kentrochrysalis), 274, 275
strenioides (Epione), 307
striata (Theretra), 280
striatellus (Doryctes), 461
striatulus (Sigalphus) 478
striatum (Anobium), 460
striatus (Aulacus), 464
“A (Lyctus), 462
strigata (Dasychira), 271
Striglina, 352
strigosa (Catasticta), 520, 522
5 (Hypena), 264
», (Stelidota), 456
striolatum (Sympetrum), lii
Striphnopterygidae, 161
Stschurowskyi, var. hyalinipennis
(Harpactopus), 74
5 (Sphex), 74
Sturmia, xcix
suadila (Catasticta), 523
subflara (Euproctis), 272
subflava (Catasticta), 524
a (Xanthia), 205
subfuscatus (Harpactopus), 74
- (Sphex), 74
subimpressa (Cerceris), 86
subligata (Collix), 322
sublittoralis (Nysius), 737
subornata (Acronycta), 216
3 var. brunnea (Acronycta),
216, 217
subplena (Teucer), evii
subrufus (Reduviolus), 728, 729
subsatura (Hypocala), 246
v5 var. limbata
246
sudetica (Eudoria), 506, 507, 510, 515,
516

(Hypocala),

uffusa (Abraxas), 319

», (Acronycta), 217

», (Catasticta), 525

», (Zethes), 249
sulcatus (Hecabolus), 460, 461
superba (Catasticta), 526
superbiens (Tachytes), 66, 97, 98
surianensis (Diacrisia), 392
surinamensis (Silvanus), 456
susiana (Catasticta), 527

3 (Euterpe), 527
sutschana (Parthenodes), 374
suturalis (Odonota), 473
sycorax (Dolichomutilla), 542

re (Mutilla), 542
Sylaon, 131
Sylepta, 380
sylvanus (Lycaenesthes), civ

(

sylvata (Abraxas), 318
Pe ab. continuata (Abraxas), 319
a (Phalaena), 318
sylvatica (Cicindela), 452
sylvestrana (Rhyacionia), li
sylvestraria (Acidalia), 333
sylvius (Eneyrtus), 469
Sympetrum, lii, 168
Sympiesis, 473
Sympistis, 203
Synegia, 299
Syngamia, 377
Syntaracta, 299
Syntomidae, xxv, evi
Sypna, 245, 246
syriacus (Tachysphex), 100
Syrichthus, xxvi
syringaria (Hygrochroa), 303, 304
AA (Pericallia), xi
55 var. parva (Pericallia), 303
0 (Phal-Geometra), 304
Syrphus, Ixxi
Systoechus, 605, 607, 608, 609
Systole, 470
Systropha, 393
Tachinidae, xcix
Tachyporus, ii
Tachyris, lix, lx
Tachysphex, 65, 100, 101, 102, 103,
104, 105
Tachytes, 65, 66, 97, 98, 99, 100
taenialis (Cryptoblabes), 363
talpa (Polyctenida), lxiv
Tanaostigmodes, 481
tancrei (Dolbina), 274
tantali (Tichorhinus), 730
tarai (Reduviolus), 729
tardyi (Rhopalomesites), 488
targionii (Sceliphron), 71
tarquinia (Pseudacraea), 57, 58, 59
tarsale (Ateleopterus), 456
;, (Neoscleroderma), 456
», (Trogoderma), 456
tarsalis (Torymus), 467
tarsipennalis (Nodaria), 256
Tartessus, 603
Tectocoris, 591
teda (Phoenicoprocta), evili
Telchinia, 170, 171
telekiana (Planema), 4, 5, 14
Telephora, 459
Telesilla, 215
tellus platyxantha (Planema), xci,
xcili
tendinosalis (Botys), 390
tenebricosa (Timarcha), 471
tenella (Lycaenopsis), 186
tenontias (Cnephasia), 685

ec)

Tenthredinidae, lxvi
tenuis (Pteromalus), 470, 477
5, (Saurita), evii
Tephroclystia, 330
Tephrosia, 316, 317
Teracolus, liv, lxviii
terebinthi (Eurytoma), 486
terebinthivorus (Balaninus), 486
Teretrius, 454
Terias, xxiv, xxv, Ixxvi, ]xxviii
terminalis (Discolia), 551
- (Homalotylus), 455
ae (Scolia), 551
terra (Pseudacraea), xci, xcii, xciii,
Xciv, Cvi
testacea (Luperina), ii, 1xxxviii
teter (Gymnetron), 481
Tetracampe, 474
tetralunaria (Selenia), xi
Tetrastichus, 459, 465, 471, 473, 477,
479, 488, 489
Tetrathia, 591
tetrophthalma (Sorocostia), 192
Tetropium, 468
tettensis (Mutilla), 540
Tettigonia, 599, 603, 604
Tettigoniella, 603
Teucer, evil
teutanis (Catasticta), 521
teutila (Catasticta), 526
Thalassodes, 341, 342, 343
Thalera, 341, 343, 397
thanasimi (Tetrastichus), 459
Thanasimus, 459
Theela, 155
Theocolax, 460
theonalis (Endotricha), 368
re (Pyralis), 368
Thera, 326
Therapis, 307
theresiae (Neoponera), xvi
Theretra, 280
Thermesia, 227
thermusalis (Pyralis), 368
Thersilochus, 474
thersites (Odynerus), 721, 726
théryi (Philanthus), 94
», (Philoponus), 94
Thestor, 155
thetis, ab. coelestis (Agriades), xxii
Thliptoceras, 383
tholeraula (Eulia), 680
thoracica (Dielis), 555
39 (Elis), 555
Pe var. coelebs (Elis), 555
5 (Scolia), 554
Bs (Tiphia), 554, 555
thoracieus (Cylindrogaster), 31

( edi; )

thoracicus (Diplatys), 23, 25, 31
a (Mesochorus), 472
thore, var. borealis (Brenthis), 1xxxvii
thuyae (Hylesinus), 489
thyalis (Botys), 388
», (Pionea), 388
Thyatira, 280, 281
Thyreus, 134
Thyridanthrax, 606, 623, 625, 626,
627, 635, 649
Thyrididae, 191, 352
thyridopa (Coptotelia), 701
thyridophora (Hyperalonia), 652, 653
thyrsitis (Himotica), 705
tibialis (Laelius), 462
Tichorhinus, 730, 731
tigrina (Hypera), 479
,, (Noctua), 242
tigrinus (Anthrax), 621
Timarcha, 471
Timocratica, 706, 707
Timora, 195
Tineidae, 718
Tineina, 590
Tiphia, 554, 555
Tipulodes, evil
tithonus (Ornithoptera), 16, 17
toddii (Notodonta), 284, 285
tollini (Litorrhynchus), 633, 634
Tomicus, 491
torasan (Artaxa), 272
a (Euproctis), 272
Tortricidae, 674
tortuosa (Lycia), 310
toruna (Acraea), 4, 7, 8, 9
torva (Bombyx), 289
Torymus, 467
tosta (Masalia), 195
,, (Timora), 195
Toxocampa, 248
Trachea, 206, 207, 208
Trachys, 458
transiens (Pteromalus), 482
transversa (lambia), 214
as (Tycracona), 214
trapezina (Cosmia), 222, 223
traversii (Catocala), 242
tremulae (Smerinthus), 278
var. amurensis (Smerinthus),
278
trepida (Notodonta), 292, 293
Trepsichrois, xxii
triangularis (Hypena), 263
triangulum (Philanthus), 93
Triarthron, lxiv
Trichogramma, 473
Trichopteryx, 330, 331
trichorda (Stenoma), 713

9?

Trichosea, 242
Trichotaphe, 694
trichotus (Sciatheras), 487
Trichura, evli
tricolor (Stizus), 121, 122
», (Tachytes), 100
tricolorata (Cerceris), 77, 79
tridens (Acronicta), 748
(Acronycta), 218, 506
(Stans); Dloy 1G
tridentatus (Stizus), 119, 120
Trielis, 559
| trifidalis (Crambus), 354
'trifolii (Apion), 476, 477
_trigonalis (Nephopteryx), 358

be)

_trigonifera (Prolophota), 395
Trigonoderus, 460
| Trigonodes, 247
| Triliacos, 552, 554
_trilineata (Cyrtojana), 162

e (Pachypasa), 167
trimenii (Pseudacraea), 57, 58, 59
Tripanaea, 356
tripartita (Sebastosema), 305
triphaenoides (Ophiusa), 241
tripunctata (Molybdamoeba), 619

‘ (Oberea), 468
triseriata (Paraethria), evill
trisignata (Harrisimemna), 213
tristellus (Crambus), 354
tristior (Cerceris), 91
tristis (Diodontus), 69
», (Sphex), 76, 77

tristrigata (Timocratica), 707
Tristrophis, 302
Trisuloides, 244
tritalis (Pionea), 388
tritici (Agrotis), 196
tritophus (Bombyx), 289

5 (Notodonta), 289
trochantericus (Brachymerus), 133
(Crabro), 133

9°
Trochilium, vi

trochilodes (Peronea), 687
troglodyta (Ichthyura), 297
- (Pygaera), 297

Trogoderma, 456
trogodermatis (Laelius), 456
troezene (Catasticta), 521

54 (Euterpe), 521
troezenides (Catasticta), 521
truncata (Catasticta), 520, 526
truncator (Alysia), 484
truncicolella (Eudoria), 507, 515, 516
truncipennis (Elydna), 221
trygaula (Machimia), 699
Trypoxylon, 65, 131
tuberculatus (Ephialtes), 465

-

( ccii )

tuberculatus (Helonotus), 598
nA (Helophorus), xx
tuberum, subsp. corticalis (Lepto-

thorax), lxx
tubifex (Sceliphron), 71
tumidoventris (Hylocrabro), 727
tunetanus (Stizus), 123
tunicata (Cosmia), 205
Ee ( Xanthia), 205
turionum (Passaloecus), 70
turritus (Spathomeles), 1x xvii
tutela (Cheiropachus), see tutela
(Cheiropachys), 460, 480
56 (Cheiropachys), 460, 480
tychii (‘Tanaostigmodes), 481
Tychius, 481
Tycracona, 214
tydei (Ammophila), 72
», (Psammophila), 72
Tyloderma, 483
tylodermae (Catolaceus), 483
tylodermatis (Hurytoma), 484
typographus (Tomicus), 491
uhlmanni (Antennophorus), xxvii
Ulasia, 600
ulicicola (Apion), 477
ulicis (Apion), 477
», (Eulophus), 477
Uliocnemis, 336, 337
uljanini (Sphecius), 125
ulmella (Scoparia), 501, 502, 503, 507,
509, 512
umbratus (Lasius), X, xxi, Xxli, xxvii,
xlix, 1, 180, 181, 658, 659, 660, 661,
662, 663, 664, 665, 666, 667, 668,
669, 670, 671, 672
umbrosa (Ceratarcha), 380
6 (Demas), 243
“5 (Exoprosopa), 635, 638
ke (Nemacerota), 281
umbrosalis (Hereulia), 369
undata (Anadiasa), 167
undosa (Palimpsestes), 282
undularis (Elymnias), 170
undulata (Erastria), 230
a (Eulocastra), 230
unica (Nesoprosopis), 723
unicalis (Zania), 368
unicolor (Canephora), 397
, (Pachytelia), 397
a (Psyche), 397, 398
a var. asiatica (Psyche), 397
% (Xenocrabro), 727
Uraniadae, 191, 345
Urapteryx, 302
Urodonta, 287, 293
Uroplata, 473
uroplatae (Sympiesis), 473

Uropoda, xxvii
Uropteryx, 136, 143
urozonus (EKupelmus), 473, 478
urticae (Aglais), 1xxxvii
», ab. polaris (Aglais), Ixxxvii
ustata (Lobophora), 331
5, (Trichopteryx), 331
vaccinii (Cerastis), 204
Vaccinniina, li, 1xxxvii, 153
vacua (Hemithea), 338
vagans (Thyridanthrax), 627
valesialis (Eudoria), 507, 515
validirostris (Pissodes), 480
Vanessa, 173, 174
van hasseltii (Nola), 192
vapina (Catasticta), 519
Varcia, 601
varia (Melitaea), vi
variabile (Callidium), 465
variabilis (Hypera), 479
varians (Semiotus), 469
variator (Bracon), 483
varicoxa (Lissonota), 468
variegata (Acontia), 214
5 (Aucha), 214
ns (Calymnia), 214
Be (Chrysostola), cvii
5 (Philereme), 322
variegatus (Leiopus), 466
5 (Philanthus), 93
variolosus (Entedon), 483
varius (Anthribus), 469
», (Brachytarsus), 469
», (Bruchus), 470
», (Pteromalus), 469
varus (Croesus), 1
velox (Tachytes), 97
velutina (Drymonia), 296
F (Lophopteryx), 296
venator (Odynerus), 726

| vaneris (Tristrophis), 302

a5 ab. unistriga (Tristrophis), 302
», (Urapteryx), 302
venilialis (Marasmia), 376
venosa (Exoprosopa), 635, 639
venosella (Polyocha), 357
venosus (Balaninus), 485
venus (Hyperalonia), 651, 653
venustula (Erastria), xi
venustus (Philanthus), 93
verecundus (Reduvius), 597

Pr (Sphedanolestes), 597
vermiculata (Argyroploce), 690
BA (Euploea), 419

vernalis (Calosota), 461
vernaria (Geometra), 338
veronica (Hypena), 265
versicolor (Helonotus), 598

( eet )

vesicularia (Caprilia), 396
Vespa, 127
vestalis (Bupalus), 301
vestita (Scolia), 555
vestitus (Tachysphex), 104
vetustata (Dolichomutilla), 541
vialis (Risoba), 238
viatica (Sphex), 560
viaticus (Pompilus), xxxi, 560
50 var. nigripennis (Pompilus),
560
viator (Diplatys), 43
viburni (Galeruca), 472
. (Galerucella), 472
vicaria (Ilema), 393
», (Lithosia), 393
viduatorius (Cryptus), 467
viduatus (Parasphex), 74
rp (Sphex), 74
viduus (Pezomachus), 453
vigens (Hypena), 260
vigintimaculata (Psyllocora), 455
Villa, 606, 623, 638, 650
villaeformis (Exoprosopa), 638, 650
villosa (Elis), 557
villosulus (Gymnetron), 481
villosum (Anobium), 460
villosus (Balaninus), 486
(Bruchus), 469
», (Dryocaetes), 491
vindicatus (Pompilus), 561, 562
violacea (Magdalis), 487
violae (Telchinia), 170, 171
Vipio, 468
virens (Prasolithites), 707
viretata (Geometra), 330
5 (Lobophora), 331
oe (Trichopteryx), 330, 331
virgatellus (Crambus), 353
virgaureata (Eupithecia), 330
virginea (Dasychira), 271
viridarius (Kulophus), 484
viridescens (Peronea), 686
viridimixta (Miselia), 287
5 (Stauropus), 287
3 (Urodonta), 287
viridinota (Eutelia), 232
viridulus (Pteromalus), 477
viticida (Fidia), 471
vittalis (Nymphula), 371
», (Oligostigma), 371
vittata (Hyperalonia), 651, 652, 653,654
vittatus (Cirrospilus), 480
vittifrons (Tettigonia), 603
3 (Tettigoniella), 603
volcanicola (Reduviolus), 729
volitans (Anthrax), 623
voluta (Meritastis), 677

”?

vorticata (Phalonia), 673
vosseleri (Diplatys), 22, 23, 28, 38, 40
vulcan (Nysius), 734
vulcanus (Odynerus), 726
vulgaris (Vespa), 127
vulpinus (Dermestes), 457
Wachtli (Eurytoma), 480, 487
wahlbergi (Euralia), xlv
wakkeri (Hispella), 473
w-album (Thecla), 155
walkeri (Amphimoea), ]xili
wallacei (Saraptus), 601
wataikwensis (Cosmoscarta), 603
watkinsi (Catasticta), 523
wealei (Chamus), 414, 415
Westermanni (Lucanus), 432, 434, 435,
436
Westermannia, 235
Wheeleria, 182
whitei (Nysius), 733, 735
winthemi (Coccoteris), 594
(Halys), 594
Witlesia, 504, 505, 506, 507, 514, 515
wollastoni (Mimikana), 593
woodfordi (Neptis), 424
wustnei (Didineis), 111
Xambeui (Cephalonomia), 459
Xandrames, 308
xanites (Koruthaiolos),
Ixxvill
Xanthia, 204, 205
xanthistis (Cosmosoma), evii
xanthocerus (Chlorion), 74
Fe (Sphex), 74
Xantholinus, 454
xantholoma (Cafius), 454
xanthomelaena (Galeruca), 472
xanthoptila (Antaeotricha), 709
xanthura (Campsomeris), 555
Pe (Dielis), 555
3 (Elis), 555
Xenocrabro, 727
xerene (Microrhopala), 473
xerobius (Odynerus), 721
xerophanes (Kulia), 680
xiphares (Charaxes), 58, 54, 55
Xorides, 467
Xylocopa, 169, 171
Xylonomus, 463, 465, 468
Xylopasia, 206
xylophaea (Capua), 675
Xylophanes, lxiii
Xylophrurus, 467
Xylorycta, 705
Xyloryctidae, 705
yoshinoensis (Corgatha), 228
(Trachea), 207
Zaleptopygus, 468

Ixxiv, Ixxv,

_

( eciv
Zamacra, 396, 397 zenzeroides (Langia), 277
zanara (Hntedon), 475 s var. nawae (Langia), 277
zancle (Catasticta), 521, 523 i var. nawai (Langia), 277
zanclogramma (Metasia), 379 Zethes, 249, 250, 258
Zania, 368 zibanensis (Stizus), 117, 118
Zarmigethusa, 320 zimmermanni (Phyllotreta), 473
zelleri (Scoparia), 502 zoe (Pieris), lx
Zelota, lxxvii Zonosoma, Xi
zelotypa (Eulia), 679 Zygaenidae, 191, 350, 398
Zelus, 597 Zygaeninae, 398

Richard Clay & Sons, Limited, London and Bungay.

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF

LONDON

For, THE YVrar 1911.

I. On the Forms and Geographical Distribution of Acraea
lycoa, Godt. and Acraea johnstoni, Godm. By
Harry Evrrincuam, M.A., F.ZS.

[Read June 1st, 1910. ]
Puates I, II.

AT a meeting of this Society on June 6th, 1906, a paper
was read by Professor Poulton, in part dealing with the
mimetic forms of Acraea johnstoni, Godm.* In this paper
the author sought to show that judging from the outward
characteristics, Acraca lycoa of West Africa gradually
merged by intermediate gradations into Acraea johnstone
of the east and south, the subject being considered with
special reference to the remarkable series of mimetic
modifications presented by the latter species. The final
conclusion then attained emphasised the extreme proba-
bility that the whole series of forms then associated under
the names of A. johnstoni, A. proteina, etc., must be
regarded as specifically identical with Acraea lycoa.

In order that the true affinities of this complicated
association may be more accurately established, I have,
at Professor Poulton’s suggestion, undertaken a micro-
scopical examination of the minute structure of the forms.
I have examined the whole of the material in the Hope

* “Mimetic Forms of Papilio dardanus (merope) and Acraea
johnstoni,” E. B. Poulton. Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 281 et seq., 1906.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1911.—PART I. (MAY) B

all

2 Mr. H. Eltringham on the Forms and

Department, the National Collection, and the Tring
Museum, comprising some hundreds of. examples, and
have made a large number of microscopical preparations,
with results which it is the purpose of the present paper
to describe.

As a preliminary it seems desirable to give some
account of the known forms and the present state of their
synonymy.

ACRAEA LYCOA.

Acraea lycoa was described by Godart in 1819 (Ene.
Meth.) from a female example, and the author stated that
it was not known whether the sexes were alike. The
first reference I can find to the male is in Staudinger’s
“ Hxotische Schmetterlinge,” where the difference between
the sexes is mentioned. Fig. 2 on Plate I shows the
typical western female drawn from an example received
from Sierra Leone, whilst fig. 1 shows a male from Oguta,
Nigeria. In the female the depth and richness of the
ground-colour varies somewhat, though it is in practically
every case paler than in more eastern forms. The male
is frequently semi-transparent, and the forewing spots
may be only very faintly discerned. Examples from
Accra and Nigeria present no distinct modifications from
the extreme western forms. The first recognisable change
is observable in males from Fernando Po. These resemble
fig. 1, but the spots on the forewings are now quite
distinct, and of the same pale reddish colour as the discal
area of the hindwings, and the whole ground-colour is
somewhat darker. The females are still like fig. 2, but
with darker ground-colour. These forms persist over a
large area, extending without marked variation from
Fernando Po, through the French Congo, and across the
Congo State to Toro in 8.W. Uganda. At Toro several
varieties may be found, since it is here that three geo-
graphical races appear to meet. From this point the
species spreads north and south. Between Lake Victoria
Nyanza and Lake Kivu (Mt. Niragonwe) the males
resemble fig. 3, whilst fig. 4 shows a female from the
same locality. To the north of Toro in the Unyoro Region
the male is modified in a somewhat different manner.
As fig. 5 shows, the forewing spots have become much
smaller and more clearly defined, though there is much
less development of the hindwing patch than in the

Geographical Distribution of Acraea lycoa, A. johnstoni. 3

Niragonwe specimens.’ This form of the male is very
typical of Western Uganda. The females are not, however,
distinguishable from those of the more southern Urundi
District, all being characterised by the extreme paleness
of the hindwing patch. Passing round the north shore
of Lake V. Nyanza and on towards the south to the
Tiniki Hills this hindwing patch becomes more distinctly
yellow, whilst the males have developed the same feature,
accompanied by a darker ground-colour and greater dis-
tinctness and depth of colour in the forewing spots.
The male of this region is shown at fig. 6. Passing
southwards and eastwards we find at Kilimanjaro the two
sexes present much the same pattern, but the ground-
colour in both sexes is now very dark, the forewing spots
in the female are smaller, and the hindwing patch is
slightly expanded again. The sexual dimorphism is still
well marked. Fig. 7 shows a female of this form which
is equivalent to the “ Planema” fallax of Rogenhofer, and
the Acraca kilimandjara of Oberthiir. The species has
developed to its maximum extent in mimetic approach to
Amauris echeria and A. albimaculata. Northwards, in
the district of Mt. Kenia, examples still resemble faliaz,
but in several specimens the hindwing patch has a
slightly edentate distal outline between the third median
and the radial, giving the insect a marked resemblance to
A. johnston f. confusa. In two males from this district
the forewing spots are distinctly paler than the hindwing
patch, and up to this point in the geographical range of
the species this is the only sign of departure from a
hitherto consistent sexual dimorphism. This Kenia form
resembles fig. 7 on the upperside with the exception of
the slight difference in the hindwing -patch, but the
insect is generally somewhat smaller. I have figured it
in monochrome on Plate II, fig. 7. On the underside the
difference is more marked. In fallax the ground-colour
of the forewings is dark sepia from the base to the inner
side of the white subapical spots, the whole apical area
being dusted with pale ochreous. In the Kenia form the
dark colour extends beyond the first three subapical spots,
and the whole of the underside has a generally blacker
appearance than in fallav. These forms are of excep-
tional interest, and are amongst the many valuable
specimens for which the Hope Department is indebted to
the generosity of the Rev. K. St. A. Rogers and Mr. and
B 2

a
4 Mr. H. Eltringham on the Forms and

Mrs. 8. L. Hinde. The species further extends northwards
into Abyssinia, and there we find that both sexes are
alike, not having, as the Kenia specimens might lead us
to expect, white forewing spots, but having all the
lighter markings dark ochreous. This form is the sub-
species A. lycoa aequalis of Rothschild and Jordan, repre-
sented at figs. 8 and 9. It is worthy of note that the
Abyssinian form steckert of A. echeria is specially charac-
terised by dark ochreous markings and an entire absence of
white spots. It is doubtless in mimicry of this form that
the female /ycoa of this region has lost its white markings.

With regard to the existing nomenclature of the above
forms, the /ycoa of Godart applies to the species throughout
its range until we arrive at Entebbe, and from thence
eastward and southward the forms approach more and
more closely to the fallax of Rogenhofer, which is identical
with Oberthiir’s hilimandjara. In his catalogue of the
African Rhopalocera Aurivillius makes the queried sug-
gestion that fallax may be a form of johnston, but this I
hope to show is an incorrect surmise. The same author
refers to an example described as a variety of lycoa by
Butler, and names it ab. butleri. The supposed identity
of this variety with /ycoa must be regarded as an error.
From an examination of the specimen there can be no
doubt that it is a female example of the form subsequently
described by Grose-Smith as Acraca toruwna, the position
of which will be considered later.

ACRAEA JOHNSTONI.

Acraea johnstoni was first described by Godman in 1885
(P.Z.S., p. 537) from a male example, and the type agrees
with the form subsequently described by Oberthiir as
Acraea proteina semifulvescens. Now that long series of
the forms of A. johnstoni are available, it is seen to be
somewhat regrettable that this form should have acquired
the position of the type, since it is in reality a rather
rare variety. In 1889 Butler deseribed an Acraea, which
he assigned to the type of Acraea johnston as its female,
and this arrangement was confirmed by Dr. Holland in
1893 (Ann. Nat. Hist., p. 248). In 1891 Rogenhofer
described his “Planema” telekiana, which, however, is
only a form modified but slightly from Godman’s type of
the male johnstont. The hindwing patch is somewhat

Geographical Distribution of Acraca lycoa, A. johnstont. 5

tawny in ¢elekiana, whilst it is whitish in the male type of
johnstont. The same author described at the same time
“ Planema” confusa and “ Planema” fallax. The latter
has already been referred to in connection with lycoa.
Planema confusa is described by Rogenhofer as the male
of Butler’s type female. In Baumann’s “ Usambara”
(supplement) it is stated that both the male and female
were taken. No difference is specified, and the figure
subsequently published is stated in the text to be that of
a female, though the description facing the plate states it
to bea male. In 1893 M. Oberthiir described a number
of forms under the name of Acraea proteina, the type of
which appears to be a male,* and resembles the insect
previously described by Butler as the type female of john-
stoni, and is also similar to Rogenhofer’s confusa. The four
varieties described by Oberthiir are (1) proteina jlavescens,
which appears to be an ordinary yellow-spotted example
of the commonest form of johnstont; (2) proteina semialb-
escens, sex not stated,an example of which in the National
Collection has white spots on the forewing, and tawny
hindwings marked with dark inter-nervular rays and ©
exhibiting no trace on the upperside of the quadrate patch,
though the latter is clearly outlined on the underside ;
(3) proteina semifulvescens, sex not stated, a form which
agrees with Godman’s male type; (4) proteina fulvescens,
a form which has nearly lost the spots in the forewing
and the patch in the secondaries, though they are more
obvious on the underside, and all four wings are tawny.
It is the peculiar variety which appears to have developed
in a mimetic direction synaposematic with Danaida
chrysippus f. dorippus and Acraea encedon f. daira.

The next published reference occurs in Butler’s note on
the forms in Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 113, 1896. Butler was un-
aware that the pattern of Godman’s male type also occurs in
the female sex, and therefore he regarded Godman’s type and
his own female type as constituting a sexually dimorphic
variety. He describes Oberthiir’s fulvescens as synonymous
with Rogenhofer’s telekiana, whereas the latter is practi-
cally the same as Godman’s male type, and further he

* Butler appears to have thought that Oberthiir’s proteina was a
female. Though the sex of the specimen figured is not definitely
given as male, the author states, after describing it, that his col-
lection contains three males, quite similar to one another. I cannot

take this to mean otherwise than that the example figured is one of
the three males in question.

_

6 Mr. H. Eltringham on the Forms and

makes Oberthiir’s flavescens synonymous with the same
author's kilimandjara, Rogenhofer’s confusa and fallax,
and Karsch’s octobalia. The latter appears to be an
aberration of johnstoni, in which the yellow Spots are
ringed with a darker colour.

I have lately examined in the British Museum a very
curious example of johnstont from Kilimanjaro. It
resembles the fallax form of lycoa so closely that I hesi-
tated to decide its identity from the external features
alone. Mr. Heron kindly allowed me to examine the
genitalia, and it proved to be johnstoni as above indicated.
The quadrate appearance of the hindwing patch is almost
lost on the upperside, though rather more developed
beneath. Placed side by side with the forms of lycoa
from Kenia above described, the two species would certainly
be difficult to distinguish.

The last form of johnstoni which I have seen described
is the Acraea torwna of Grose-Smith. It presents certain
peculiar features, and will be considered apart from the
other forms.

I have endeavoured throughout the foregoing somewhat
tedious explanation to distinguish between forms which
appertain to /ycoa and those which are conspecific with
johnstoni, because, as the result of my investigation, I am
convinced that lycoa and johnstoni are separate species,
and remain so throughout the length of their geographical
range. That of lycoa has already been outlined. Acraeca
johnston? occurs in the Tiriki Hills and extends as far
south as Chirinda in 8.E. Rhodesia. In this latter locality
all the examples I have seen, some twenty in number, are
of the confusa form (including jlavescens), The spots and
hindwing patch vary from yellow to white. In some cases
the specimens have all white markings. Plate I, fig. 15,
shows a female from this region.*

* Since the above was written I have had an opportunity of
examining a fine series of Acraea johnstoni taken in Nyassaland by
Mr. 8. A. Neave. There are forty-five of the confusa form, varying
from yellow to white spotted, the only combination not represented
being white hindwing patch and yellow forewing spots. One example
has white forewing spots and dark yellow hindwing patch ( = semi-
albescens). There are, in addition, four examples of a peculiar form
of semifulvescens in which the forewing spots are not obsolescent
as is usual in this form, but are as white and distinct as in confusa.
The examples are all males. They have a striking appearance

and form an interesting connecting link between confusa and
semifulvescens.

Geographical Distribution of Acraea lycoa, A. johnston. 7

The specific identity of all the forms of A. johnstoni
would, I think, with the exception of the ¢torwna form, be
quite satisfactorily established on the external features,
but apart from my own examination of the genitalia, we
have still further direct proof. In the Tring Museum
there is a family of A. johnstont bred from ova at Neguelo,
Usambara. To which variety the parent belonged I have
been unable to ascertain, but the nine offspring consist of
the following :—

Three examples of the type form (= semifulvescens), two
males and one female. The latter is shown at Plate I,
fig. 12. The males are slightly smaller, and have the
hindwing patch very faintly ochreous, and one has the
forewing spots much paler.

Four examples of the /ulvescens form, two males and
two females. One of the latter is shown at Plate I,
fig. 11. The males resemble this female, but the remain-
ing female is somewhat intermediate, having the spots
paler, and a considerable powdering of black scales at
the base of the wings and about the inner angle of the
hindwings.

One black and white female shown at Plate I, fig. 13.
This form occurs very commonly at Chirinda, and I have
also seen a similar specimen from Mombasa,

One male shown at Plate I, fig. 14. This example
is nearest to the commonest variety of the species ( =
confust).

ACRAEA TORUNA, Grose-Smith.

We may now consider the position of Acrea torwna in
relation to the foregoing species. The ground-colour,
especially in the forewings, is more profoundly modified
than in any of the other forms. Whilst the present
position of the forewing spots may be traced from
johnstont f. confusa through the typical male johnstonz,
the distal outline of the hindwing patch is much less
angulated than in other johnstoni forms, at least on the
upperside, a fact doubtless due to the close approximation
of its pattern to that of its model Planema latifasciata.
One feature stands out prominently, the palpi are nearly
always entirely black,* whereas in all the forms of johnstont

* T have to thank my friend, Mr. F. A. Heron, for first calling my
attention to this feature. It is interesting to note that the genus

Planema is distinguished by the possession of black palpi, though
there is also in that genus a white lateral streak.

cil
8 Mr. H. Eltrmgham on the Forms and

and /ycoa, and in fact in all other African Acraeas which
I have examined the palpi are yellow beneath. I have
examined three interesting examples of torwna in the Tring
Museum taken near Bukoba, between Lakes Kivu and Vic-
toria Nyanza. In one of these the hindwing patch is pure
white and the palpi have numerous yellow scales beneath,
thus providing a transitional form from semifulvescens.
The second of these specimens is very abnormal, and has
the ground-colour of the wings brownish black with just
a slight suffusion of the characteristic reddish chocolate
colour in the neighbourhood of the distal end of the fore-
wing cell. The hindwing patch is white, and bears on
the upperside hardly a trace of the quadrate distal outline.
The third is of the normal colouring, but the forewing
spots are very much reduced in size, that between the first
and second median being represented by a mere streak,
and the subapical band of spots is only about a quarter
of the usual width. All these examples are males. The
second specimen above described has decidedly the appear-
ance of a form intermediate between t¢orwna and a female
lycoa, and in the absence of an examination of the geni-
talia would provide a strong temptation to be regarded as
a connecting link between the two species.

As will presently be described the male genital arma-
ture of torwna presents no features by which that variety
can be distinguished from the other forms of johnstoni,
and I am satisfied that ¢orwna is merely a geographical
race or subspecies of A. johnstoni.

THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN A. lycoa AND A. johnstont.

It now remains for me to give some account of the
features which lead me to assign all the forms of A. lycoa
and A. johnstona to two distinct species, albeit including
certain subspecies or geographical races. In the first
place A. lycoa is sexually dimorphic, and remains so
throughout its range with the exception of the peculiar
Abyssinian subspecies. In A. johnstoni all the numer-
ous varieties occur in both sexes. The modifications
of pattern which take place in /ycoa as we pass from
west to east tend in one definite direction only, viz.
away from the resemblance to western black and white
Planema and Amauris models and towards a superficial
resemblance to the eastern and southern Danaines Amauris

Geographical Distribution of Acraea lycoa, A. johnston. 9

echeria and A. albimaculata, together with a synaposematic
approach to the confusa form of A. johnstoni, especially
developed at Kilimanjaro and on the Kikuyu Escarpment.
Throughout its range and variations lycoa presents a pale
discal area in the hindwing, which, though varying from
white to yellow and showing a very ill-defined outline
in males from the extreme west, nevertheless has, except
in some examples of the fallax and Mount Kenia forms, a
well-rounded distal outline. In /ycoa the basal spots of
the hindwing underside are almost always smaller and less
confluent than in johnstoni, though this feature is some-
what variable. A careful examination of the neuration
in lycoa and johnstoni, shows the following differences
(see Plate II, figs. 4 and 5). In the forewing of the
former, the lower discocellular nervule is nearly always
rather shorter and lies in a more nearly transverse direc-
tion than in johnstoni. This feature is also subject to
slight variation. The hindwing cell presents a difference
in the two species, and owing to the pale colour of the
scales in this area the difference can be more readily seen.
In lycow the cell has a generally broader and shorter
appearance than in johnstont. This effect is produced to
a great extent by the fact that the middle discocellular
nervule is outwardly more deeply concave in the latter
than in the former. This feature is fairly constant, and
is quite evident in the examples from Kenia referred to
above. The most conclusive test of specific distinction is,
however, to be found in the structure of the male genital
armature. I have made a large number of preparations
from examples occurring throughout the range of the
two species and from the different varieties, and have
also examined many others not actually dissected out and
mounted. The accompanying plate gives outlines of the
neuration, and also drawings of the male genitalia of lycoa,
Johnstoni, and toruna. Fig. 1 shows the appearance of
the first, and fig. 2 that of the second. The claspers are
for the most part shorter and stouter in lycoa than in
johnstont. The penis is comparatively short, frequently
showing a kind of bilobed structure, and is not a con-
tinuous tube, but is widely grooved towards its extremity.
The uncus is comparatively very short, obtusely pointed,
and bears a small process on each side. In johnstoni the
penis is long and slender, it does not show a bilobed
structure, and though it is grooved like that of lycoa, the

_
10 Mr. H. Eltringham on the Forms and

walls are less widely separated. It is in the uncus, how-
ever, that the greatest difference is shown. It is produced
dorsally into a long curved extremity, somewhat hollowed
beneath, and slightly widened laterally at its termina-
tion. Whilst all the forms of dycoa from its western type
to its most extreme modification in the Abyssinian sub-
species present no noticeable change in the structure of
these organs, so all the forms of johnstoni, from the typical
male to confusa and fulvescens, and the subspecies torwna,
show the same form in the male genitalia, especially char-
acterised by the extremely long uncus and slender penis.
That these features are of specific value I have no doubt,
since I have also made preparations of the genitalia of
other nearly allied Acracas, and find that they present
features which I need not here specify further than to say
that they are entirely different and characteristic.

The male genitalia of the torwna form shown at fig. 3
afford little or no distinction from those of johnstont. The
claspers appear to be more distinctly lobed, but this is
a variable feature, and is found more or less developed
in some examples both of lycoa and johnstoni. The details
of the articulation of the claspers with the vinculum are
apparently rather different, though this point is not at
all reliable in a microscopic specimen, as the appearance
often varies with the point of view. The penis certainly
exhibits a similar formation to that of yohastoni, and differs
in the same degree from that of /ycoa. The uncus is
similar to that of yohnstoni. There can be no doubt that
toruna is as distinct from lycoa as is johnstoni, and further,
that so far as the genitalia are concerned, it is indis-
tinguishable from other forms of johnstoni. It appears to
be rare, and is certainly a local form and, as already
stated, I think it must be regarded as a geographical race
or subspecies of johnston.

Finally, we are now acquainted with the larvae both of
A, lycoa and A. johnstoni, and it will be of interest here to
compare them.

The larva of A. lycoa is figured by Aurivillius (Ent.
Tidskr., Plate 5, fig. 2, 1893), and is thus described :—

“The larva is yellowish without markings, with biack
head and black spines. The thorns are scarcely as long
as the diameter of the body.” The figure shows the larva
as having all the spines black, including those of the sub-
lateral row, whilst the body has no rings or markings of any

Geographical Distribution of Acraca lycoa, A. johnstoni. 11

kind. From a preserved specimen in the Tring Museum
the larva of A. johnstoni may be described as follows :—

Body yellowish beneath and brownish black above, each
segment with a ring of yellowish white, edged with brown
and divided in the middle by a dark brown line widened
somewhat at the base of each of the papillae which carry
the spines. Head black, and the first and last three
segments ventrally somewhat darker than the remainder.
Twenty-four dorsal black spines arranged in a double row.
Eleven lateral spines on each side, the last two projecting
backwards. Eight sublateral yellow spines on each side,
the first pair arising from the fourth segment (Plate II,
fig. 6).

The principal differences distinguishing this larva from
that of /ycoa are the dark-coloured dorsal area, the alterna-
tion of dark and light rings and the colour of the sublateral
row of spines.

SYNONYMY OF THE FORMS OF A. lycoa AND A.
johnstont.

Having now established the specific differences between
A. lycoa and A. johnstoni it remains to arrange the various
forms in accordance with the facts enumerated. The
varieties of A. /ycoa fall naturally into several geographical
races or subspecies, and it will therefore be convenient
to give them subspecific names. In the case of Acraea
johnstoni only one such geographical distinction can be
clearly discerned, viz. that of the variety toruna. Since
the form of A. johnstoni which must be taken as the type
(= semifulvescens, Oberth.) occurs in both sexes, I would
suggest that for the sake of uniformity, and without
implying the slightest discourtesy to Mr. Butler, that
the latter’s female should be assigned to Rogenhofer’s
confusa. The flavescens and semialbescens of Oberthiir are
not conveniently distinguishable from his proteina and
Rogenhofer’s confusa. Oberthiir describes the forewing
spots in proteina as white or pale yellow, in jlavescens as
yellow, and in semialbescens as white. All these variations
may be observed in long series, such as those from the
Chirinda District collected by Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton and
Mr. G. A. K. Marshall. In this neighbourhood all the
examples of johnstoni appear to be of the confusa form,
whereas the latter occurs in company with the type

all

12 Mr. H. Eltringham on the Forms and

(= semifulvescens) and also with fulvescens at Kilimanjaro.
Although at Chirinda johnstont does not appear to produce
some of the varieties which occur elsewhere, and as sug-
gested by Prof. Poulton, appears to be influenced in its
pattern by A. Jobengula, I can find no constant features
which would justify the separation of these southern forms
as a geographical race. I therefore suggest the following
synonymy for the two species under consideration :—

ACRAEA LYCOA, Godart.

Type: Acraea lycoa lycoa.

Godt., Enc. Meth. 9, p. 289 (1819); Staudinger, Exot.
Schmett. 1, p. 85 (1885); Dewitz, Ent. Nachr., p. 104
(1889); Aurivillins, Rhop. Aeth., p. 115 (1898); Poulton,
Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 805 (1906) ; Eltringham, Af. Mim.
Butt. p. 47 (1910).

Sierra Leone to Nigeria. : Plate I, fig. 1, 3; fig. 2, 9.

lycoa media, Subsp. nov.
Fernando Po to Toro.
= lycoa, Auriv., Ent. Tidskr., 14, p, 277 (1893).

Male distinguished by the clearer definition of the spots in the
forewings, and the somewhat richer ground-colour. The female has
a darker ground-colour and slightly smaller and more distinctly
outlined hindwing patch.

lycoa bukoba, Subsp. nov.

Urundi Country between L. Tanganyka and L. V. Nyanza.
Male with dark ground-colour. Forewing spots medium size and

ochreous. Hindwing patch ill-defined and ochreous. Female with

dark ground-colour, forewing spots well defined. Hindwing patch

very faintly yellow.

Plate I, fig. 3, ¢; fig. 4, 2.

lycoa entebbia, Subsp. nov.
W. Uganda, Unyoro, Entebbe.

Male smoky grey. Forewing spots much reduced in size. Hind-
wing patch but little developed. Female with dark ground-colour.

Forewing spots smaller and more distinct than in previous sub-
species. Hindwing patch small and very faintly yellow.

Plate I, fig. 5, gf. (Female resembles fiy. 4.)

Geographical Distribution of Acraea lycoa, A. johnstom. 13

lycoa tirika, Subsp. nov.
Eastern Shore of L. V. Nyanza, Tiriki Hills.

Male resembles previous form, but forewing spots smaller and
hindwing patch more distinctly developed. Female with very dark
ground-colour, forewing spots small and very distinct. Hindwing
patch very small and distinctly yellow.

Plate I, fig. 6, f.

lycoa fallax, Subsp.
Mt. Kilimanjaro.

Rogenhofer (Planema), Ann. d. kk. Natur-hist.
Hofmus. Wien 6, p. 459, Plate 15, fig. 6 (1891); Butler,
Proc. Zool. Soc, p. 113 (1896); Auriv., Rhop. Aeth.,
p. 115 (1898); Poulton, Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 305, Plate 21,
figs. la, 2a (1906); Eltr., Af. Mim. Butt., p. 47, Plate III,
figs. 24, 25 (1910).

= kilimandjara, Oberth., Etud. d’Ent. 17, p. 26, Plate 2,

fig. 17 (1893); Butler, 2.c. (1896); Poulton, J. c.
(1906).
Plate I, fig. 7, 9.

lycoa kenia, Subsp. nov.
Mount Kenia, Kikuyu Escarpment.

Both sexes‘smaller than in other forms. Ground-colour nearly
black. Hindwing patch slightly edentate between third median and
radial nervules. Dark areas on underside smoky black. Male with
spots and hindwing patch lemon ochreous. Female hindwing patch
lemon ochreous. Forewing spots white.

Plate II, fig. 7.

lycoa aequalis, Subsp.
Abyssinia.
Roth. and Jord. Novit. Zool. XII, p. 184 (1905).

Sexes similar. Pale areas dull ochreous,

Plate t fic, 8, 9; fig. 9, ¢

ACRAEA JOHNSTONI.*

Type: johnstoni johnstoni.
Godman, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 5387 (1885) ; Holland, Ann.

* IT have followed the usual course in maintaining the first
described form as the type, though in this case the form in question

wr
14 Mr. H. Eltringham on the Forms and

Nat. Hist., p. 248 (1893); Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 118
(1896); Aurivillius, Rhop. Aeth., p. 114 (1898) ; Poulton,
Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 300 (1906); Eltringham, Af. Mim.
Butt., p. 47 (1910).

= Planema telekiana, Rogenhofer, Ann. d. k.k. Natur-
hist., Hofmus. Wien, p. 459, Plate 15, fig. 4 (1891).

= Acraea proteina semifulvescens, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Ent.,
17, p. 26, Plate 2, fig. 21 (1893); Butler, Proc. Zool.
Soc. p. 113 (1896); Poulton, Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 302 ;
Plate 22, fig. 2a; Plate 21, fig. 3a (1906); Eltr., Af.
Mim. Butt., p. 47, Plate 8, fig. 13 (1910).

Plate I, fig. 12, 9.

Kilimanjaro, Meru, Usambara, Taveta.

johnston, f. confusa.
Rogenhof. in Baumann. ‘Usambara,’ Suppl., p. 326
(1891), and Ann. d. k.k. Natur-hist. Hofmus. Wien,
p. 459, Plate 15, fig. 5 (1891).
= johnstoni, 2, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 91 (1888).
= proteina, Oberth., Etud. d’Ent., 17, p. 29, Plate 2,
fig. 14 (1893).
= proteina flavescens, Oberth. J. ¢., p. 26, Plate 1, fig. 4
(1893).
= proteina semialbescens, Oberth., lc, Plate 3, fig. 29
(1893).
Plate J figs: 13,9: 14, 7; 15, 9.
Nyassaland, Usambara, Taita, Taveta, Tiriki Hills,
Entebbe, Kilimanjaro, Chirinda, Kikuyu, Nguelo.

johnstoni, f. fulvescens (= proteina fulvescens).
Oberthiir, /.c., p. 26, Plate 2, fig. 21 (1893); Poulton,
Trans. Ent. Soc, p. 304, Plate 21, fig. 4a (1906); Eltr.,
Af. Mim. Butt., p. 47, Plate 3, fig. 26 (1910).
Plate I, ‘fig. 11, 2.

Taita, Kilimanjaro, Neuelo.

is a comparatively rare variety and there can be little doubt that
confusa is the ancestral form, and that systematically speaking
this form should be the type. In cases of this kind it would, I
think, be a great advantage if there were some agreement amongst
naturalists by which the commonest form of a variable species
might be allowed to take the place of the type in spite of its later
discovery.

ap ve doen gh utd

a

Trans.Ent.Soc.Lond.1911. PLT.

West,Newman chr.

H.Eltringham del

FORMS of A. LYCOA anp A.JOHNSTONI.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1911. Pt. 1. :

H. Eltringham del. West, Newman lith.

A.LYCOA anp A.JOHNSTONI.

Fia.

Fig,

i

Se Set Co hon

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Pieri.

Acraea lycoa lycoa g. Oguta, Nigeria. (Tring.)
o s » @. Sierra Leone. (Hope Dept.)
bukoba g. Urundi District. (Tring.)
” 2. ” ” ”
“A » entebbia @. Monyouyo, Unyora, (Tring.)
tirika . ‘Tiriki Hills. (Hope Dept.)
35 » fallax 9. Kilimanjaro, as -
» aequalis 9. Banka, Malo, Abyssinia.
(Tring.)
Acraea lycoa aequalis g. Dareta Mts., Abyssinia (Tring.)
Acraea johnstoni toruna 9. Mt. Niragonwe. (Tring.)
3 3 f. fulvescens ¢. Nguelo, Usambara. Bred.
(Tring. )
Acraea johnstoni johnstoni 9. Nguelo, Usambara. Bred.
(Tring.)
Acraea johnstoni f. confusa 9. Nguelo, Usambara, Bred.
(Tring. )
Acraea johnstoni f. confusa ¢. Nguelo, Usambara. Bred.
(Tring.)
Acraea johnstoni f. confusa 9. Chirinda. (Hope Dept.)

Prater If:

Male Genital Armature of Acraea lycoa.
t Me = » johnstoni.
- -5 sts a5 i toruna.
Neuration in Acraea lycou.
» johnstoni.
Larva of Acraea johnstoni.
Acraea lycoa kenia ¢. Ngondo R., Kikuyu. (Ground-
colour brownish black, spots and hindwing patch

lemon ochreous.)

Geographical Distribution of Acraea lycoa, A. johnstoni. 15

johnstont ab. octobalra.
Karsch, Ent. Nachr., 20, p. 222 (1894), Mpwapwa.

johnstoni, Subsp. toruna.

Grose-Smith, Pt. 57, <Acraca, Plate 8, fig. 1 (1901);
Poulton, Trans. Ent. Soc., p. 303, Plate 22, fig. 3a
(1906); Eltr., Afr: Mim. Butt., p. 47, Plate 3, fig. 28
(1910).

= lycoa, f, var. Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 731 (1895).

= lycoa ab. butlert, Auriv. Rhop. Aeth., p. 115 (1898).

Plate I, fig. 10, 9.

Toro, Urundi.

I have to thank Prof. Poulton for kindly allowing me
to make use of the material in the Hope Department
for the purpose of this investigation, and also for much
kind help. I am also indebted to Mr. F. A. Heron for
kindly furnishing me with sketches and other information,
and to Dr. Karl Jordan for permission to examine and
prepare figures from the material in the Tring Museum.

EXPLANATION OF Puatess I, II.

[See Huplanation facing the PLATES. |

Corio)

IT. Some undescribed Butterflies from Dutch New Guinea.
By Sire Georce H. Kenrick, FES.

[Read October 19th, 1910.]
PEATEs wit VT,

I HAVE already described some butterflies of the genus
Delias from New Guinea, and I now add descriptions of
three more from the Arfak mountains in the north of the
Island.

I also describe one species of Ornithoptera, which may
possibly be a local form of O. chimaera, but as my collector
did not meet with any intermediate forms between it and
the type in any part of the country visited by him, I am
inclined to consider it as a good species.

It appears that Mr. C. B. Pratt regarded the female of
O. tithonus as the female of O. chimaera at first, not meeting
with the male of O. tithonus for some time. When he
afterwards found 0. tithonus f in company with this female,
he began to suspect his error, and he subsequently found
the true female of O. chimaera,

I have accordingly figured both sexes of both insects.

Writing of 0. ¢ithonus he says, “'The day after we arrived,
we each took one specimen of the male—one fortunately
being perfect. Soon after we noticed a tree overhanging
a steep precipice, with a sheer drop of 500 ft. to the river
below.

“Flying round and round this tree were many males
and females, more of the former than the latter. We
offered the natives very good payment if they would go up
with a net, but the tree was of a soft kind of wood, and
being in such a dangerous position we could not persuade
them todo so. We ourselves guarded the ridge every day,
but the males never once left the tree, so after some time
we had the tree cut down, thinking that then the males
would disperse and seek other flowering trees, but after
the tree had fallen we never saw another male.”

The first specimen of O. rothschildi, a male, was brought
to Mr. Pratt by a native, who said that he had taken it on

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1911.—PARTI. (MAY)

Sir G. H. Kenrick on Butterflies from Dutch New Guinea. 17

Mount Koberai, at an elevation of about 8000 ft., but
others were subsequently taken at 6000 ft., or even lower.

Ornithoptera rothschildi, n. sp.
(Plate Vio. VI, 2.)

Male: Of the general type of O. priamus, but fore-wing narrower
and hind-wing more oval. Upper-side : fore-wing black, with scattered
green scales distributed in long ill-defined patches. Three of these
are above the subcostal nervure between the end of the cell and the
apex. Three are below the cell and between nervures 1 and 2, 2 and
3, and 3 and 4, but they do not reach the termen. There is also a
narrow band along the inner margin. Hind-wing black ; the disc
covered by a large patch of gold, terminating in a series of points
between the nervures, which are black. Across this patch of gold
extends a tapering green band in which are 5 ill-defined black spots.
Fold black. The under-side in both wings similar to the upper-side,
but the green is more golden and better defined in patches and spots
in the fore-wing. Exp. 154 m-m.

Female: Resembles the same sex in O. priamus, paradisea, and
tithonus, but may be distinguished from all three by the following
characters—

1. The abdomen, which is hairy all over and heavily ringed with
black, especially above.

2. The absence of white markings in the cell of the fore-wing.

3. The presence of 7 black spots on the hind-wing instead of 6 as
in tithonus, the seventh being nearer the costa.

4, The under-side of the hind-wing being much less white than in
any of the others. In the hind-wing the black patch at the base
entirely covers the cell itself, but on either side it does not extend
much beyond the middle of the cell. Exp. 190 mm.

Dr. K. Jordan, who has kindly compared these insects
with the specimens of O. chimaera at Tring, writes as
follows—

“The chief differences in the male are as follows: in
0. rothschildi the green colour at apex of fore-wing is
reduced, as is also the case with the cell streak; hind angle of
fore-wing more rounded off, the whole being narrower, less
triangular; the black interspace between central green
area and green hind-marginal streak smaller on hind-wing,
which is less elongated; black margins very much broader,
the black spots much nearer the cell, hardly any green
at outer edge of golden area; the green area which

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1911.—PART I. (MAY) C

18 Sir George H. Kenrick on

extends from black abdominal margin across apex of
the cell, and encloses the black spots, is not present in
chimaera.

“On under-side there is only a small green streak in cell
of fore-wing, and there is hardly any green beyond apex of
cell between the subcostals; the hind-wing is also very
different from that of chimaera.

“ Female: The fore-wing, as in male, more ovate than in
O. chimaera, owing to the obliquely rounded-off hind-
angle; cell without spot, whereas the three discal spots
placed below cell are at least as large as in chimaera;
black border to hind-wing broader than in chimaera, also
differently shaped, the two posterior sections of the
yellowish-grey area extended nearer to the cell than even
in those chimaera which have a spot in the apex of the
cell, no such spot in O. rothschildi.”

Delias africanus, n. sp.
(Plate III, fig. 2.)

Head, legs, and antennae black, palpi with grey hairs. Thorax
with yellow hairs below, and the usual white hairs above, which
extend to the base of the abdomen and below the cell of the
hind-wing. Abdomen yellowish white.

Upper-side : fore-wing sooty black, a little darker on the margins ;
hind-wing the same, but with an ill-defined yellowish patch extend-
ing partly over the cell.

Under-side : fore-wing sooty black, with a band of 5 irregular
yellow apical spots: between the cell and the inner margin the
spaces between the nervures are partly covered with white scales.
Hind-wing velvety black, a curved band of sulphur yellow near the
base ; the greater portion of the disc is filled with an elliptical patch
of pale pink suffused with orange: beyond the cell is a singular
black patch resembling a negro’s head and neck. Exp. 60 mm.

Arfak Mountains, January 1909.

Near to D. d’ Albertisi, Oberthiir, but differs in the
shape and position of the black patch on the under-side of
the hind-wing.

Delias imitator, n. sp.
(Plate III, fig. 3.)

Head, palpi, antennae, and legs black. Thorax black with a few
white hairs above. Abdomen dark grey above, white beneath.
Upper-side : fore-wing rather pointed, and outer margin slightly

Some undescribed Butterflies from Dutch New Guinea. 19

waved ; ground-colour black; an oblique yellowish band extends
from the middle of the inner margin towards the apex, it is inter-
rupted at the cell, and a white apical dot continues the line ; there
are four white dots on the hind margin. Hind-wing yellowish
white, with a broad black border extending from costa half way
round the wing and then continuing as a very narrow margin ; in
the broad part are three white dots.

Under-side: fore-wing as above, but the oblique band is wider
and the spotsare more distinct ; hind-wing black, with narrow white
costal stripe and broad angulated transverse white band, outwardly
serrated. In the black margin beyond are 6 irregular pale spots ;
there are also 3 yellow spots in the dark basal portion, and a thin
white line following nervure 1b. Female very similar, but the
Wings are more rounded. Exp. 50 mm.

Arfak Mountains, January 1909.

This insect bears a singular resemblance to some of the
species of the South American genus Leodonta, in which
the neuration is almost the same.

Delias elongatus, n. sp.
(Plate IIT, fig. 4.)

Head, palpi, antennae, and legs black. Thorax black, with brown
hairs below. Abdomen dark grey above, white beneath.

Upper-side : fore-wing dull black, faintly darker at end of cell;
an apical and marginal row of 7 ill-defined subtriangular white spots,
Hind-wing white, with black border of medium width. The base
of the wing fades into dark grey, and there is an ill-defined black
spot at end of cell.

Under-side : fore-wing dark grey with a whitish triangular patch
from inner margin upwards; the marginal spots are well-defined
and quadrate. Hind-wing white; a well-defined tapering black
streak extends along the costa, followed by a white band: then
follows a V-shaped black mark with apex towards the body and
extending from costa nearly to the angle. There is a round black
spot at the end of the cell, and a rusty ill-defined cloud covering
half the basal area. Marginal band deep black. Exp. 52 mm.

Arfak Mountains, January 1909. A single male
specimen only.

This insect differs from most of the New Guinea species
of Delias in having the wings longer and narrower, and

resembles some of the Australian species in this respect.
¢ 2

-
20 Sir G. H. Kenrick on Butterflies from Dutch New Guinea.

The marking of the under-side of the hind-wing is quite
remarkable and unusual in the genus.

Libythea hatami, n. sp.
(Plate IV, fig. 2.)

?. Head dark brown ; palpi, thorax, and abdomen on the upper-
side dark brown, on the under-side covered with grey hairs, the legs
wholly grey.

Upper-side: fore-wing of the usual shape in the genus, dark
brown inclined to sooty, an oval white spot at end of cell; another
spot, quadrate in form beyond this and between nervures 3 and 4,
extending partly between 4 and 5; two rounded white spots nearer
the apex separated by nervure 6; between these and the end of the
cell is an irregular spot tapering to the costa and crossed by two dark
nervures. Hind-wing slightly emarginate, dark brown ; a transverse
white band occupies the disc, but does not reach either margin ; a
quadrate white spot extends from the middle of the costa to the
subcostal nervure ; fringes of both wings whitish.

Under-side : the ground-colour is much paler ; all the spots are
repeated on a larger scale, and in addition the surface is marbled
with a number of whitish scales. Exp. 44 mm.

Mountains of Hatam, 3000 ft.

EXPLANATION OF Puates III-VI.

Puate IIT.
1. Ornithoptera tithonus ¢. p. 16.
2. Delias africanus, n. sp. p. 18.
» 38. D. imitator, n. sp. p. 18.
4, D. elongatus, n. sp. p. 19.
PLaTE IV.
. 1. Ornithoptera tithonus Q. p. 16.
» 2. Libythea hatami,n. sp. — p. 20.
PLATE V.
Ornithoptera rothschildi, n. sp. ¢. p. 17.

Puate VI.
Ornithoptera rothschildi, n. sp. Q. p. 17.

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III. A Revision of the Genus Diplatys, Serv. (Dermaptera)
By Matcoitm Borr, D.Sc., F.LS., F.Z.S., F.ES.

[Read April 6th, 1910.]
Prares VIL. VEIT.

In working out the Dermaptera for the “ Fauna of British
India” series, I was surprised at the number of undescribed
species of Diplatys which came to hand.

Six species, including African and American, were in-
cluded by de Bormans in his monograph of the Dermaptera
in 1900, yet in India alone we have now double that
number, of which ten were described by myself, seven of
them in the Indian monograph.

A considerable number from other parts of the world
rendered necessary a thorough revision of the genus. The
synonymy has now been to a great extent cleared up, and
there are no less than 33 species already known to science,
including those first described in these pages.

In 19042 I tentatively proposed a first attempt at a
classification based on structural characters, and I have
found this quite serviceable when elaborated to receive
the recently discovered species.

It is quite certain that there remain a very great many
new forms yet to be discovered, and very probably the
number of described species will be doubled within the
next few years.

Exceedingly valuable characters are afforded by the
subanal plate, or penultimate ventral segment.

This may be entire, emarginate, or more or less lobed.
The latter is the rarer shape: there is a small rectangular
lobe in D. angustatus, and in D. nigriceps there is a small
obtuse convexity.

In D. conradti and D. bormansi there is a small round
emargination, but the outline is more complex in JD.
gerstaeckeri, D. ernesti, D. flavicollis, and D. siva; in the latter
there are two round emarginations, with a smaller obtuse
emargination between them, so that there projects a trans-
verse, sinuate lobe between the two deep incisions. In

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1911.—PARTI. (MAY)

al
22 Dr. Malcolm Burr’s Revision of the Genus Diplatys.

D. gerstaeckert there are two emarginations leaving an
acute triangle between them; in D. ernesti the general
form is the same, but the triangular lobe is more obtuse.
In D. flavicollis there is a sharp incision forming two
acute lobes.

Where the subanal plate is entire, the posterior margin
may be gently sinuate or straight, the sides convex or
parallel, or the whole plate more or less rectangular or
rounded.

In D. macrocephalus it is very broad, subquadrate, the
posterior margin subsinuate, the exterior angles rounded.
In D. gladiator the outline is similar, and in D. falcatus
and D. lefroyi; in all these the sides are convex, the
posterior margin being almost straight in the former, and
narrower and subsinuate in the latter.

In the group with non-emarginate subanal plate, we
find D. bicolor, D. vosseleri, D. griffithsi, and D. greeni
with the posterior margin gently sinuate ; the remaining
species, with non-sinuate, entire subanal plate, fall into
two groups; the first has the last dorsal segment non-
inflated: in this group we have D. jacobsont and D.
annandalei, both Oriental species, with the subanal plate
rectangular; if is more or less rounded at the sides and
angles in D. rufescens, D. fletchert, and D. fella.

The last dorsal segment is inflated m D. liberatus, D.
raffrayi, and D. aethiops.

In the genus Diplatys, we find that a grouping of the
species according to the form of the last sclerites and of
the forceps gives results agreeing fairly well with the
geographical distribution of the species. At the same
time, the outline of the pronotum affords useful features,
as also the structure of the head.

We find three distinct types of head. In one type the
three areas with which the dorsal aspect is divided by the
transverse and median sutures are not strongly differ-
entiated from each other; the frons is not specially tumid,
and the right and left portions of the occiput are not
specially depressed, nor are they furnished with postocular
keels running from the inner margin of the eyes to the
extero-posterior angles of the head; the sutures are
well marked. This may be called the normal type of
head, as it shows the minimum deviation from the general
type of Dermapterous head. We find this normal type of
head in D. glacwator and D. bicolor.

Dr. Malcolm Burr’s Revision of the Genus Diplatys. 23

In the next type, which we may call the sloping type,
the frons is distinctly tumid, the tumidity gradually
dying out posteriorly, ending at the posterior margin
of the head itself; the occiput is not strongly nor
abruptly depressed, nor markedly separated from the
frons, the transverse suture being obsolete, and the median
suture nearly so. In this type there are more or less
sharp keels running from the interior margin of the eye
to the extero-posterior angles of the head: these keels are
gently arched in D. lefroyi; in D. aethiops, D. gansoni, and
D. severa they are strong, and the posterior margin is
incrassate, so that they fuse with it, thus forming a blunt
rectangular ridge at the posterior angle, this ridge con-
tinuing to the median suture, which is short and distinct ;
in D. jacobsoni the keels are sharp and distinct, but short,
whereas in D. gerstaeckert and D. ernesti they are longer.

In the third type of head the frons is markedly tumid
and the occiput strongly depressed ; the transverse suture
is sometimes strongly marked, but sometimes indistinct
or obsolete, the tumid frons passing abruptly into the
depressed occiput with no clear suture, but only brusque
change from tumidity to depression. The members of
this group, which have rather short and feeble keels, are
D. siva, D. annandalei, D. conradti, D. angustatus, and D.
grifithst ; those with strong, sharp, and long keels, are
D. macrocephala, D. bormansi, D. greeni, D. rufescens, D.
vorselert, D. raffrayi, D. gracilis, and D. fletcheri. The
sutures are especially distinct in D. vosselert.

There appears, however, to be no connection between
the structure of the head and geographical distribution,
since we find in each group this arranged species from
various zoogeographical regions.

In order, therefore, to approach a more natural system,
it is necessary to adopt the structure of the apex of the
abdomen and its appendages as our basis of classification,
having recourse to the structure of the head and form of
the pronotum for supplementary features.

The pronotum is long and narrow in JD. thoracicus,
but as a rule the length is but little greater than the
breadth: the usual outline ranges between subpentagonal,
subrectangular, and suboval.

In some species the abdomen is strongly and abruptly
dilated at the apex, the last segment being strongly
inflated ; in others, the abdomen is less strongly and more

24 Dr. Malcolm Burr’s Revision of the Genus Diplatys.

gradually dilated, in which case the last segment is feebly
inflated ; in others, the dilation is scarcely pronounced,
the last dorsal segment being not inflated at all. The
branches of the forceps may be remote at the base and
arcuate, or subcontiguous and nearly straight; they
may be depressed or trigonal. In some cases they are
strongly dilated at the base itself, as well as flattened,
thus reminiscent of the Forficuline type of forceps.

All these above-mentioned characters are peculiar to
the males; in the females, the structure of the head is
simple and not specialised, the apex of the abdomen not
dilated, and the forceps invariably contiguous and simple.

The number of described species has been so much
augmented in recent years, that what were formerly con-
sidered to be dimorphic forms of the male are probably
to be considered distinct species. It is obvious that the
characters given by de Bormans are quite valueless, for
the species were discriminated by him by colour alone.

The form of the penultimate ventral segment is very
difficult to describe in words, and often hard to distinguish
with the eye. ‘The figures illustrate these diverse forms
better than any words can ‘do.

TABLE OF SPECIES.

1. Forcipis bracchia ¢ basi valde dilatata
ac deplanata.
2. Segmentum ultimum dorsale ¢
fortiter dilatatum, abdomine valde
latius ; forceps abrupte attenuatus.
3. Elytra vix longiora quam latiora ;
alae abortivae ; species indica . 1. gladiator, Burr
3.3. Elytra valde longiora quam
latiora ; alae perfecte expli-
catae.
4. Segmentum penultimum ven-
trale ¢ subquadratum, postice
haud angustatum, medio haud
impresso ; species africana . 2. macrocephalus, Beauv.
4.4, Segmentum penultimum ven-
trale ¢ postico subangusta-
tum, medio impresso ; species
fiedicay “(Oli Uo) bee. Wr Folens! porn

Dr. Malcolm Burr’s Revision of the Genus Diplatys. 25

2.2. Segmentum ultimum dorsale ¢
paullo dilatatum, abdomine vix
latius; forcipis pars dilatata
brevis, a supero aegre distin-
guenda; species indicae.

3. Segmentum penultimum ventrale

) é lateribus rotundatis, margine

: postico leviter sinuato; forcipis

k bracchia ¢ robusta, leviter

p arcuate... |. . A, lefroyi, Burr

3.3. Segmentum penultimum ven-
orale é fortiter angustatum,

margine postico in lobum
truncatum producto; forci-
pis bracchia graciliora, fortius

SP ae Te

f arcuata . . . 5. angustatus, Burr
D 1.1. Forcipis bracchia ¢ ane hand valde
a dilatata.

2. Pronotum duplo longius quam
latius, parallelum ; species brasi-
liensis. (Pronotum femoraque
pallida, nigro-vittata) . . . . 6. thoracicus, Dohrn
2.2. Pronotum haud plus quam 1}
longius quam latius, vel aeque
longum ac latum.
3. Antennae segmentis 4 globulari,
5 pyriformi (segmentum penul-
timum ventrale angustum ;
parallelum, apice rotundatum ;
pronotum longius quam latius ;
colore fulvo-rufo, species brasi-
Rensisy ys. : . 7. gracilis, Stal
3.3. Antennae peementis Seetibuls
cylindricis vel subcylindricis.
4, Occiput ¢ margine postico ipso
incrassato, plus minus
reflexo; (pronotum aeque
longum ac latum; species
neotropicae).
5. Segmentum ultimum dorsale
abdomine vix latius; colore
rufo, nigro-variegato. . . 8. jansoni, Borm.
5.5. Segmentum ultimum dor-
sale ¢ abdomine dimidio
latius; coloreatro. . . 9. severa, Borm.

26 Dr. Malcolm Burr’s Revision of the Genus Diplatys.

4.4. Occiput ¢ margine postico
haud inerassato ; species
africanae et orientales.
5. Segmentum penultimum ven-
trale ¢ vel emarginatum,
vel lobatum.
6. Segmentum penultimum
ventrale 4 simpliciter
rotundato-emarginatum . 10. conradti, Burr
6.6. Segmentum penultimum
ventrale ¢ emargina-
tum ac lobatum.
7. Segmentum penultimum
ventrale ¢ emargina-
tione transversa, lobulis
brevibus.
8. Segmentum penul-
timum ventrale ¢
lobulis brevissimis,
acutis..... «,...\. LL. bormansi, Burr
8.8. Segmentum penul-
timum ventrale ¢
lobulis majoribus
rotundatis . . . 12. dohrni, sp. n.
7.7. Segmentum _penulti-
mum ventrale 4d
medio lobo instruc-
tum, utrinque emar-
ginatum.
8. Segmentum penulti-
mum ventrale ¢
lobo ipso sinuato
vel emarginato.
9. Segmentum penulti-
mum ventrale ¢
lobo _ transverso,
margine sinuato,
utrinque rotun-
dato-emarginatum. 13. siva, Burr
9.9. Segmentum penul-
timum ventrale
d lobo angus-
tiori medio pro-
funde fisso . . 14. flavicollis, Shir.

Dr. Malcolm Burr’s Revision of the Genus Diplatys. 27

8.8. Segmentum penulti-
mum ventrale ¢
lobulo integro.
9. Segmentum penulti-
mum <4 _ lobulo
acuto; colore rufo-
testaceo. . . . 15. gerstaeckeri, Dohrn
9.9. Segmentum penul-
timum ventrale
3 lobulo rotun-
dato; colore fusco
velnigro . . . 16. ernesti, Burr
5.5. Segmentum penultimum
ventrale ¢ neque emar-
ginatum nec lobatum.

: 6. Segmentum penultimum
| ventrale ¢ margine
| postico convexo . . . 17. nigriceps, Kirby
6.6. Segmentum penultimum
ventrale g margine
postico sinuato vel trun-
cato.
7. Segmentum penultimum
ventrale @ margine
postico leviter sinuato.

eo

8. Forcipis bracchia ¢
depressa, recta, vix

:

attenuata.
9. Pronotum rotun-
datum ; colore
fulvo ; species
africana . . . 18. bicolor, Dubr.

9.9. Species borneensis. 19. griffithsi, sp. n.
8.8. Forcipis bracchia ¢
basi incrassata, tum

attenuata, sub-
arcuata ; (colore
fusco ; species
ceylonica) . . . 20. greent, Burr

7.7. Segmentum _ penulti-
mum ventrale ¢ mar-
gine postico truncato
vel rotundato.

al
28 Dr. Malcolm Burr’s Revision of the Genus Diplatys.

8. Segmentum ultimum dorsale g
vix inflatum, abdomine vix vel
paullo latius.

9. Segmentum penultimum vent-
rale ¢ apice rotundatum vel
angustatum, vel saltem lateri-
bus subrotundis.

10. Segmentum _—penultimum
ventrale ¢ angulis haud
rotundatis (colore fulvo ;
species indica)

10.10. Segmentum penultimum
ventrale ¢ angulis
rotundatis.

11. Segmentum penultimum
ventrale ¢ lateribus sub-
convexis, apice sub-
angustatum, ac trun-
catum.

12. Statura majore; forci-
pis bracchia elongata;
species africana .

12.12. Statura minore;
forcipis bracchia
brevia; species
ceylonica

11.11. Segmentum _ penullti-
mum ventrale 4
lateribus subconcavis,
apice fortius angu-
statum; species afri-
cana apie

9.9. Segmentum penultimum ven-
trale ¢ rectangulare; species
orientales.

10. Segmentum ultimum dor-
sale ¢ abdomine vix latius;
forcipis bracchia ¢ haud
contigua,depressa, interdum
falcata; colore fulvo.

.

. 21. rufescens,

Kirby

. 22. vosselert,

Burr

. 23. fletchert,

Burr

. 24. fella, sp. n.

25. jacobsoni,
sp. n.

Dr. Malcolm Burr’s Revision of the Genus Diplatys. 29

10.10. Segmentum ultimum dor-
sale ¢ abdomine dis-
tincte latius, sed haud

inflatum ; forcipis
bracchia ¢ contigua;
colore fusco . . . . 26. annandalei,
sp. n.
8.8. Segmentum ultimum dorsale ¢
inflatum, abdomine valde
latius.
9. Abdomen apicem versus sensim
ampliatum, segmento ultimo
ceteris valde latiori; species
orientalis: ose). ) sy 5 (5 Slo eberatus,
Burr
9.9. Segmentum ultimum dorsale
¢ fortiter et abrupte
inflatum; species africanae.
10. Statura majore; pubescens;
occiput impressum; colore
fusco, rufo variegato . . 28. raffrayi,
Borm.
10.10. Statura minore; glabra;
occiput repletum; colore
GPO Tos eh eae og) oD, BeOS:
Burr

1. Diplatys gladiator, Burr

Diplatys gladiator, Burr, (1905*) pp. 28 and 29, (1906')
p- 319, (1910*) p. 41.

This is a very distinct species ; it is one of the few with
the normal type of head, with abortive wings and rather
short elytra ; the coloration and forceps are also distinctive.
It is described and discussed in (19101). It is recorded
from Calcutta.

Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

2. Diplatys macrocephalus, Pal.-Beauv.
Forficula macrocephala, Pal.-Beauv., (1805) p. 36, orth.
PIT, fio. 33
Diplatys macrocephala, Serv., (1831) p. 33, (1839) p. 51.
Es 34 Scudd., (1876) p. 309.
Bs ‘ Borm., (1900) p. 9, fig. 5 (excl.
syn.), (nec Borm. 1888 and 1894).

30 Dr. Malcolm Burr’s Revision of the Genus Diplatys.

Diplatys macrocephala, Burr, (1900*) p. 47, (1904?) p.
282.

Diplatys macrocephala, Kirby, (1904) p. 1 (excl. syn. D.
rafrayt).

Diplatys macrocephala, Borelli, (1907°) p. 346.

This species, the type of the genus, resembles some of
the Indian species with inflated last dorsal segment. It
occurs in West Africa, in the Congo State at Boma (Mus.
Brux.) and Stanley Pool (c.m.),in Benin under the bark
of trees (Pal.-Beauv.), and in Fernando Po, at Basile, at an
elevation of 2000 ft. (Borelli). The species from Burma
recorded under this name by de Bormans are to be
referred to D. bormansi and D. liberatus.

I was unable to find the type in the Paris Museum, and
do not know where it is.

3. Diplatys falcatus, Burr
Diplatys falcatus, Burr, (1910') p. 42, fig. 4 and fig. 3a
in text.
This Indo-Burmese species is described, discussed and
figured by me in (1910'). It has a superficial resemblance
to the preceding species, but the penultimate ventral

segment is different.
Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

4. Diplatys lefroyi, Burr

Diplatys lefroyi, Burr, (1910") p. 44, fig. 5 and fig. 3) in
text.

This is another Indian species described and figured in
the same work. The basal dilation of the forceps is so
short that it may easily escape detection. Thus the species
has a superficial resemblance to J. bormansi, but it is in

reality allied to D. falcatus.
Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

5. Diplatys angustatus, Burr
Diplatys angustatus, Burr, (1910') p. 44, fig. 6 and
fig. 3c in text.
This Indian species is related to the preceding, but may
be at once distinguished by the rectangular lobe on the

penultimate ventral segment.
Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

Dr. Malcolm Burr’s Revision of the Genus Diplatys. 31

6. Diplatys thoracieus, Dohrn

Cylindrogaster thoracicus, Dohrn, (1868) p. 59.
5 5 Borm., (1900*) p. 12.
+ e Kirby, (1904) p. 2.

This Brazilian species may be recognised at once among
all its congeners, by the long and narrow pronotum, which
is nearly twice as long as broad, with parallel sides. The
head is humid, with depressed occiput and sharp postocular
keels.

It is apparently a rare species. Dohrn records it from
Rio de Janeiro, and there is a broken male from Espirito
Santo in the Brunner collection in Vienna.

Dohrn states that the type is in the Helsingfors
Museum.

7. Diplatys gracilis, Stal
Cylindrogaster gracilis, Stal, (1855) p. 350.

‘ » Dohrn, (1863) p. 58.
5 al Borm., (1900?) p. 11, fig. 8.
» 3 Kirby, (1904) p. 2.

. ¥ Burr, (1909?) p, 254.
Diplatys gracilis, Stal, (1860) p. 306.
Cylindrogaster sahlbergi, Dohrn, (1863) p. 59.

iB i Borm., (19007) p. 12.

This is a second Brazilian species, resembling the former,
but with shorter pronotum, and dull red colour. I sink as
synonymous D. sahlbergi, Dohrn, which differs only in
trifling variation of colour: de Bormans (l.c.) suggested
their specific identity. The globular fourth, and pyriform
fifth, antennal segments are distinctive.

It is recorded from Rio de Janeiro, Theresopolis, and
Espirito Santo.

8. Diplatys jansoni, Karby

Cylindrogaster jansoni, Kirby, (1891) p. 507.
Diplatys jansoni, Borm., (1893) p. 2, Pl. I, fig. 102,
(1900?) p. 9.
Diplatys gansoni, Kirby, (1904) p. 2.
a 2 Burr, (1904?) p. 278, 280.

It is a handsome red and black species occurring in
Central America. It is closely allied to the following.

The head in both these species has the same structure
as in the Ethiopian D. aethiops, that is, smooth and humid,

al

32 Dr. Malcolm Burr’s Revision of the Genus Diplatys.

with thickened posterior margin joining the postocular
keels.

The contrast between the deep black and bright orange
red is very striking; the females especially have a strong
superficial resemblance to red and black Staphylinidae.

Type in the B.M.

9. Diplatys severus, Borm.
Diplatys severa, Borm., (1893) p. 2, Pl. I, fig. 3, (1900?)
9

Diplatys severa, Kirby, (1904) p. 2.

x . Burr, (1904?) p. 278 and 280.

An all-black ally of the preceding, occurring also in
Central America. De Bormans suggested that it may be
merely a melanic form of D. jansoni, but the last abdominal
segment is more strongly dilated and the body is much
more hairy.

Type in the B.M.

10. Diplatys conradti, Burr

Diplatys conradti, Burr, (1904?) p. 278 and 281, (19079)
p- 508.

Diplatys conradti, Borelli, (1907°) p. 346.

This is an African species allied to D. raffrayi, but
slenderer, the postocular carina shorter and blunter; the
penultimate ventral segment of the male has a round
median emargination, as in the structurally related
Burmese D. bormansi, but the pronotum is longer.

Type in the Paris Museum.

11. Diplatys bormansi, Burr

Diplatys macrocephala, Borm. (nec Pal.-Beauv.), (1888)
p. 433, (1894) p. 372, (1900?) p. 9 (text, partim).

Diplatys nigriceps, Burr, (19042) p. 279 and 284 (partim).

Diplatys bormansi, Kirby, (1904) p. 1 (nomen nudum).

ss > Burr, (1910") p. 45, figs. 91, 91a.

This is a Burmese species which was confused by
de Bormans with D. macrocephalus, and by me with D.
nigriceps and D. greent. It differsfrom them all in having
the penultimate ventral segment of the male emarginate
in the middle.

The superficial resemblance to D. nigriceps, D. greent,
and D. liberatus is very strong.

Type in my collection.

Dr. Malcolm Burr’s Revision of the Genus Diplatys. 33

12. Diplatys dohrni, sp. n.

Parva, nigra; caput laeve, tumidum; segmentum ultimum sat
inflatum ; segmentum penultimum ventrale parallelum, margine
postico utrinque profunde exiso, lobo medio sinuato; forcipis
bracchia contigua, conica. 2.

HONS [EORDOLIAY 1 saul Ua er) 4 Ostet,
PASAOLEMIA otis. wh ce ia el 5

D. dohrni.

Small and slender ; general colour black.

Antennae brownish, second and third segments yellowish (ten
segments remain).

Head tumid, smooth, sutures obsolete ; postocular region tumid,
not keeled.

Pronotum bordered posteriorly with whitish ; about as broad as
long, and somewhat narrowed posteriorly.

Elytra very ample, pubescent, black.

Wings ample, and long, of the same colour.

Legs blackish, the joints yellowish.

Abdomen black, with golden pubescence; slender, widening
gradually from the waist to the

Last dorsal segment, which is large, considerably, but not abruptly,
inflated.

Penultimate ventral segment ample ; posterior border with a deep
round emargination on each side, near the corner, thus forming a
medium transverse lobe which is gently sinuate, with rounded angles.

Forceps with the branches short, contiguous, and straight.

Java: (Fruhstorfer).

This species is founded on a single male kindly com-
municated to me by Dr. H. Dohrn, in whose collection it is.

It belongs to the group of D. bormansi with round

TRANS, ENT. SOC, LOND, 1911.— PARTI, (MAY) D

al
34 Dr. Malcolm Burr’s Revision of the Genus Diplatys.

emarginations on the penultimate ventral segment, but
the emarginations are far deeper and stronger than in
that species, and more rounded, with a consequently more
prominent median lobe, which has the angles more
rounded. The form resembles that of D. siva, but this is
a much smaller and weaker insect.

13. Diplatys siva, Burr

Diplatys siva, Burr, (1904°) p. 278 and 283, (1906*)
p. 387, (1907°) p. 508, (1910!) p. 49.

This is a large, dull grey-brown North Indian species,
well characterised by the peculiar form of the penultimate
ventral segment of the male.

Type in the Paris Museum.

14. Diplatys flavicollis, Shiraki

Diplatys flavicollis, Shir., (1907) p. 104.
» > Burr, (1909*) p. 339 and 340.

This species is described by Shiraki from Formosa on
the model of the old-fashioned descriptions of de Bormans,

D, flavicollis.

with practically no reference to structure; so from his
work alone it is impossible to determine its true position
with accuracy.

Fortunately, I possess a male from Taiwan, Formosa,
which agrees in every respect with Shiraki’s description,
and I have no hesitation in identifying it as D. flavicollis.

The chief feature is the very characteristic form of the
penultimate ventral segment, in the middle of the posterior

Dr. Malcolm Burr’s Revision of the Genus Diplatys. 35

margin of which there is a deep and narrow incision,
forming a pair of rather long, acute lobes.

The head is of the third type, that is, the frons is
strongly tumid, with well-marked transverse depression
behind; the edge of the occiput is somewhat swollen, the
sutures not very distinct.

The pronotum is subpentagonal, a trifle longer than
broad, and somewhat narrowed posteriorly. The last
dorsal segment is inflated, but not very strongly, and the
forceps are simple, contiguous, somewhat depressed, and
straight, feebly hooked at the tips.

15. Diplatys gerstaeckert, Dohrn

Nannopygia gerstaeckeri, Dohrn, (18638) p. 60.
i Scudder, (1876+) p. 326.
4 . Borm., (1884) p. 372, (1900?)
eb,
f Dyscritina longisetosa, Westwood, (1881) p. 601, PI.
XXII, fig. 1.1-a-1.
Dyscritina longisetosa, Green, (1896) p. 229, (1898)
. 383.
r Diplatys longisetosa, Burr, (18981) p. 388, Pl. XVIII,
fig. 4, 5 and 16, Pl. XIX, fig. 9 and 4.
Diplatys longisetosa, Borm., (1900?) p. 10, fig. 6.
Diplatys gerstaeckert, Burr, (1901) p. 74, Pl. A, fig. 4
and 5, (1904°) p. 299 and 282, (1910!) p. 46, fig. 7 and
3d in text.
Cylindrogaster rufescens, Burr (nec Kirby), (19008) p. 48.

This little red Singalese species is fully described,
figured and discussed by me in (19101). It forms a natural
group with D. ernesti, Burr, characterised by the emargina-
tion of the penultimate ventral segment of the male.

It is this species whose postembryonic development has
been described by Green under the name Dyscritina
longisetosa.

Type in the Berlin Museum.

15a. Diplatys gerstaeckeri, var. calidasa, Burr

Diplatys gerstaeckert, var. calidasa, Burr, (1904?) p. 279
and 282, (1906) p. 387, (1907%) p. 508, (1910") p. 48.
This is a large North Indian form, of which the female
only is known; it resembles D. gerstaeckeri in every
respect except size, but discovery of the male may show
D2

-
36 Dr. Malcolm Burr’s Revision of the Genus Diplatys.

that it is a distinct species. Perhaps it is the female of
D. rufescens.
Type in the Paris Museum.

16. Diplatys ernesti, Burr

Diplatys ernesti, Burr, (1910!) p. 48, fig. 9.

A small black Singalese species closely allied to D.
gerstaeckert. It differs in the all-black colour and in the
more obtuse and broader median triangular lobe on the
posterior margin of the penultimate ventral segment of
the male.

Type in my collection.

17. Diplatys nigriceps, Kirby

Diplatys nigriceps, Kirby, (1891) p. 507, (1904) p. 2.
Borm., (1900?) p. 10 (partim).
Burr, (1902) p. 477, (1904?) p. 279

and 284 (partim).

Diplatys croiai, Burr, (1904?) p. 280 and 284, (19079) p.
508.

This black and white species is characterised by the
form of the penultimate ventral segment of the male,
which is gently rounded at the sides, with the posterior
margin slightly, but distinctly, convex in the middle;
there is also a median depressed sulcus.

It was originally described from Hong Kong, but prob-
ably D. croiai, Burr, in the Paris museum, from Malacca
Peninsula, and the Borneo specimen in the Budapest
Museum, are to be referred here.

It is unknown in Burma, Ceylon, and India, though
specimens of D. greeni, Burr, from Ceylon, were confused
with it; and probably, also, of D. bormansi, Burr, and
D, liberatus, Burr, from Burma.

Therefore, several mentions of D. nigriceps in literature
really refer to one of those species, the synonymy of which
should be examined.

Type in the B.M.

18. Diplatys bicolor, Dubr.

Labia bicolor, Dubrony, (1879) p. 95.
Borm., (1900?) p. 72.
Kirby, (1904) p. 25.

” ”

” ”

Dr. Malcolm Burr’s Revision of the Genus Diplatys. 37

This species, of uniform tawny colour, and head of the
normal type, is known from Abyssinia and Eritrea.
Type in Madrid Museum.

19. Diplatys griffithsi, sp. n.

Statura minore; colore fulvo et castaneo; pronotum breve ;
subrotundatum ; segmentum ultimum dorsale ¢ haud inflatum ;
segmentum penultimum ventrale ¢ parallelum, margine postico late
sinuato, angulis subrotundatis ; forcipis bracchia ¢ depressa, recta,
intus crenulata, apice recurva.

d ?
Leng: corporis: 0) 0.0) Smit.) 6. * 9d mm.
a PHORGIDIG: cL hs pok Aor EMM oo. Co 25 mm,

Size small; general colour dark chestnut, varied with tawny.
Antennae with 15-17 segments, all cylindrical, 4th a little shorter
than the 3rd, basal two blackish, the rest yellowish, passing to
greyish towards the apex.

Head broad and flat, dark chestnut, frons tumid, occiput depressed
with distinct keel behind the eyes, which are very large and promi-
nent; the frons is less tumid and occiput less depressed in the 2.

Pronotum tawny, about as broad as long, anterior, margin convex
sides converging posteriorly as the posterior margin is strongly
narrowed; prozona distinctly tumid and metazona depressed.

Scutellum prominent, depressed.

Elytra ample, dark chestnut, tawny at the shoulders.

Wings ample, dark chestnut; legs pale yellowish, sometimes
shaded with brown.

Abdomen parallel in, gently constricted in the middle in the ¢,
smooth, yellowish at the base, passing to dark chestnut towards the
apex ; lateral tubercles of 3rd and 4th segments distinct.

Last dorsal segment in the ¢ not inflated, no wider than the
abdomen, rectangular in the ¢, slightly narrowed in the 9.

Penultimate ventral segment in the ¢ parallel-sided, posterior
margin broad, sinuate, the angle slightly produced, thus forming
small, rounded lobes; in the 9 narrow, rounded.

Forceps with the branches in the ¢ depressed, subcontiguous,
straight, inner margin serrulate, points hooked; in @ subcon-
tiguous, straight, trigonal.

Borngo: Sarawak, Saribas, August 1908 (Museum
Sarawak) ; British North Borneo, Sambas, March Ist, 1909
(C. Griffiths, cm.)

This species falls with the group of D. greeni, character-
ised by the sinuous posterior margin of the penultimate

ca
38 Dr. Malcolm Burr’s Revision of the Genus Diplatys.

ventral segment of the male ; from D. grcenz it differs in the
depressed forceps; from the Ethiopian, D. bicolor, Dubr.,
and JD. vosselert, Burr, in the parallel-sided penultimate
ventral segment of the gf and broad sinuation. It is
different in colour from D. bicolor, and much smaller than
D. vosseleri. It is dedicated to my friend Mr. Cyril
Griffiths, A.R.S.M., who discovered the female at Sambas.
Type in my collection.

20. Diplatys vosseleri, Burr
Diplatys vosseleri, Burr, (1907'°) p. 201, (1909?) p. 253.

This is a large brown East African species; the head
is of the third, or typical, form, with all the sutures very
well marked.

Type in the Berlin Museum.

21. Diplatys green, Burr

Dyscritina longisetosa, Green, (1896) p. 229, figs. partim.

Dyscritina, sp. n., Green, (1898) p. 383.

Diplatys nigr iceps, Burr (nec Kirby, nee Borm.), (1898*)
p. 389, Pl. XVIII, figs. 1-8, Pl. XIX, figs. 6-8 and 15,
(1901) p. 75, Pl. A, figs. 1-3; Borm. ,(1900%) p. 10 partim ;
Kirby, (1904) p. 2 partim,

Diplatys greent, Burr, (19042) p. 280 and 285, (19101)
p. 50.

This is the species whose postembryonic development
was worked out by Green, together with that of D. gers-
taeckert: it was originally referred by me to D. nigriceps,
but the accumulation of more material and the growth
of our knowledge has shown that it is a perfectly distinct
species.

Superficially it resembles D. bormansi, but differs in the
gently sinuate subanal plate ; it is the only species known
to mein which the forceps are stout at the base and convex,
cylindro-conical, quickly attenuate and slightly arcuate. In
D. bormansi they are trigono-conical and almost straight.

Type in my collection.

22. Diplatys rufescens.
Cy as rufescens, Kirby, (1896) p. 524, Pl. XX,
fig.

Piicinats rufescens, Kirby, (1904) p. 2; Burr, (1907°)
p. 508, (19101) p. 51, fig. 75.

Dr. Malcolm Burr’s Revision of the Genus Diplatys. 39

This is a rather large red-brown North Indian species.
It is imperfectly known. The type,in the British Museum,
is in poor condition.

23. Diplatys fletcher, Burr

Diplatys fletcheri, Burr, (19101) p. 52, fig. 8.

Described and figured in (1910) from a pair taken at
Madulsima, in Ceylon, by Mr. T. B. Fletcher. The head
is typical, with tumid frons, depressed occiput, and long,
straight, sharp keels.

Type in my collection.

24. Diplatys raffrayi, Dubr.

Diplatys raffrayi, Dubr., (1879) p. 91; Borm., (19007)
p. 9; Burr, (1904?) p. 279-282; Kirby, (1904) p. 1;
Borelli, (1907) p. 346(?).

Diplatys macrocephala, Kirby, (1904) p. 1 partim.

This is an African species which somewhat resembles,
and is doubtless often confused with, D. macrocephalus.

Ihave found a specimen which is certainly the original
type, in the Madrid Museum, labelled “ Raffray, Zanzibar.”

It may be distinguished from D. macrocephalus, not by
the colour, with which de Bormans was content, but by
the slenderer and more hairy body, less inflated last dorsal
segment, and depressed and regularly dilated forceps.

I am inclined to doubt Borelli’s determination of a West
African specimen, since the form is only known decidedly
from Zanzibar. It probably replaces D. macrocephalus in
Kast Africa.

Type in Madrid Museum.

25. Diplatys fella, Burr
Statura mediocri; colore rufo; pronotum fere aeque longum ac
latum, antice convexum, lateribus et margine postico rotundatis ;
segmentum ultimum dorsale haud ampliatum, abdomine vix latius ;
segmentum penultimum ventrale apicem versus subangustatum,
margine postico truncato, angulis rotundatis; forcipis bracchia
recta, parallela, haud dilatata depressa, g; ? ignota.

3

Long. corporis . . . - . 125mm.
imedorcipis arts pQndle ele 45)

Size medium ; colour reddish tawny.

40 Dr. Malcolm ee Revision of the Genus Diplatys.

Antennae with about 25 segments, yellowish, 3rd segment rather
short, barely twice as long as broad, 4th and 5th very short, no
longer than broad, 6th a little longer, 7th about equal to 3rd, the rest
gradually lengthening.

Head brick-red ; frons tumid, occiput depressed, the posterior
keels sharp and distinct.

Pronotum yellowish red, a little narrower than the head, about as
broad as long, convex anteriorly, narrowed posteriorly, the sides and
posterior margin straight, the angles rounded.

Elytra very ample, tawny near the base, darker towards the
apex.

Wings long, pale straw-coloured.

Legs slender, yellowish.

Abdomen brick-red.

Last dorsal segment scarcely wider than the abdomen, about as
wide as long.

Penultimate ventral segment truncate posteriorly, somewhat
narrowed towards the apex, the angles themselves rounded.

Forceps brick-red, darker at the base ; depressed but triquetre,
subcontiguous and parallel, attenuate towards the apex, and gently
incurved at the apex; inner margin finely denticulate in basal
portion.

Keypr: Cairo.

This species resembles D. jacobsont and D. rufescens in
the straight forceps, narrow anal segment, and truncate
penultimate ventral segment with rounded angles; it
differs from the former in having the penultimate ventral
segment distinctly narrowed apically, in this respect some-
what approaching D. rufescens, but in that species the
angles are not rounded. The pronotum is a little shorter
and more rectilinear than in D. rufescens, and the colour
red or tawny. It is decidedly larger than D. jacobsonc.

The African species which come nearest to it are
D. licolor (aw which the pronotum is rounded), D. vosseleri
(a much larger, darker, and more robust insect), but in
both these the penultimate ventral segment is more or less
sinuate.

Type in Madrid (?).

26. Diplatys jacobsoni, sp. n.

Statura minore; segmentum ultimum dorsale abdomine vix
latius ; segmentum penultimum ventrale rectangulare, truncatum ;
orcipis bracchia recta, depressa ¢.

Dr. Malcolm Burr’s Revision of the Genus Diplatys. 41
)

Leng. tonporis:.>. 2/1.) 4. str 2), 6 Gm.
oe MMLC N TALS pIp ya3) Ap y ai) Voy eit \) =» b

”

Size small ; build slender ; colour reddish brown ; the whole body
clothed with a dense, short, pale pubescence.

Antennae yellowish, typical (10 segments remain).

Head shining brown; frons smooth and replete; occiput
depressed ; postocular keels sharp.

Pronotum about as broad as long, anterior border convex, sides
straight; posterior margin straight, the angles rounded ; slightly
narrower posteriorly than anteriorly ; red brown.

Elytra ample, brown, yellowish at the shoulders.

Wings long and narrow, dull brown.

Feet long and slender, yellowish.

Abdomen yellowish at the base, passing into reddish.

Last dorsal segment square, ouly slightly wider than the narrowest
part of the abdomen.

Penultimate ventral segment rectangular, truncate, rather narrow.

Forceps with the branches straight, contiguous, depressed or
regularly tapering, points gently hooked, trigonal; sometimes
abruptly attentuated before the apex ; inner margin smooth, ¢;
2 unknown.

JAVA: Batavia, 29. ii, 08, 1 ¢ (leg. E. Jacobson, in Mus.
Leyden).

The forceps may vary considerably. In the specimen
originally chosen as the type, the branches, though
depressed, taper gradually, and are gently hocked at the
apex. Ina specimen in the Vienna Museum, the forceps
are distinctly dilated in the basal half, and then abruptly
attenuated, the apical half thus inclosing an elliptical area,
recalling several species of Forficula. In other specimens
in the Vienna Museum there is every gradation between
these two extreme forms.

This delicate little species resembles D. gerstaeckeri,
Dohrn, in colour and in build, but is even smaller and
more fragile. It may be at once distinguished by the
truncate posterior margin of the penultimate ventral
segment of the male.

It also resembles D. rufescens, but the penultimate
ventral segment in that species has the angles somewhat
rounded, and the last dorsal segment is broader, and the
build stronger and bigger.

The narrow last dorsal segment distinguishes D. jacob-

oe
42 Dr. Malcolm Burr’s Revision of the Genus Diplatys.

sont from D. raffrayi and D. aethiops, but in those African
species the forceps are decidedly flattened, whereas in this
species, though somewhat depressed, they are in reality
trigonal.

Type in Leyden Museum.

27. Diplatys annandalei, sp. n.

Statura mediocri; colore fusco; pronotum pentagonale; seg-
mentum ultimum dorsale abdomine latius et haud transversum ;
segmentum penultimum ventrale haud angustatum, margine postico
truncato; forcipis bracchia recta cylindrico-conica, haud depressa,
contigua: ¢; @ ignota,

J
Juong: corporis. . |v). f4/)<: 105 mm.
SUMLONCIpIsicr cups Tsith. io f a 1 -

Size medium, colour fuscous.

Antennae...

Head black ; frons tumid ; occiput depressed.

Pronotum pentagonal, slightly longer than wide, narrowed
posteriorly ; sides straight, posterior margin straight, angles rounded.

Elytra ample, blackish.

Wings prominent, blackish.

Feet yellowish, banded with blackish.

Abdomen purplish red.

Last dorsal segment black, ample, smooth, wider than the abdomen
but not wider than long.

Penultimate ventral segment rectangular, posterior margin
truncate.

Forceps with the branches rounded above, the under surface flat,
short, straight, unarmed, contiguous and yellowish in colour.

Stam: Biserat, Bukit Tapang (leg. Annandale, v, ’99.
Type 1 3g, in c.m.).

In the form of the pronotum, this species approaches
D. jacobsoni, but ditfers in the form of the penultimate
ventral segment: from D. rufescens, it differs in the shorter
pentagonal pronotum.

Type in my collection.

28. Diplatys liberatus, Burr

Nannopygia gerstaeckeri, Borm. (nec Burr, nec Kirby),
(1894) p. 372 partim, (1900?) p. 11 partim.
Diplatys liberatus, Burr, (19101), p. 52, figs. 90, 90a.

Dr. Malcolm Burr’s Revision of the Genus Diplatys. 43

This species is founded on a single male, now in the
British Museum, which is one of the original specimens
taken by Fea in Burma, and recorded by de Bormans
under the name of Nannopygia gerstaeckerr.

It is more nearly allied to D. nigriceps, but the subanal
plate is not convex: the rectilinear pronotum distinguishes
it from that species, and also from D. rufescens. The
forceps are short, broad and flat, thus approaching the
two following species.

Type in B.M.

29. Diplatys aethiops, Burr

Diplatys aethiops, Burr, (19047) p. 280, (1907°) p. 508.
: » Borelli, (19075) p. 346.

This is a small jet-black West African species, re-

D. aethiops.

sembling the Central American D. severus in colour and the
structure of the head.

Type in Paris Museum.

In the British Museum there is a specimen from Dar-es-
Salaam, which I refer here.

30. Diplatys viator, Burr

Diplatys viator, Burr, (1904°) p. 278 and 281, (19079)
p- 508. ( only.)

My inability to place this species in its true position 1s
just retribution for the unpardonable offence of describing
a new species without possession of an undoubted male.

The original description includes two distinct species ;
the true D. viator is a dull black female from Madagascar,
nearly hairless, with a long and narrow pronotum.

The male attributed to it is from Fernando Po, but the
apex of the abdomen, with the essential characters, is
missing !

The pronotum is short and rather broad, obtusely

a
44 Dr. Malcolm Burr’s Revision of the Genus Diplatys.

rounded anteriorly, sides straight and converging, as the
disc is narrowed towards the truncate posterior margin.
Perhaps it is the male of D. coriacea, Kirby, or D. feae,
Bor.

Type in Paris Museum.

31. Diplatys feae, Borelli
Diplatys feae, Bor., (1907°) p. 347.

Unfortunately described from a single female from
Fernando Po, according to Borelli; in colour it resembles
D. nigriceps, Kirby, and differs in the form of the head and
thickness of the femora. The former is purely a sexual
character.

Type in Genoa Museum.

32. Diplatys coriacea, Kirby

Forficula coriacea, Kirby, (1891) p. 525.
es - Borm., (1900?) p. 127.
Diplatys » Borelli, (1907°) p. 346.

This is another solitary female, in poor condition, from
Sierra Leone. Borelli redescribed a female from Portuguese
Guinea, which he attributes to it. The purple tinge, pale
shouldered elytra, pale abdomen, darkening apically,
suggest that it may be the female of D. conrradti, with
which it agrees better than any other known West African
form.

33. Diplatys occidentalis; Burr

Diplatys occidentalis, Burr, (1904?) p. 280.
This is a small red species, the only one known from
the West Indies. The type has unfortunately been

damaged.
Type in B.M.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Bravvois, Patisor Dr. (1805.) Insectes récueillis en Afrique et
en Amérique. (Paris, 1805.)

Borevii, Dr. ALFREDO. (1907°.) Ortotteri raccolti da Leonardo
Fea nell’ Africa occidentale. Dermatteri. (Ann. Mus. Civ.
Gen. (3) iii, p. 345-390, 1907.)

Dr. Malcolm Burr’s Revision of the Genus Diplatys. 45

Bormans, A. DE. (1888.) Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania
e regioni vicine, vil. Dermaptéres. (Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen.
(2) vi, p. 431, 1888.)

— (1893.) Dermaptera. (In Biologia Centrali-Americana. Zoo-
logia, Orthoptera, 1, pp. 1-12, pls. 1 and 2, 1893.)

—— (1894.) Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine,
]xi. Dermaptéres (2me partie). (Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2)
xiv, p. 371, 1895.)

—— (1900!.) Quelques Dermaptéres du Musée civique de Génes,
(Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) xx, pp. 441-467, 1900.)

—— (19007.) Forficulidae in “Das Tierreich,” (11te Lieferung,
Orthoptera, pp. 1-142, 1900).

Burr, Dr. Matcotm. (1698!.) On the Species of Dyscritina, reared
by Mr. Green. (Tr. Ent. Soc. London, pp. 381-390, 1898).

—— (1900*.) Forficules exotiques du Musée royal d’histoire natu-
relle de Bruxelles. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xliv, pp. 47-54,
1900.)

—— (1901.) The Earwigs of Ceylon. (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist.
Soc. 1901, pp. 59-78 and 316-336, pls. A and B.)

— (1902.) On the Forficularia of the Hungarian National
Museum of Budapest. (Termesz. Fiiz. xxv, pp. 477, pl. xx,
1902.)

—— (1904%.) Observations on the Dermatoptera, including re-
visions of several genera and descriptions of New Genera and
Species. (Tr. Ent. Soc. London, p. 277, 1904.)

—— (19054.) Earwigs of the Indian Museum, with descriptions of
New Species. (Journ. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, (N.S.) ii,
No. 9, pp. 381-390, 1905.)

— (19061) Dermapteros de la Guinea Espanola. (Mem. Soc.
Espan. H.N. Mem. 17, pp. 293-295, 1906.)

—— (1906%.) A Further Note on Earwigs (Dermaptera) in the
Indian Museum, with a description of New Species. (Journ.
Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, (N.S.) vol. ii, No. 9, pp. 381-390,
1906.)

—— (1907°.) Catalogue des Forficulides des Collections du Muséum
National d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris. (Premiére Partie.)
(Extrait du Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 1907, No. 7, pp.
508-512.)

—— (19071°.) Ueber Dermapteren aus Deutsch-Ostafrika, (Berl.
Ent. Zeit. Bd. lil. pp. 201-207, 1907.)

—— (19097.) Notes on the Forficularia xvi. On Dermaptera in
the Greifswald Museum, with Synonymic Notes on some of
Gerstaecker’s Types, (Ann. Mag. N.H. (8) iii, p. 2538-257
1909.)

46 Dr. Malcolm Burr’s Revision of the Genus Diplatys.

Burr, Dr. Maucoim. (19097.) Criticism «of Matsumura and
Shiraki (1905), and of Shiraki (1905, 1905-6, 1907). (Rev.
russe d’Ent., 1909, pp. 335-340, in Russian.) (Translation in
English in Ent. Record 1910, p. 134.)

—— (19101) Dermaptera (Earwigs) in “The Fauna of British
India, including Ceylon and Burma.” (Pp. i-xviiiand 1-127,
pls. i-x. London, 1910.)

—— (1910'.) The Dermaptera (Earwigs) of the United States
National Museum. No. 1760. (From the Proc. of the
U.S.N.M., vol. xxxviii, pp. 443-567. Washington, August
1910).

Dourn, Dr. H. (1863.) Versuch einer Monographie der Dermap-
teren. (Stett. Ent. Zeit. xxiv, p. 35, 1863.)

Duprony, A. DE. (1879.) Enumeration des Orthoptéres des
régions Indienne et Austro-Malaise, rapportées par MM.
Doria, O. Beccari, et L. M. d’Albertis. (Ann. Mus. Civ.
Gen. xiv, pp. 348-383, 1879.)

GREEN, E. Ernest. (1896.) Notes on Dyscritina longisetosa,
Westw. (Tr. Ent. Soc. London, p. 229, 1896.)

—— (1898). Further Notes on Dyscritina longisetosa, Westw.
(Tr. Ent. Soc. London, p. 381, pls. xviii and xix, 1898.)
Kirpy, W. F. (1891.) <A Revision of the Forficulidae, with
descriptions of New Species in the British Museum. (Linn.

Soc. Journ., Zool, xxiii, pp. 502-531, pl. xii, 1891.)

—— (1896.) Descriptions of New Species of Forficulidae in the
Collection of the British Museum (N.H.). (Linn. Soe. Journ.,
Zool. xxv, pp. 520-529, pl. xx, 1896.)

—— (1904.) A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera. (Vol. i,
1904, London.)

ScuppEr, 8. H. (18764) Critical and Historical Notes on the
Forficulariae. (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xviii, pp. 287-
332, 1876.)

SERVILLE, AUDINET DE. (1831.) Revue Méthodique des Insectes
de ordre des Orthoptéres. (Ann. Sci. Nat. xxii, pp. 28, 134
and 262, 1902.)

——. (1839.) Histoire Naturelle des Insectes Orthoptéres. Suite
i Buffon. Paris, 1839.

SuHrRAkI, T. (1907.) Neue Blattiden und Forficuliden Japans.
(Tr. Sapporo N.H. Soe., vol. ii, pp. 103-111, 1907.)

Srau, C. (1855.) Nya orthoptera. (Ofv. Vet. Ak. Foérh. xii, p. 348,
1855.)

Be Wlson, del.

t yw
ii

ffir Allis
At nn

DETAILS

Wris. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1911, Plate VII.

cL

i
Fa
=

C. Hentschel.
OF DIPLATYIDAE.

lla.

12a.

13.

13a.

14.

14a.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.

Diplatys gladiator, Burr, g¢. Type. Calcutta

id.

apex of abdomen from beneath

D. macrocephalus, Beauv., ¢. Congo. Head

DD:
D.
D
D °
D.
D.
D.
D.
ae
D
Dd.
D
D
D
D
D
D

id.
id.

apex of abdomen from above
a ‘ beneath

falcatus, Burr, 6. Type. India. Apex of
abdomen from beneath
lefroyi, Burr, 6. Type. India. Apex of
abdomen from beneath

. angustatus, Burr, g. Type. India. Apex of

abdomen from beneath
thoracicus, Dohrn, ¢. Brazil. Head and

pronotum

gracilis, Stal, ¢. Brazil. Apex of abdomen
from beneath

gracilis, antenna

jansoni, Kirby, ¢. C. America. Head and

pronotum

severus, Borm., ¢. C. America. Head and

pronotum

severus, apex of abdomen from beneath

nigriceps,

Kirby, ¢. Type. Hong Kong.

Penultimate ventral segment
conradti, Burr, ¢. Type. C. Africa. Head
and pronotum

pronotum

. siva, Burr,

pronotum.

id.

. conradti, apex of abdomen from beneath
. bormansi, Burr, ¢. Type. Burma. Head and

. bormansi, apex of abdomen from beneath

6. Type. N. India. Head and

. siva, apex of abdomen from beneath
. gerstaeckeri, Dohrn, ¢. Ceylon. Head

apex of abdomen from beneath

PS DSK ote eS Pet

x xX X X

wale poe) Wee) ten iiten

A

ae re
A ;
v I Oly oy mig
hh ad ' pr

Trams. Ent. Soc. Lond., ror1, Plate VIII.

t \
\
wo
| |
! \
ul

WA tn
ry

E. Wilson, del. C. Hentschel.
DETAILS OF DIPLATYIDAE.

22.

bs bb bbs b b

D.

BD;

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.

. ernesti, Burr, ¢. Type. Ceylon. Head

id. apex of abdomen from beneath

notum

pronotum

. bicolor, Dubr., ¢. Abyssinia. Head and pro-

. bicolor, apex of abdomen from beneath
. grifithsi, Burr, g. Type.

Borneo. Head and

qriffithsi, apex of abdomen from beneath

and pronotum

. vosseleri, Burr, ¢. Type.

E. Africa. Head

. vosseleri, apex of abdomen from beneath
. greeni, Burr, ¢. Type. Ceylon. Head

id. apex of abdomen from above

id,

”
. rufescens, Kirby, ¢. Siam

”

beneath
Head

id. apex of abdomen from beneath
(from a damaged specimen)

fletcheri, Burr, ¢. Type.
abdomen from beneath
fella, Burr, ¢. ‘Type.

Ceylon, Apex of

Egypt. Apex of

abdomen from above
22a. D. fella, apex of abdomen from beneath
23. D. jacobsoni, Burr, ¢. Type. Java. Head
23a. id. apex of abdomen from above
23b. id. i ‘3 beneath
24. D. aunandalei, Burr, g. Type. Siam. Head
24u. id. apex of abdomen from above
24b. id. 3 3s beneath

25. D. liberatus, Burr, ¢. Burma.

26.

from above

D. raffrayi, Borm., ¢. Type.

of abdomen from above

Apex of abdomen

Abyssinia. Apex

26a. D. raffrayi, apex of abdomen from beneath

PRPS OE GPE PLS PS x Se SOK

x

10.
10.

10.
10.

10.
10.

10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.

10.

10.

10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.

10.

10.
10.

he
a

LRAT MONTANA

inet

Dr. Malcolm Burr’s Revision of the Genus Diplatys. 47

Note.—The above paper was completed before I received Dr.
Friedrich Zacher’s Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Pygidicraniden und
Diplatyiden (Ent. Rundschau, 1910, p. 105), in which the author
divides Diplatys into the following Subgenera : Diplatys, sensw stricto,
Verhoeffiella, (type, D. aethiops, Burr), Paradiplatys (type, D.
conradti, Burr), and Nannopygia, Dohrn, restored, with a new species.
N. picta, from East Africa.

These are based exclusively upon the structure of the male
genitalia, but Zacher’s system does not conflict with mine.

The question of the use of the genitalia for systematic characters
in the Dermaptera is too new and too profound to be discussed
without great care and consideration.

Dr. Zacher’s brief paper above mentioned is a preliminary bulletin
of his large and very important work just published under the title
“Studien ueber das System der Protodermapteren,” in the Zool
Jahrb., 1911, pp. 303-400.

EXPLANATION OF PuaTeEs VII, VIII.
[See Hxplanation facing the PLATEs. ]

( 48 )

IV. Descriptions of some hitherto unknown, or little known,
Larvae and Pupae of South African Rhopalocera,
with notes on their Life-histories. By MARGARET
E. Fountatne, F.ES.

[Read October 5th, 1910.]
Prares TX; Xx.

BEFORE commencing these notes, I should like to mention
that I am largely indebted to the kindness of local
entomologists and others for the information obtained,
and I would specially like to express my thanks to Mr.
A. D. Millar and Mr. G. F. Leigh, F.E.S., both of Durban,
Natal, whose kind help throughout my stay in South
Africa so greatly added to the success of my two years’
stay in that most delightful country. I should also wish
to mention Mr. J. Medley-Wood and Miss Franks of the
Botanic Gardens, Durban, to whose kindness I am chiefly
indebted for the identification of the various food-plants,
and for supplying me with their scientific names; all
except those from Portuguese East Africa, which I
obtained through the kind help of the Board of Agriculture
at Pretoria. These notes on the larvae and pupae do
not include any of the commoner species which are already
well known.

1. Papilio ophidicephalus, Oberth.
(Plate IX, figs. la, 1b, 1c.)

The ova of this (the largest butterfly in South Africa)
are to be found, with careful searching, laid singly, usually
on the upperside of the leaves of young saplings of
Clausena inaequalis; they are very large. The young
larva is black, with white at the posterior extremity, and
after the first moult shows signs of a white central band,
which increases in size and importance with each change
of skin, while the black becomes duller and browner.
The forepart of this caterpillar is exceedingly broad in
proportion to the rest. There are two round projections
or “knobs” on the centre of its back, situated on the

TRANS. ENT, SOC, LOND. 1911.—PART I, (MAY)

Miss M. E. Fountaine’s Descriptions of Rhopalocera. 49

brownish-black segment next below the central white
band, and these are an unerring guide for its identification
in distinguishing this larva from that of the common
P. demoleus. In the fifth, the last skin, it presents an
entirely different aspect, and though to a casual observer
it still bears a superficial resemblance to P. demoleus, it
is easily distinguished from that species, also by the green
which now takes a prominent part in its colouring, being
much bluer in tone; and the immense breadth of the
segments immediately behind the head, besides the two
round “knobs,” which are now more produced than ever,
on the dark russet-brown band, interrupting the green on
the sixth segment, this same russet-brown, which now
occupies the entire underside of the larva, being much
varied with lighter and darker touches and_ shadings.
There are two small detached markings of the green
occurring in it on the same segment which contains the
knobs. The pupa bears the most remarkable resemblance
to a piece of rotten wood of any I have ever seen. The
larva, which was hitherto unknown to science, was first
bred from ova found by Bersa and myself on the saplings
of Clausena inaequalis, at Eshowe, Zululand, in the early
autumn of 1908. The life-history is as follows :—On
March 10 one young larva of P. ophidicephalus hatched
out from ovum found outside. And on March 19 I
returned to Durban, taking with me the young larva, and
two ova which hatched out the next day; and the food-
plant occurring commonly round Durban I had no difficulty
in breeding them. On April 17 the larva which had
hatched out on March 10 hung up for pupation. And the
last I had hung up on April 25, having hatched out just
five weeks and one day previously. They produced
imagines the following August and September.

2. P. echerioides, Trim.

(Plate IX, figs. 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d.)

This butterfly being also unknown in its early stages,
when I went up-country in Natal, during the summer of
1909, one of my chief objects was to try and breed it.
The butterfly flew, though very sparingly, in Kimber’s
Bush, at Dargle. And having one day succeeded in
capturing a, I thought I would try and get her to lay,
giving hera piece of Vepris lanceolata, the bush food-plant

TRANS, ENT, SOC, LOND. 1911.—PART I. (MAY) E

oa

50 Miss M. E. Fountaine’s Deseriptions of

of several of the other Papilios; but as she died without
laying a single egg, when I captured another ? of this
species at Donnybrook (4500 feet), on February 24, I
thought I would try again to obtain ova, and this time I
gave the 2 Clausena inaequalis to lay upon, with the result
that on February 28 she laid eleven ova,on March 1 three,
three more the next day, and one more on March 6. On
March 7 one of the first-laid ova hatched out, the young
larva at first was to me indistinguishable from a young
P. cenea larva—black, with white frills at the head and
“tail.” It was not without some anxiety that I waited to
see if it would eat the Clawsena, which, to my great joy,
it at last decided to do. The others all hatched out later,
most of them on March 12, when I had moved down to
Jolivet. After a few days the white “frill” behind the
head of these larvae turns yellow-ochre, the tail-end
remaining white. They fed readily on the Clausena
inaequalis, and I have no doubt I should have bred nearly
all of them, had not their numbers visibly diminished
owing to their cannibalistic tendencies, which, unluckily,
I did not discover till seven or eight of my small number
had mysteriously disappeared, after which I kept them as
nearly separate as possible. The larva, as it grew older,
entirely lost its resemblance to P. cenea, and might much
more easily have been mistaken for P. demolews. Descrip-
tion in fourth skin is as follows :—Fuirst segments behind
head ochre-brown, rather light, and very gradually shaded
into white, after which a broad, dark-brown band occupies
the better part of two or three segments, streaked and
speckled with white. The two last segments are pure
white. The full-grown larva of P. echerioides is a really
beautiful object, of a deep, vivid apple-green ; the sides
and underneath part varying in colour from a rich ochre
to a deep, “sunset-flushed” russet-brown. The pupa is
green or brown, and in shape is most extraordinary, like
a shrivelled-up autumn leaf. These larvae grew very
rapidly, especially after I moved down to Umzinto, a very
hot place in the coast-belt ; and they all pupated early in
April. I naturally expected, at this season, that they
would now remain in pupa till the following spring; but
whether influenced by the intense heat of Umzinto, or
would naturally be producing an autumn brood in the
high, upland forests, where echericides makes its home, I
am unable to say; anyhow, on April 20, a fine f emerged,

Larvae and Pupae of South African Rhopalocera. 51

and before I left Umzinto, at the end of the month, every
one I had was a butterfly, nine in number, and all perfect,
except for a slight malformation in the wing of one ¢.

3. Charaxes guderiana, Dew
(Plate IX, figs. 3a, 30, 3c.)

The remarkable dissimilarity of the sexes is the most
striking feature in this species; as the 2 could apparently
be classed as a small species belonging to the saturnus
group, whereas the @ is like a glorified ethalion. I was
unacquainted with the ?, though I had taken one or two
specimens of the ¢ at Umtali (Rhodesia), in August 1908,
when one hot sunny morning, in September, up the
“Water Valley,” near Macequece (a Portuguese village
“over the frontier,” where I was staying), Bersa and I
simultaneously caught sight of a tawny-brown Charazes
flying rapidly from one plant to another on the hill-side,
evidently with a view to finding the proper food-plant,
whereon to oviposite; so we stood quite still and watched
her, and it was not long before, having selected the sapling
of a kind of Acacia (Brachystegia appendiculata), she
paused, and apparently laid an egg, then flew right away
out of sight. But there was her egg, right enough, a
bright green, unmistakable Charaxes ovum; and we were
soon searching all the similar plants growing on that hill-
side. Neither was it long before Bersa exclaimed, “ Here
isalarva!” And there, sure enough, wasa full-fed Charaxes
larva—quite unlike any we had ever seen before. The
distinctive markings were crimson-pink on the irrorated
green surface, consisting of two central pink dots on the
fourth segment from the head, in addition to which a
continuous line of pink splashes, one on each segment,
ornamented this beautiful caterpillar on either side. We
soon found some more of all sizes, though they scarcely
seemed abundant on that hot spring morning (September 8,
1908). This is the life-history of the green egg, which is
now a f guderiana in my collection:—Hatched out on
September 13, exactly like any other young Charazes
larva to look at, of adull ochreous colour, with dark-brown,
almost black head and tail. First moult satisfactorily
effected on the morning of September 18. For the second
time, again in the early morning, on September 22, head
still dark brown in colour; but, while in this skin,

EK 2

al
52 Miss M. E. Fountaine’s Descriptions of

gradually changed to green, heavily outlined with dark
crimson. The third moult took place on September 27,
and for the fourth and Jast time on October 3, the larva
now being twenty days old. It fed for ten days in the
final skin, hanging up for pupation on the evening of
October 13, exactly one month from the day it had
hatched out. The butterfly, which proved to be a @,
emerged at Beira, on October 24. In the meantime, from
the larvae we had found, I had bred a fair number of both
sexes. The pupa is the usual shape of a Charazes pupa,
green, with white lines indicating the wing-cases, if
allowed to pupate on the food-plant ; but if removed when
still a larva to the pupa cage, which was almost in the
dark, the pupa assumed a pale, dull drab colour. A
rather curious instance of the attachment of individual
caterpillars to each other was observed by me when I was
breeding these guderiana. Two larvae about the same size
had formed one of these strong attachments to each other,
insisting invariably in sharing the same nest, no matter
how far apart I might place them on the fresh food-plant.
And when one pupated and was duly removed to the
chrysalis cage, his friend became very restless, and soon
showed such unmistakable evidences of following his
example, that I removed him also to the chrysalis cage,
round which he wandered vaguely for some time, finally
ending in hanging up as close as possible to the pupa of
his former friend. The two butterflies resulting were
both ¢f. Much could be written by close observers
concerning the wonderful instinct and foresight of cater-
pillars, especially those belonging to this noble genus
Charaxes. How the larvae of C. candiope, when feeding in
the winter on their food-plant (Croton sylvaticwm), in order
to prevent their pupae falling when the plant sheds its
leaves, will first take infinite pains to attach the stalk of
that particular leaf which it intends to hang upon, to the
branch it is on, by a silk web as firm as the one by which
its pupa will be attached to that stalk further up. Also
I once observed a full-grown larva of C. ethalion which
feeds on Albizzia fastigiata (the Flat-crown Acacia), walk-
ing slowly along a bare stalk, scanning as it went on
either side to find a leaf; but all the leaves on that stalk
had already been eaten, so he travelled quite to the end
without being able to appease his hunger ; then he turned
back and quickly retraced his steps, with every evidence

Larvae and Pupae of South African Rhopalocera. 538

of annoyance and disgust, till once on the main stalk, he
deliberately turned round and began to gnaw through the
one he had just left, till it dropped off and fell to the
bottom of the cage ; evidently he did not intend to run any
risk of ever going on that fool’s errand again! I believe this
was by no means a unique incident in the life of a cater-
pillar, for I think it is commonly done by them, and
accounts for the old stalks we so often find lying at the
bottom of breeding cages.

4. Charaxes xiphares, Cram,
(Plate IX, fig. 4.)

This butterfly occurs in some abundance in certain
localities up-country in Natal. At Dargle in a peach
orchard belonging to Mr. and Mrs. Kimber, to which
they most kindly gave me free access, I found the ? ? of this
butterfly in dozens, feasting on the peaches, but the ff,
strangely enough, were exceedingly rare ; this I afterwards
understood being the experience of all entomologists who
have ever taken this huge Charaaes. As it had never
been bred and its food-plant was quite unknown, I did
not for some time succeed in obtaining ova, though I had no
less than seven captive ? feasting every day on my sugar
and water and laying nothing! I gave them a selection
of all the bush plants I could think of, as at all likely to
be the food-plant of a Charaxes. But I had not amongst
them hit on the right one, and this at last I discovered in
the usual way by watching a wild ? apparently laying on
a shrub growing in the high bush, on the top of a mountain
(5200 feet). It was a big shrub with sweet, “myrtle”
scented leaves; and though I could not find her ovum
there seemed but little doubt that it was correct, as my
captive 2° who had just began to lay now, but very
sparingly, and nearly always on the net of their cage, at
once began to cover this “myrtle” plant with large pale
straw-coloured ova. And the matter was quite decided
by our finding a few Charazes ova on it, outside on the
mountain a day or two later. So when the united efforts
of my captive 2? had resulted in 99 eggs, I let them all
go,and only hoped I should find our “ myrtle” plant easily
at Donnybrook, which place I now went on to, only to
encounter the most hopeless weather with deluges of rain
Two «iphares larvae from ova found outside hatched out

-
54 Miss M. E. Fountaine’s Descriptions of

the day I left Maritzburg. But I soon found that every-
thing in the life-history of this beautiful up-country
Charaxes was of much slower development than of those
inhabiting only the coast districts; in which invariably
the period between Jaying and hatching, and also between
each moult is five days, or even occasionally (especially
with C. candiope) not more than four, whereas with
wiphares these intervals were much longer, as to begin
with the ova did not hatch out under 10 or 12 days. Most
of those I had, hatched on February 28 (16), and March 1
(12), after which the remaining ova, though many of them
had changed colour and therefore were evidently fertile,
showed no further signs of coming out at all; indeed I
have a theory that in their natural state, they hibernate
as ova, or as very young larvae; but I have only just
begun upon what still remains to be discovered about the
early stages of this butterfly, for as I soon left for Jolivet, a
much warmer place, my larvae continued to feed up well,
though very slowly, and the first moult did not occur till
some of them were 12 and some even 14 days old: the
next moult, however, was rather shorter, mostly from 8 to
10 days in duration, but it varied considerably in different
individuals, as was the case of these larvae throughout their
existence. For instance, the first to enter into the final
skin was on April 4, and this was one of the last to have
hatched out, and the next day, April 5, the last of them
(with one exception which was far behind the rest)
changed his skin for the third time only, this one being
one day older than the one who had just entered his final
moult the day before, and the same age as several more
who made that change the same day. I was now in the
intense heat of Umzinto, and the wiphares did not seem
any the better for it; they were still feeding up extremely
slowly, and several died for no apparent reason, in fact
they seemed to be “feeling the heat,” and nothing would
induce them to pupate, which as I now had many young
larvae of C. candiope, C. cithaeron, C. brutus, and C. ethalion
to attend to, I was especially anxious for them to do,
though I had found their food-plant (Cryptocarya woodia,
acuminata), Kafr name ‘ Umquotungwa,” everywhere
down on the coast, growing more abundantly than up-
country. These larvae were certainly very like their close
ally C. cithaeron, the dorsal marks being practically the
same, but the green was quite different, being much

Larvae and Pupae of South African Rhopalocera. 55

brighter with more yellow in it, and none of the whitish
touches introduced as in cithaeron larvae. I now began
to see that, after all the trouble we had had, my success
with these xiphares was going to be anything but un-
precedented; they did not like what to them was the
unnatural heat of the coast, and though they still continued
to feed, no attempt at pupation took place till May 4, the
day after my return to Durban. The pupa was much
smaller than I knew well in order to produce a full-sized
butterfly of this large species it had any business to be.
The remaining larvae got on still worse in Durban, and as
the winter advanced almost gave up feeding altogether ;
Mr. Leigh declared they were trying to hibernate, and
indeed I think he was right; however, all either died, or
pupated at last, and I hoped as they were such small
pupae that they would produce ff, as I had only succeeded
in getting one good specimen of that sex, owing to its
extraordinary scarcity ; but in this I was disappointed, I
bred nothing but rather undersized 2 ? (the last to emerge
was before the end of June), and it has occurred to me
that for some reason or other this species may possibly
eventually be proved to be partially parthenogenetic, but
this, on my part, is only a suggestion, and in order to be
proved will have to be followed up and worked out by
some one else.

5. Salamis anacardi, Linn.
(Plate IX, figs. 5a, 50.)

I believe the full-grown larva of this butterfly was not
previously known to entomologists, at least not when I
was at Durban in February 1908, for though there was no
doubt that its food-plant is Lsoglossa woodii, ova having
frequently been obtained, the young larvae had always
invariably declined to eat, so that up to now all attempts to
rear them had proved unsuccessful. However, on February
3, 1908, I found a full-grown larva in Stella Bush, near
Durban, which I describe as follows :—Head shiny, burnt-
sienna in colour, the ground-colour velvety russet-brown,
with three yellow stripes close together on each segment,
two long stiff brown “antler” projections in front, with
rough pectinated spikes all over the body of the larva,
though the two in front were considerably longer than
the rest. It pupated two days after I had it, the pupa

sal
56 Miss M. E. Fountaine’s Descriptions of

being suspended from a stalk of the food-plant, and was
of a rich soft burnt-sienna, varying in tone according to
pattern, and was in shape not unlike the pupa of a Precis,
The imago (a ¢) emerged on February 17, after having
remained about 12 days in pupa.

6. Precis octavia, Cram; 7. P. archesia, Cram. ;
and 8. P. cloantha, Cram.

(Plate IX, figs. 6a, 6b; Ta, 7b; Plate X, figs. 8a, 8d.)

I bred all these Precis during my stay up-country in
Natal, in the summer of 1909. From ova laid by a
captive 2 of P. octavia, at Dargle, I obtained about 70
pupae, and of these, the six first to emerge (about the
middle of March) belonged to the octavia or wet-season
form, while all the rest were sesamus, or dry-season form.
The food-plant is Plectranthus ecalcinus, the larva is dark-
brown, more or less encircled with yellow stripes, it is
spiky, with two Jong projections in front. Of P. archesia
I bred a short series from larvae found at Jolivet, feeding
on another kind of Plectranthus, apparently from ova laid
by P. v. pelasgis, Godt., 2 9, as several were still busy ovi-
positing over the same plants, from which I took the
larvae, and P. archesia (type) was not in evidence at all;
however, in April and early May, all I bred were of this
last-mentioned dry-season form, with one beautiful 2 in-
termediate between the two. ‘The larvae were black,
finely irrorated with white, and had the usual spikes and
frontal projections, the pupa had no gilt ornamentations
as in P. octavia. I also obtained ova of P. cloantha, from
a? I caught at Dargle, having by observing the wild 29
ovipositing discovered the food-plant to be a small weed
which grew in amongst the grass all over the veldt
(Justicia pulegioides). I had but poor success with these
larvae, in fact only bred six or seven out of some dozens, as
so many died off at Donnybrook, why I do not know, unless
it was from the intense cold which occurred there during
my visit. The full-grown larva of this species 1s very
handsome, head pale, bright, burnt-sienna; the underside
and forelegs are dark-brown; it is striped throughout
alternately with broad rich dark-brown and deep yellow-
ochre; frontal projections much shorter than in the other
Precis, not stiff or pectinated, but instead knobbed at the
tip. The pupa is quite unlike any other Precis pupa I have

Larvae and Pupae of South African Rhopalocera. 57

seen, pale, yellowish-green, thinly streaked and slightly
spotted with dark reddish-brown; also in shape with
fewer and less acute angles.

9. Pseudacraca tarquinia, Trim.; 10. P. imitator, Trim. ;
and 11. P. trimenii, Butl.

(Plate X, figs. 9a, 9b; 10a, 100, 10c; 11a, 110.)

The discovery of the interesting larvae of all these
three species of Pseuwdacraca, I can in no way lay claim to,
as it is entirely due to the keen observation, perseverance
and ability of Mr. G. F. Leigh, F.E.S., who has, however,
kindly given me permission to describe them. P. tarquinia
was the first to be discovered by Mr. Leigh, at Pinetown
Bridge, Natal, feeding on Mimusops obovata, and after-
wards in Stella Bush, near Durban, on two kinds of
Chrysophyllum. 'The larva full grown is a remarkably
striking object: head pale-pink, streaked with crimson,
“neck” pale-grey, above the six legs, behind which spring
out two long curved projections, the tips of which reach
to and extend beyond the head, crimson-pink in colour,
and pectinated ; the back of this larva is deep vivid green,
of a “wrinkled” appearance, with a bright pink broken-up
streak along the sides, where the green stops to give place
to a pale pearly-grey; a short distance from the tail end,
are two stiff, very pale-yellow projections, not so long as
those behind the head. The young larvae in this species
do not differ greatly from the full-grown ones, save that
the frontal “antlers” are much longer in proportion to its
tiny size, and the green is somewhat paler. They feed
when young at the extreme tips of the leaf, gradually
eating it away, but taking care to leave the mid-rib, till
it becomes an inch or more in length, and the larva when
not feeding rests at the extreme end of it, but when they
get older this habit is more or less abandoned. The egg,
which is pale straw-colour, is also laid at the extreme tip
or edge of a leaf. Mr. Leigh also discovered P. imitator,
and most kindly instructed me how to look for and obtain
it in Stella Bush; Chrysophyllum natalense was the plant
we usually found it on. Its habits are similar to those of
P. tarquinia, but the young larvae differ greatly from the
full-grown ones in the last skin. The egg is pink, and
turns black before hatching. The head and “neck” of
the larva in early moults are dull, pale greenish-grey

58 Miss iF Pownteine’s Descriptions of

projections short and dull white, tapering to a blackish
point, broad mid-dorsal stripe green, of a much bluer tone
than the green of P. tarquinia; this is outlined with dull
white, and the underside is dull whitish, with brown-
madder streaks and shadings; about the centre of the
caterpillar is a remarkable and most curious arrangement,
a kind of three-cornered piece of skin, which is whiter and
seems also to stand out from the rest of the surface, look-
ing as if it would lift up. This also remains in the full-
grown larva, the prevailing colour of which is a soft dull
russet-brown, beautifully marked with a rich, dark-brown
design, with just a suspicion of olive-green introduced.
At this stage of its development, the larva leaves the tip
of the mid-rib, and generally reposes at the stalk end of
the leaf instead, often sitting in a most extraordinary
twisted position, with head and tail end erect, looking
exactly like a short brown twisted twig. The larva of
P. trimenii I never had the good fortune to find myself,
though I have been out with Mr. Leigh when he has done
so, and on one occasion Bersa and I held down for him
the lower bough of a Chrysophyllum natalense tree, which
proved to have a full-grown ¢rimenii at the end of it,
about which, however, a bargain was struck there and
then, so that that specimen is now a fine darkly-coloured
? in my collection. I never saw this caterpillar except
in its last skin, but the following is an excellent descrip-
tion, since sent to me by Mr. Leigh, with permission to
publish it :—“ It is nearly black in colour when just hatched
out, and immediately covers itself with its own frass; in
the second skin it is grey, and looks more like a lot of
large, grey frass all joined together, but the head is large,
also grey. It gets away from its food in a more extra-
ordinary manner even than P. imitator, on a web of its
own, about the thickness of cotton, which is also grey in
colour ; I measured one and found it seven and a half inches
in length, and the larva at rest in the grey skin at the
extreme end. It does not look like a [butterfly] cater-
pillar at all, as it sits all of a heap, with its two hind-
segments up in the air, like the larva of our Wotodontidae.
The third skin is brown, and the white markings at side
appear, also the four projections behind the head.” The
full-grown larva is a most extraordinary-looking creature,
as it sits at rest in the same queer twisted position
assumed by P. emitator, looking exactly like an old rough

Larvae and Pupae of South African Rhopalocera, 59

piece of twig from the tree it feeds on, with thick “‘ mossy ”
projections on every segment, the four next behind the
head longer than the rest, and curved forward. It is rich
olive-brown in colour, beautifully shaded, and it has one
or two crimson dorsal spots; the three-cornered side piece
is greyish-white, looking exactly like a small piece of
lichen on the rough surface of the “twig”; the head is
slate-grey. The pupae of these Psewdacraeae, which are
suspended generally quite at the tip of extreme edge of a
leat, are as follows :—P. tarquinia, long, thin, and _ boat-
shaped, tapering to a point, and it is green in colour, some
specimens being touched and outlined slightly with pink,
P. imitator is also green, rather deeper in colour, and the
shape is quite different, having two sharp, well-defined
projections from that part which encloses the abdomen of
the butterfly, while the pointed end is twisted and flat,
and not so pointed as in P. tarquinia. The pupa of
P. trimenii is much blunter and more substantial-looking
than the other two, it is of a deep rich green, the abdomen
portion frosted with white and very pale ochreous dashes ;
about the centre of outline of wing-cases, is a dark, brown-
madder rather elongated mark, surmounted and_ half
surrounded by a suffusion of pale pinkish-brown, the tip 1s
blunt, slightly turned up, and outlined with brown-madder.

12. Hurytela dryope, Cram., and 13. #. hiarbas, Dru.
(Plate X, figs. 12, 13.)

I bred a good many of both these little butterflies, from
ova laid by captive ¢¢. They are considered by Mr.
Leigh to belong in all probability to the same species,
and indeed I could never have separated their larvae if
once mixed together ; in all stages they were exactly alike,
and though in the last moult individually they vary
enormously, I have bred both forms of the butterfly
indiscriminately from every variety of the larva; against
this, however, I must state, that as far as my experience
goes, the ova ‘laid by ZL. hiarbas, always produced hzarbas,
whereas those of a dryope 2 invariably produced dryope.
The larvae of these butterflies in their early moults are
dull, ochreous-white, with brown blotches here and there;
when full-grown they are covered with short spines, and
the two long antler projections on the head become more
prominent; their colour now varies from bright green to
brown, slightly mottled and streaked with yellow-ochre,

cd
60 Miss M. E. Fountaine’s Descriptions of

along the sides is a white stripe, sparsely speckled with
black, and broken into between each segment. Under-
neath it is green or dull brownish as the case may be.

14. Acraea nohara, Boisd.
(Plate X, figs. 14a, 140.)

This larva feeds like several others of this same genus
on Wormskioldia longepedunculata, a small, wayside
flower, salmon-pink in colour, which grew abundantly in
and about Macequece, a village in Portuguese East Africa.
The larva is most difficult to describe, longitudinally
streaked with pale and dark ochre-yellow, finely outlined
with thin black lines, the spines are also black; they feed
by preference on the flower itself of their food-plant, the
salmon-pink colour of which is almost identical in tone
with the salmon-pink colour of the freshly-emerged
butterflies. The pupa which is suspended, is very long
and thin in shape, wing-cases pale slaty-grey, veined with
black, and the abdomen cream-colour with rows of
ochreous-yellow dots, encircled in black.

15. A. caldarena, Hewits.
(Plate X, figs. 15a, 15d.)

The larva of this butterfly also feeds on the flowers and
leaves of W. longepedunculata; it is of a soft pink rose-
colour, shading into yellow at the extremities, underneath
it has a longitudinal white stripe between the legs,
extending from head to tail; the spines are black. The
pupa is not quite so elongated in shape as that of
A. nohara, the wing-cases are pale, dull drab veined and
outlined with black, the abdomen is deep cream-colour,
with the rows of orange spots so heavily outlined with
black as to be almost coalescent. I found this larva, but
not at all commonly, at Macequece.

16. A. anemosa, Hewits.
(Plate X, figs. 16a, 160.)

This very handsome, extremely active little larva
occurred very commonly at Macequece, on almost every
available piece of its food-plant, a creeper, identified at
the Board of Agriculture at Pretoria as (most probably)
Modecca abyssinica. I first discovered it, in the usual
way, by watching a ? laying eggs; these are laid in batches

mo”?
of various sizes, some with about ten eggs together, others

aoa
re

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.

Fic. la. Papilio ophidicephalus, larva, young, p. 48.

1b. 3 . » adult, p. 49.
le. 5 pupa, p. 49.

2a. Papilio echerioides, larva, young, p. 50.

2b. ing 3 »» adult, p. 50.

2c. + ry pupa, p. 50.

2Qd. 55 3 7S Pa BOL

3a. Charaxes guderiana, larva, p. 51.

3b, z is pupa, p. 52.

3c. % . a Dee

4. Charaxes xiphares, larva, p. 54.
5a. Salamis anacardii, larva, p. 55.
5b. - , pupa, p. 56.
6a. Precis octavia, larva, p. 56.

6b. - “3 pupa, p. 56.

7a. Precis archesia, larva, p. 56.
7b. 3 Wp pupa, p. 56.

er Trans. Ent.,Soc. Lond.,1911, Pl. X

Fig. 8a.
8b.
9a.
9b.

10a.
10b.
10e.
lla.
11d.

12.
13.

14a.
14b.
15a.
156.
l6a.
16b.
lia.

17b.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.

Precis cloantha, larva, p. 56.

5 9 pupa, p. 56.
Pseudacraea tarquinia, larva, p. 57.
"> » pupa, p. 59.
Pseudacraea imitator, larva, young, p. 57.
19 ” 9? ” p- 58.
0 53 pupa, p. 59.

Pseudacraea trimenti, larva, p. 58.
3 of pupa, p. 59.
Eurytela dryope, larva, p. 59.
E. hiarbas, larva, p. 59.
Acraea nohara, larva, p. 60.
4 » pupa, p. 60.
Acraea caldarena, larva, p. 60.
ns 43 pupa, p. 60.
Acraea anemosa, larva, p. 61.
5 A pupa, p. 61.
Leptonewra dingana, larva, young, p. 61.
a s, » adult, p. 61.

Larvae and Pupae of South African Rhopalocera, 61

having as many as twenty-five or even more. The larva
is very easy to rear, and feeds up very rapidly, and it
remains only about eight days in pupa; but where the
difficulty come in, is that the supply of its food-plant
should meet the demand, as it is a dark-coloured very
inconspicuous little creeper, most difficult to find, and
when a piece is discovered it is generally already sustaining
two or three or more larvae of this same species. In
colour it is a bright, shiny red-russet, shaded into deep
yellow at the extremities, the spines are long, furry and
black. The pupa is dingy-white in ground-colour, the
wing-case the same, but heavily outlined and veined in
black, the rows of abdominal spots are deep orange, very
heavily surrounded with black.

17. Leptoneura dingana, Trim.
(Plate X, figs. 17a, 170.)

I was able to discover the larvae of this butterfly and
something of their habits owing to a 2 I caught at
Barberton in the Transvaal having laid three ova on
November 5, 1908. These hatched out in thirteen days,
on November 18, and dingana being a Satyride, I thought
they would probably be grass-feeders, and such they
proved to be. All three lived and were doing well, show-
ing no special preference for any particular kind of grass,
which was as well, as they continued feeding for six
months, in fact all through the summer, and _ travelled
with me wherever I went. Early in May they evidently
prepared to hibernate, as full-grown larvae, but owing I
suppose to the unnatural conditions of a bed of cotton
wool to sleep on, instead of the cool earth, they all died
before the winter was over, so that I, therefore, never saw
the pupa. The larva during its early moults is a pale,
creamy yellow, with longitudinal thin, fine black lines,
and some touches of deeper yellow, the head also is deep
yellow. In the last skin this caterpillar is brown, much
varied with deep, dark-brown, and black streaks, the head
now is reddish brown-madder, covered with short, very
fine hairs, tail slightly forked.

1, The Studios, Sherriff Road,

West Hampstead, N.W.,
June 1910.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES IX, X.
[See Hxplanation facing the PLATES. ]

( 62°")

V. Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria. .The
Sphegidae. (Being Part V of the work commenced
by the late EDWARD SAUNDERS, F.R.S., in Trans.
Ent. Soc. 1901, p, 515.) Revised and completed by
the Rev. F. D. Morics, M.A., F.ES.

{Read November 2nd, 1910.]

In the first paper of the work above referred to (Hetero-
gyna and Fossores to the end of Pompilidae) Mr. Saunders
expressed his hope that I would follow it shortly with one
upon the Sphegidae. But on attempting to do so, I soon
discovered that I was undertaking a task to which I was
unequal, and so we agreed instead that he should go on
at once to the other parts of his subject (the Diploptera
and Anthophila) and publish his account of them without
waiting for the completion of my paper. Later still, to
my great relief, he consented to a further modification of
the plan: that I should continue the work gradually till
his other papers had appeared, after which he would
co-operate with me in finishing it. So the matter stood
when, in 1908, Saunders’s third paper (the Anthophila)
appeared in these Transactions; and we then definitely
settled arrangements for a division of labour, Saunders
undertaking certain Genera, and I others, with the idea of
speedily publishing a joint-paper which should form the
concluding part of the entire series.

Saunders’s illness and death made it impossible to carry
out the plan as it was intended ; but he was at work upon
his share of it up to the last. He had practically com-
pleted several “ Descriptions of new species,’ which were
found among his papers, and appeared in the Society’s
Transactions for 1910, Part IV. He had also drawn up
an annotated list of all Mr. Eaton’s insects (except a few
which at the time were in my hands for determination)
and had included in it certain of my own specimens,
which he had examined and taken note of before leaving
home. The annotations were mainly records of localities
and dates of capture copied from the labels pinned under
the specimens. Others were extracts from a MS. diary

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1911.—PARTI. (MAY)

Rev. F. D. Morice on Hymenoptera aculeata. 63

kept by Mr. Eaton during bis stay in Algeria from Jan.
1893 to Aug. 1897, giving much detailed information as
to the plants visited by particular insects, their appearance
and behaviour during life, ete., ete. Occasionally (but
very seldom) a remark of Mr. Saunders’s own was added ;
and these seemed generally not intended for publication,
but merely to identify a particular specimen about whose
treatment he had not made up his mind (e.g. “Sp. ? under

: age a ;
arenarum in my box”; “ Large insect (like emarginata) ” ;
“ Black wings!”; “Stylopised”; “Determined for me by

Kohl”; etc.). The list was evidently written quickly,
with many abbreviations, notes of interrogation, etc.,
sometimes in ink, sometimes in pencil or blue chalk, and
blank spaces left for subsequent insertions of names, dates,
authorships of species, and the like. In fact it has the
appearance of a “rough draft” intended to assist him in
preparing his final “copy,” and would scarcely be intelli-
gible to another person apart from the actual collections
to which it refers. But by working carefully through it
with those collections,* and also with Mr. Eaton’s original
diary—the latter having been placed in my hands along
with all Saunders’s entomological MSS. after his death—
I believe I have been able to incorporate its substance in
this paper, very nearly in the shape in which its author
intended to publish it.

This MS. list, then, compiled by Mr. Saunders, supple-
mented by additional records of my own captures, and re-
vised and emended as to certain details after comparing it
with the labels attached to the actual specimens referred to
and verifying its citations from Mr. Eaton’s diary, forms the
nucleus of the present paper. The parts of it for which
I am solely responsible—besides the above purely editorial
work—are these. (1) The introductory remarks, viz. every-
thing preceding the list itself. (2) All descriptions of new
or otherwise remarkable forms—Saunders’s own work of
this kind having appeared already in the 1910 volume of
these Transactions. (8) The arrangement in order of the
Genera represented, and the occasional addition of sub-
generic names in brackets. In all such matters I have

* The authorities of the Natural History Museum, who now
possess all the Hymenoptera of the Saunders Coll., most kindly
allowed the Sphegidae to remain in my charge till this paper should
be completed. Otherwise it would have been practically impossible
for me to write it.

-
64 Rev. F. D. Morice on

followed Herr Kohl’s work (“Sphegiden-Gattungen,” Wien,
1896). (4) Practically the entire treatment of certain
Genera, which had been left to me by our arrangement,
especially Ammophila, Cerceris, and the Genera included
in various works of Kohl and Handlirsch, e.g. Diodontus,
Nysson, Sphecius, Stizus, ete. (But I should add that I
have rarely arrived at a determination of any doubtful
form even in these Genera without at some time consulting
Saunders on the subject, so that many of the determina-
tions were really rather his than mine.)

My whole collection of Crabro (sensu latiore) has been
recently examined and determined for me by Herr Kohl;
and, as will be seen below, some also of the names here
given for specimens in Saunders’s collection rest on his
authority. The same great hymenopterist has at various
times given me or named for me examples of a great
many little-known Mediterranean Sphegidae; and having
these “quasi-types,” as they may be called, before me, I
have been enabled to arrive at determinations, which I
hope are correct, of several specimens left unnamed by
Saunders. Whenever I have ventured to question any of
my colleague’s identifications, it has nearly always been
on the authority of some specimen of my own determined
by Kohl, Handlirsch, or Schletterer.

I have thought it right to enter into the above details,
which might otherwise seem rather tedious, because I am
anxious not to claim for myself the credit for work which
is really that of my friend, and yet not to cast upon him
the responsibility for imperfections arising simply from
the fact that I, and not he, have put this work into its
final shape.

On a rough calculation it appears that very nearly 200
Sphegidae-spp. belonging to 33 genera are recorded below.
Of these, more than half occurred at Biskra only (!); and
that half comprises nearly all the finest and most striking
forms, and quite a surprising number of species and even
genera (Kohlia, Laphyragogus, etc.) which were either
altogether or almost unknown to science when we found
them. Several of these almost tropical insects occur
also in Egypt, on the border-line between the Delta
and the deserts east and west of Cairo, and, together
with the species most nearly related to them in the same
districts, appear to form a definite “Saharan” group; which
probably extends all along the northern fringe of Central

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria: the Sphegidae. 65

Africa, and differs considerably in general appearance
(colour, silvery pilosity, etc.) from the more European-
looking fauna of the coast. As a rule, in these “Saharan”
forms, the prevailing colours are pale lemon-yellow, creamy-
white, and red (or testaceous) with very little black,
blended harmoniously together, and with the contrasts
between them further softened and disguised by their
silvery clothing ; whereas of the “‘ Kuropean” forms, some
exhibit strong contrasts of black and red, others of black
and yellow, and many (generally small species) are simply
black. On the other hand, it is puzzling to find (along
with the gaily-coloured yet evidently “cryptic” Saharan
forms, and confined to the districts frequented by them)
a certain number of very large, quite black (or black with
silvery hair-patches), and altogether most conspicuous
insects, usually with the wings very dark also—belonging
to many different genera in which such a coloration is
quite abnormal or even unknown in Europe, though
apparently yet further south than the Sahara it is not
uncommon.

Of the genera which occur both in Europe and in North
Africa, some (as might be expected) are represented by
many more species in the former, others in the latter.
Thus the timber-frequenting Sphegidae, such as Try-
poxylon, Crabro (groups of Crossocerus, ete.), Passaloecus,
Pemphedron, etc., figure little in the list of Mr. Eaton’s cap-
tures, and scarcely at all in my own; though this, perhaps,
is partly because of a collector's natural tendency to be
attracted by striking and conspicuous insects and to
neglect such as look to him ordinary and uninteresting.
On the other hand, of certain sand-burrowing genera,
e.g. Ammophila, Stizus, and Cerceris, the Algerian species
are both exceedingly numerous and far more diversified
in appearance than would be expected by a Hymenopterist
familiar only with European forms. It might be supposed
that the same would be the case with Mellinus, but as a
matter of fact neither Mr. Eaton nor myself encountered
that genus in Algeria at all. Our captures of Gorytes
include several very beautiful or otherwise remarkable
forms, but hardly any of the numerous rather common
and deceptively similar species which figure so largely in
the European fauna.

Both Tachytes and Tuchysphex are represented in Algeria
by many remarkable species. Some of the finest are

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1911.—PARTI. (MAY) F

ee
66 Rev. F. D. Morice on

known also from Egypt; others were described as new by
Saunders in last year’s Transactions (Part IV), but un-
happily he did not live to describe the finest of all. (See
below, Tachytes swperbiens, n. sp.)

Owing to the long time which has elapsed between the
forming and recording of these collections, several insects
which, when we found them, were “new to science,” have
since been discovered and described by others, e.g. Anei-
stromma europaca, Mercet, Cerceris hartliebi, Schulz, ete.
The same may have occurred in the case of some species
here treated as new, but I hope not often. The literature
on the subject is scattered, and my own acquaintance with
it far from profound. But Saunders kept careful note of
such descriptions as they appeared, and inserted them in
an interleaved MS. catalogue of Palaearctic Aculeates
(extracted from v. Dalla Torre’s work) which I now
possess ; and correspondence with Kohl, Mercet, Schmiede-
knecht and others has kept me generally pretty well
informed as to the gvorks that have been published of
recent years relating to the Sphegidae of Europe and N.
Africa. If I have inadvertently overlooked any previously
published description of any of these insects, I trust the
author will accept this apology.

It may be thought that I have been almost over-careful
to record all Mr. Eaton’s notes on “colour of eyes in life,”
“plants visited by particular species,” etc. Taken as a
whole, however, they embody a large number of facts,
which may possibly hereafter become of value in ways
which cannot now be foreseen, as bearing on problems
not yet raised by scientific workers. Mr. Saunders, I
know, was at first very hopeful on this head; though I
believe he latterly felt some doubt as to the utility of
enumerating, one by one, all the countless species resort-
ing to such universally attractive flowers as Ammz visnaga
at Biskra, etc. Still one never knows what dry bones of
fact may have life breathed into them by some future
Darwin; so I give these records as I find them.

It must of course always be remembered, that preda-
ceous insects like the Sphegidae may be attracted to a
particular plant for various reasons—e. g. in quest of other
insects frequenting it, as well as to suck the nectar of its
flowers. But collectors who are also botanists will cer-
tainly find it helpful on commencing work in a locality
which is fresh to them to have a preliminary idea of the

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria: the Sphegidae. 67

particular plants which are most likely to reward special
observation. And to take the particular case already
alluded to, there can be no doubt that the simplest way to
ensure a magnificent series of the handsomest Algerian
Hymenoptera—I do not say the best way of securing
really important scientific results—is to spend day after
day of long hours of sunshine among the almost mono-
tonous patches of Ammi visnaga which fill the Oued of
Biskra in the months of May, June, and probably July in
a favourable year. No skill is required in taking the
insects under such circumstances, and the only difficulty
is to make the work of determining and preparing the
specimens keep pace with the endless stream of fresh
captures.

A matter to which I should like to invite attention is
the great length of the period throughout which certain
species appear to be on the wing annually in Algeria,
examples of them having been taken in almost every
month of one year or another. Few, if any, Sphegidae
appear in our own country for more than a few months;
and most of them are rather summer or autumn than
spring insects. That a species should appear earlier in
Algeria seems natural enough, but one would rather expect
it to be also “over” earlier, which apparently is seldom
the case. It looks as though, in some cases, two or even
three generations of the same species must be produced
within a year; for several of the specimens taken at quite
late dates (August or September) are in as fresh a condi-
tion as or even fresher than earlier ones. At the same time
many species, and among them some of the most char-
acteristically Saharan forms, seem, from the dates here
recorded, to have a comparatively short season—generally
appearing first towards the end of May and becoming
plentiful a week or so later, but not occurring in the spring
or the late autumn. As these records extend over six
successive years, statistics founded upon them may have
some value; but they would of course be more reliable if
Mr. Eaton or myself had spent longer periods than we
did on any single hunting-ground, or had continued
indefinitely to secure further duplicates of species which
we had already taken “to satiety.” Probably hymeno-
pterists who are fortunate enough to reside in Mediter-
ranean countries could supply information on these matters
which would be interesting to those who can only visit

F2

an
68 Rey. F. D. Morice on

them occasionally; but I have not succeeded in getting
much light on the subject from any published material to
which I have access at present.

AMMOPLANUS PERRISH, Gir.

1.9. Alger, 15. iv, 98) FF. D. M.

Taken flying about a wayside bank on the steep direct
ascent to Bouzarea. Though I frequently revisited the
spot no other specimen occurred.

STIGMUS SOLSKYI, Morawitz

19. Azazga. Roadside bank going towards the French
cemetery between 9 and 10 a.m., 7. 1x, 93. A. E. E.

DIODONTUS FRIESEI, Kohl

Specimens, all of which appear to me to belong to thiS
species, were taken by Mr. Eaton or myself in one locality
or another, in every month of the year except January,
February, and October! Generally they occurred burrow-
ing in sand or roadside banks; but Mr. Eaton records
several on plants and flowering trees, viz. at Constantine
on Ecballium elaterium; at Biskra visiting Huphorbia
Guyoniana, Suacda verniculata, Tamarix (near the
Barrage), and “a tree with blue flowers” in the Jardin by
Fort St. Germain. (Since they prey on Aphids, it would
not necessarily follow from their occurrence on a particular
plant that they were attracted by its flowers.)

6 2 g. Alger and neighbourhood, 4. and 6. iv, 93. A. E. E.

1 gf and 4 29. Alger and neighbourhood, 18. i—10.
iv, 98. ¥. DM; ;

11 $2 and 1 9. Biskra and neighbourhood inv, 93, i,
94, ili, 95, and iv, 97. A.E. E.

1 Zand 2 29. Bone, 28. xi, 98, 10. viii and 25. vii, 97.
A. E. E.

1 9. Constantine, 30. ix, 98. A. E. E.

1 2) Ponis, 21; xi) 938.. yA- Bao,

22 9. Philippeville, 20. and 21. vi, 98. F. D. M.

DIoDoNTUS PUNICUS (Gribodo), André (?)

The specimens have the characters ascribed to his
species by Gribodo, and two ? 2 quite agreeing with them
stand in Coll. Saunders as punicus received from Stau-
dinger. Gribodo, however, speaks only of the g as having

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria: the Sphegidac. 69

yellow mandibles, while in these insects the 2 mandibles
are also more or less yellow (in some specimens very
distinctly, in others somewhat obscurely). Notwithstand-
ing, I feel sure they are Gribodo’s species.

The gf seem to me identical with that described by
Saunders in Ent. Mo. Mag., 1904, p. 202, under the name
gractlipes (vide his account of the intermediate metatarsi
and the antennae—the serrated appearance of the latter
beneath is caused partly by a slight excavation of the two
penultimate joints !).

The species is larger than minutus—about the size of
tristis; and, as in that species, the face of the 2? is very
broad in proportion to its length. The clypeus in this
sex is widely and arcuately emarginate, (the exterior angles
of the emargination very prominent and tooth-like,) and
has another curious character which might easily be
overlooked. It bears several longish scattered projecting
hairs, two of which—one on each side just above the
“teeth ””—are excessively long (though so thin as to be
almost invisible except in certain lights) and project
straight forward far beyond the others—they are actually
almost as long as the scapes of the antennae! In both
sexes the vertex and mesonotum show under the micro-
scope a regular reticulate aciculation, and are also very
closely punctured (hence the surface appears opaque).

Mr. Eaton records no plants as visited by this species.
His examples seem to have been all taken on sand or
roadside banks.

ta ams. 2h xn, 93. Ack, Ki:

1 ¢. Biskra; 17. iv, 94. <A. H. E.

43S. Bone, 29. 11 to 23. v, 96. A. HE. E.

19. Alger, 25. 11, 93. A. E. E.

1 2. Béne, 28. xi, 93. A. E. E.

Bed gue ye) Alger, 16i 1 to 2h. 1v;°98.) °F De M.

DIODONTUS AFER, n. sp.

This insect appears to me so very distinct from anything
I can find described that I venture to bring it forward as
new, though rather unwillingly, as it is a single specimen.

The head, thorax, propodeum, and first abdominal
segment are all exceedingly shining, and contrast most
strikingly with the remaining abdominal segments, which
are absolutely dull.

70 Rev. F. D. Morice on

9. Nigra, tegulis, genubus pedum omnium, et tarsis anticis
rufescentibus vel brunneis, tuberculis nigris. Corpus, abdomine
post segmentum basale excepto, valde nitens, subtilissime sparse
punctulatum. Vertex (non autem mesonotum) microscopice reticulato-
aciculatus; scutellum, ut videtur, omnino laeve. Propodeum in
medio triangulariter impressum, subobsolete strigosum, angulis
lateralibus acutis ac quasi reflexis, sed haud vel vix dentiformibus.
Caput antice visum fere rotundum (haud transversum). Antennarum
articuli intermedii fere quadrati ; articulus 3" fere duplo- (4 fere
sesqui-) latitudine sua longior.

Long. cire. 6 mm.

1 OF Alger, 23. 1098. F. 1D, M.

DIODONTUS SCHMIEDEKNECHTII, Kohl

I think these insects must belong to Kohl’s species
described from the adjoining Province of Oran. They
have all, however, black “Schulterbeulen” (tubercles)
which the author says is unusual in sehniedeknechtir.

(They very much resemble /uperus, but have, I think, a
finer and more sparse puncturation; and, so far as I can
ascertain, the range of that species does not extend far
south of the Alps.)

1 §. Hussein Dey (near Alger), probably on Reseda,
4.1v, 93. A. EE.

1 9. Hippdne, on Sedum caeruleum, 16. v, 96. A. EK. E.

Zeid and Ine VAloer ml iv te. v, 98.5) 2 Dae

PASSALOECUS BREVICORNIS, Moraw.

The following specimens belong to the most brightly-
coloured form of the species (called d@ in Kohl’s latest
tabulation of the Genus). The insect we know in this
country as P. ~signis is, according to Kohl, another form
of the same species. On comparing British “insignis”
with these Algerian insects, I find that the head and
thorax in the latter are distinctly a little more shining
and less closely punctured, and that in this respect they
agree with some Swiss specimens in my collection given
to me as turionwm, Dahlb.—which latter is also, according
to Kohl, synonymous with brevicornis.

The nomenclature of the Passaloecus spp. is a difficult
subject, but has probably been cleared up as far as it is
ever likely to be by the paper of Kohl above referred to

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria: the Sphegidae. 71

(Zur Kenntnis der Hymenopterengattung Passaloecus Shuck.
Wien, 1905).

Mr. Eaton records that his specimen from Alger (which
is ticketed as a 2 but is certainly a ¢) was taken along
with another ‘‘ burrowing in sand.” There must be some
mistake, however, here, I think; for the other specimen,
though superficially very like this, is a g Diodontus ; and,
normally at least, Passaloccus nidificates in wood (posts,
palings, etc.) and not, ike Diodontus, in sand.

ih fy Alger6. 1v,°937 AH. BE.

2 ¢ f. Bone, 14. v and 10. vi, 96. A. E. E.

5 ffand 12. Alger (all on 21. iv, 98). F. D. M.

PEMPHREDON SHUCKARDI, Morawitz

1 f. Bone, 16. iu, 96. A. E. E

ee Bone. (2: v.96. AC, Bi:

Biddy ee CAleer, 7.11 too, 14,98. ..B. D. M.

1 9. Constantine, 17. v, 98. F. D. M.

1 g, 1 9. Philippeville, 20. and 21. vi, 98. F. D. M.

The specimens are mostly rather small. Some of my
own have been determined by Herr Kohl as shuckardi,
and I think they all belong pretty certainly to that species.

SCELIPHRON TARGIONII (Car.) D. T.
ae Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 15. and 21. v, 97.

ee 2 a and: 2 9 Oe Biskra,, 21—-23827,.98. F. Dy M.

SCELIPHRON PENSILIS, Ltr.
2 ‘a é: Biskra, on Amini visnaga, 30. v, 93 and 19. v, 97.

eee Biskra, 4-16. v,98. F. D. M.

SCELIPHRON TUBIFEX, Lep.
f1. Kef Oum Taboul (neighbourhood of Lac Tonga).
“A species common in La Calle and at Le Tarf.” 16. vu,

U6: fA. EE.

Genus AMMOPHILA, Kirby

My descriptions of the novelties and chief rarities
among Mr. Eaton’s and my own captures in this genus
were ‘published i in the Annals and Magazine of Natural
History, Jan. 1900. Certain mistakes made by me in

ow
v2 Rev. F. D. Morice on.

that paper have since been put right in Herr Kohl’s
Monograph of the Genus (1907), and the nomenclature of
the latter work is followed in the list of captures given
below.

AMMOPHILA (PSAMMOPHILA) ATROCYANEA, Ev.

I described these mistakenly as a nov. sp. under the
name masinissa.

2 ¢ g. Biskra, 29"inand 3. 1v, 97. «A. HSE:

Pe Biskras 7.71 90 A.

AMMOPHILA (PSAMMOPHILA) GULUSSA, Morice

1 g. Biskra, 30. ii, 97. A.E. HE. (The type-specimen.)

Mr. Eaton on the following day took a 2, which I
supposed to belong to the above male, and described under
the same name. Herr Kohl, however, is of opinion that
they belong to two species, and that the 9 is identical
with his a/gira (an Eremochares), under which name it is
recorded below.

AMMOPHILA (PSAMMOPHILA) HIRSUTA, Scop.

Numerous specimens from Biskra in February, March
and April of different years. A. E. E.

AMMOPHILA (PSAMMOPHILA) TYDEI, Guill.

4 f gf. Biskra, 25. iii and 8. v, 97. A. E. E.

2 9 O“Biskra, 1: iii; ‘95eandeZo, in, 972, AC ee.

1 2. Biskra (Col de Sfa), on Zewceriwm polium, 2. vi, 93.
A. E. E.

AMMOPHILA (PSAMMOPHILA) MICIPSA, Morice
299. Biskra, 7. and 24. iii, 97. A.E.E. (Co-types.)

One of these was presented to me by Mr. Saunders,
and is in my collection.

AMMOPHILA (PARAPSAMMOPHILA) MONILICORNIS, Morice
bf. Biskra, 2 =6.91,98.0 (ED) Me
One of these has 14 (!) joints to each antenna.

AMMOPHILA (EREMOCHARES) DIVES, Brullé

1 g. Biskra, “visits Nitraria tridentata and Tamariz,”
DON AOI. AS ee

2 ff and 1 9. Biskra, on Tamariz, 28. iv, 97. A. EH. E.

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria: the Sphegidae. 73

3 29. Biskra, on Hehinops spinosus, 6.-8. v, 97. A. E. E.
9 1. Biskra, 21. v, 94. A. E. E.
Ride 2 ¢. Biskra,y 12v toi9. vi, 98. 5 FD. MG

AMMOPHILA (EREMOCHARES) LUTEA, Tasch.
1 f, 499. Biskra, 30. iv-28. v, 98. F. D. M.

AMMOPHILA (EREMOCHARES) ALGIRA, Kohl

1 9. Biskra, “resting for the night on a Ferula leaf,
simply standing,” 31. 11, 97. A. ELE.

This, as stated above, was described by me as the ? of
gulussa.

AMMOPHILA (COLOPTERA) JUDAEORUM, Kohl
4 ff, 12. Biskra, 6-30. v, 98. F. D. M.

AMMOPHILA GRACILLIMA, Tasch.
Selits Biskra. 5. v,9 (2. Ac HK. EB:

I described this as the ¢ of producticollis (infra), but
Herr Kohl considers the ¢~ to be gracillima, and not
identical specifically with producticollis 9.

AMMOPHILA HAIMATOSOMA, Kohl

1%. Biskra, among Zamariz, 3. v,97. A. E. E.
1 2. Biskra, “in the Jardin near Fort St. Germain,”
2. vi, 93. <A. E. E.

AMMOPHILA PRODUCTICOLLIS, Morice
1 9. Biskra, 16. iv, 94. A. E.E. (The type-specimen.)

AMMOPHILA ALBOTOMENTOSA, Morice

iba. sktago le vey Gee hl DM. Cl ype af 2)
1 9. Biskra, 26. iv, 97. A.E.E. (Type of @.)

AMMOPHILA QUADRATICOLLIS, Costa

23. Le Tarf, 17. vi, and La Calle (on sandhills),
15) vit, 96. AS Reidy
bo Bones 4, vii. 97) sAs Be B,

AMMOPHILA NASUTA, Lep.
2¢9,3 29. Alger, 27.30. iv, 98. F. D. M.

ce
74 Rev. F. D. Morice on

AMMOPHILA POECILOCNEMIS, Morice

2 é. Biskra, “ visits Ferula vesceritensis,’ 19, iti, 20. 111,
ond 5. iv, 95: A. EK. E.

Le 2 3 9. Biskra, 29. in—22. iv, 97. cA. EE,

(These specimens are co-types.)

AMMOPHILA PROPINQUA, Tasch.

1 ¢., Biskra, 29. 1,97. A: E. E.
1 9. Biskra, 17. v, 97, on Ammi visnaga. <A. K. E.

AMMOPHILA HEYDENII, Dahlb.

1 ¢. Constantine, 30. v, 95. A. E. E.
1 §, Constantine, 16. vi, 98. F. D. M.

SPHEX (CHLORION) XANTHOCERUS, KI.
1 9. Bone, on Cynanchum acutum, 18. viii, 97. A. E. E.

SPHEX (Harpacropus) Eatont, E. Saunders

oe 3 2. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 19.-80. v, 97.
AE:

bets eae 4, vi, 98. F. D. M.

The above are co-types of the description in Trans. Ent.
Soc. 1910, Part IV, and those in Coll. Saunders stand
above a label “ Eatoni ES.” In the author's last letter
to me he expressed himself as still somewhat doubtful
whether he should not after all list them as a form of
lugens, Kohl, but mentioned the same points of distinction
as are noticed in his published description.

SPHEX (HARPACTOPUS) STsCHUROWSKYI, Rad., var.
HYALINIPENNIS, Kohl
1 g, 4 2. Biskra, on Echinops spinosus, 7. and 8. v,
OT ea Ee:

SPHEX (HARPACTOPUS) SUBFUSCATUS, Dahlb.
1 9. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 31. v, 93. A. E. E.

SPHEX (PARASPHEX) VIDUATUS, Christ.

1 & Biskra,.28. v, 93. “AE:

499. Biskra, on Echinops spinosus, 6-8. v. 97. A. E. E.
1 2. Biskra, on Ammz visnaga, 2. vi, 97. A. E. E.
204; 5 D9. Biskray 27. v9. .vi,98¢ 2, DB. Mi.

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria: the Sphegidae. 75

SPHEX (PARASPHEX) ALBISECTUS.

1 2. Bone, on Euphorbia paralias, 23. viii, 97. A. E. E.

1 9. Biskra, on Mentha rotundifolia, 10. viii, 97. A. EK. E.

1 9. Biskra, 22. iv, 97. A. HE. E.

1 @ Biskra, on Atractylis serratuloides, 11. v, 97.
A. E. E.

Mr. Saunders has noted that the above ? 2? “show the
pale apices of the segments very slightly,” but that he has
“little doubt in referring them to this species, as they

have only three teeth on the claws, and the ventral apex of
the abdomen red.”

SPpHEX (CALOSPHEX) NIVEATUS, Duf.

1 gf. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 24. v, 97. A. E. E.

1 2. Biskra,; 3, v, 97... ALE. E.

The 2 is pinned together with a grasshopper (Sphin-
gonotus 8-fasciatus) many times larger than itself, and Mr.
Eaton has noted as follows:—“The grasshopper was
struck by the wasp during flight, fell paralysed to the

ground, and was being carried off when the wasp was
caught.”

SPHEX (CALOSPHEX) SENILIS, n. sp.

This insect is exceedingly like the last, but its silvery (or
rather hoary) clothing appears decidedly thinner, and as
all the specimens agree in this, and they were taken at
different times and under different circumstances, I hardly
think this is merely due to “ rubbing.”

The @ seems to me clearly distinct by the following
characters :—

(1.) Pecten tarsale, antici pedis, et tarsorum omnium armatura
spinosa ion alba sed evidenter nigricantia.

(2.) Clypeus haud planus, sed in medio longitudinaliter ita
elevatus ut tectiformis vel puene carinatus videatur. Apex eiusdem
angulariter (haud arcuatim) subexcisus,

(3.) Scutellum in medio multo minus profunde impressum. (Hoe

in niveato ita suleatum est, ut bituberculatum dici possit ; quod in
senili videre nequeo.)

The measurements of petiole, tarsal joints, etc., seem to
me a little different from those of niveatus, but the differ-
ences are so slight that I should hesitate to lay stress on
this. As for the ¢ $I can find no really satisfactory

er
76 Rev. F. D. Morice oz

characters to distinguish them, and it may be that some
which I take to belong to the above 2 2 are really f f of
niveatus. But comparing them with Egyptian f ¢ of
niveatus determined by Herr Kohl, I notice that, like the
2 9, they have certainly a thinner and less brilliant silvery
pubescence, allowing the sculpture of the very slightly
impressed scutellum and the transversely rugulose pro-
podeum to be seen quite clearly, whereas in Egyptian
niveatus the sculpture is wholly concealed. In the details
of the alar neuration (form of 83rd cubital cell, position of
recurrent nerves, etc.) they differ exceedingly, and this
makes me doubt whether they may not be a mixture of
two different species. But the 2? 2 must, I think, be
distinct from niveatus; and they certainly are not nigro-
pectinatus, in spite of their dusky pecten, having a far
longer petiole and an altogether less brilliant appearance,
to say nothing of their smaller size. Some of Mr. Katon’s
specimens are darker than my own, but this, I think, is
accidental—probably due to cyanide.

1 @. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 28. v, 94. A. E. E.

2 9. Biskra, visiting Nitraria tridentata and Tamaria,
25, vand (28, 7 pen, Ee

1 9. Biskra, on Tamarix, 29. iv, 97. A. E. E.

192. Biskra, on Echinops spinosus, 7. v 97. A. E. E.

46,02 2. Biskra, favto Oov1, 9S. e, Hey IMs

SPHEX (CALOSPHEX) NIGROPECTINATUS, Tasch.
1 §. Biskra, 6. vi, 98. F. D. M.

SPHEX AFER, Lep. (?)

2¢ 24,329. Biskra, on Ammi visnaza, 29. v, 94 and 15.
v to 22. vi, Oi AC.
ak aS eo ? 9. Biskra, on Hehinops spinosus, 6-10. v, 97.

ran 4 ee 3 2 oO) Biskta.. 2. . NC
The f f are all black; in the ? 9, agreeably to Lepel-

letier’s description, the abdomen is largely red. I find in
them all the characters given by Lepelletier, and this,
coupled with their habitat, and their enormous size (some
quite 36 mm. long), makes me feel sure that they are the
species he was describing. Mr. Saunders at one time
called them ¢rzstis, Kohl, and the f f certainly agree with
the description of that species. But the dimensions of

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria: the Sphegidae. 77

tristis @ are given as 23-26 mm. only; and the author
does not mention any difference of colour between $f and 2
tristis, but simply says of the species “ Nigra, nonnunquam
paullum fuscescens.”

SPHEX FLAVIPENNIS, F.

1 9. Médéa, on Daucus setifolius, 2. vill, 94. A. E. E.
bf. Biskra,’ 3. 'v1,98;- B.D) Mi

SPHEX MAXILLOSUS, F.

Numerous f~ ff and 2 § from Biskra, Tizi Ouzou,
Hippéne (on Ammi visnaga), Médéa (on Mentha
rotundifolia)—April to August. A. E. E. and F. D. M.

CERCERIS BUPRESTICIDA, Duf.

The 2 is coloured far more brightly than normal Euro-
pean specimens, having the whole face, collar, postscutellum,
lateral areas of the propodeum and a pair of discal spots
on the middle area, nearly the whole of segments 1, 3, 4,
and 5, and a wide uninterrupted basal fascia on segm., 2
of the abdomen above bright yellow. The femora are not
black, but only somewhat rufescent; and ventral segments
2 and 3 are also not black but obscurely red and marked
with yellow. Still I can find no structural difference
accompanying this unusual colouring. Clypeus, cordiform
area, ventral segments, etc., are formed and sculptured
exactly as in ordinary bupresticida; and the ¢ 2, though
more yellow than specimens from Tirol, Corfu, etc., are
not very much so.

1 2. Le Tarf, on Foeniculum vulgare, 26. vii, 96. A. KE. E.

1 gf. Biskra, on Zizyphus lotus, 3. v, 95. A. E. E.

1 f and 1 9. Biskra, 14. and 23. v, 98. F. D. M.

CERCERIS INSIGNIS, KI. (?)

Klug described his sp. from the @ only, and almost
entirely on colour-characters. The present identification
can only be conjectural; but if the insects now to be
recorded are not really insignis, they must at least be
exceedingly near it. (1 feel pretty sure that ¢ricolorata,
Spin., is a synonym of the same species. This was also
described from a only.) As neither author sufficiently
describes the structural characters to fix for certain the
affinities of his species, and Schletterer has therefore been

a
78 Rev. F. D. Morice on

obliged to omit both names from his Tables, and relegate
the descriptions to an appendix, I will here give the
characters which I find in the 2 before me, and also
those of the ¢ f which I take to belong to them, the latter
sex being hitherto (so far as I know) undescribed. I may
add that these characters show that in structure, though
not in colour, the species is allied very closely to bupre-
sticida, but that it can hardly be actually identified with it.

Q?. Nigra, thorace infra et in lateribus cum propodei areis omnibus,
et abdominis petiolo (hoc latitudine sua paullo longiore) rubris ;
facies cum carina interantennali brevijcollare utrinque, post-scutellum
(interdum), maculae duo vel fascia interrupta basalis abdominis
segmenti 2" (cujus fasciae etiam in ventris lateribus continuatio satis
obsoleta indicatur), fascia lata antice emarginata segmenti 3", et
segmentum 5‘ fere totum superne, flava; pedes pallidi, femoribus
(praeter genua) cum trochanteribus coxisque fuscis vel obscure rufis,
tibiis intus macula elongata nigra ornatis.

Clypei haud elevati apex in angulos plus minusve dentiformes
excurrit, et praeterea tuberculis binis subapicalibus instructus est.
(Haec autem armatura paene “ microscopica” appellari debet !)
Segmenti ventralis 2" basis simplex (hand elevata) ; segmenti ven-
tralis penultimi in medio evidenter foveati apex recurvatur in medio,
ibique ita excisus est ut paene bidentatus videatur (minus tamen
acute quam in bupresticida). Propodei area media rubra (an
semper 2), disco laevi, et in medio haud canaliculata longitudinaliter,
sed basi extrema brevissime et subtilissime longitudinaliter striolata.

¢. Feminae simillima, sed minor, minusque rufescens, Abdominis
quidem segm. 1™™ semper (ut videtur) rubrum: sed thoracis (proprie
dicti) nulla pars et propodei aut areae solum laterales, aut ne hae
quidem,-rufo-pictae. Flavedo ut in 9; sed fascia abdominis tertia
non segmentum 5" occupat sed 6", et segmentum 2%" ventrale
paene totum(!) flavet.

Clypei margo apicalis denticulatus. Segmenti penultimi ventralis
apex lateribus acute denticulatis. Propodei area media fere ut in
femina, sed (in exemplaribus his omnibus) linea impressa longitu-
dinali evidenter in medio divisa.

The following two ¢ 2 may possibly belong to a different,
or even to two different species, but I am more inclined to
think their peculiarities “individual,” or at most “varietal.”

a. Thorax entirely (except the yellow collar, postscutellum
and tegulae) and also the cordiform area of the propodeum
black (not red!). Hind tibiae within immaculate. Yellow

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria: the Sphegidae. 79

band of abd. segm. 3 scarcely at all emarginate, but
practically covering the whole segment: also the basal band
on segm. 2 is not broken into two spots but entire. Head
with two little oblique yellow streaks or spots between
the ocellar region and the tempora. In this form the
body above is punctured much less closely than in that
previously described, and its surface conspicuously more
shining. The apical teeth and tubercles of the clypeus
seem also to be more strongly developed; when the
mandibles are opened, it appears from certain points of
view actually “sexdentate”!

12 Biskra;' 6. vi, 98: F:D. M.

b. This agrees with the last-mentioned form in its
shining and comparatively sparsely punctured surface, and
(I think) as to clypeus-characters (but unluckily in Mr.
Eaton’s only specimen the mandibles are closed!). Its
coloration is very peculiar. The thorax shows no red at
all, not even on the sides of the propodeum. On the
other hand the 2nd abd. segment is not black and yellow
but entirely red like the first! The yellow bands on segm.
3 and 5 are deeply emarginated. The tibiae within are
black-marked, and the head above is immaculate.

1. 2 Biskra, 31. v, 97, on Ammi visnaga. A. E. E.

Except as stated, the characters of these two specimens
agree with those of the 2 described previously. Accord-
ingly, whatever view be taken of their relation to signs,
they certainly belong to the same group with it, viz. that
of bupresticida.

CERCERIS FISCHERI, Spin. (?)

Fischeri, like tricolorata, seems to be an insect of which
nothing is known except from Spinola’s description. From
what he tells us it would seem that the two species differ
very little in colour, but are certainly distinct by the
structure of the front coxae in both sexes, those of jischeri
having a remarkable spine-like (cuneiform?) production or
dilatation outwards, while those of ¢ricolorata are normal.
He mentions, too, that in fischeri the cordiform area has
a distinct impression bisecting it longitudinally, which is
not the case with the other species.

Both these characters distinguish the two ? ? now to be
considered from those referred above to insignis, of which,
as has been said, I believe ¢ricolorata to be a synonym,

80 €. F. D. Morice on

i.e. they have the anterior coxae very strongly cuneiform
(simple in insignis as in bupresticida) and the cordiform
area is manifestly divided by a longitudinal impression.
They are marked with yellow almost exactly as is the
other species, and like it they have a ground-colour
varying between red and black, but with the red con-
siderably more extensive than in even the brightest
specimens of zsignis.

They differ, however, from cnsignis in certain important
points of structure (not mentioned by Spinola) which show
that they do not belong, as it does, to the group of bupre-
sticida at all, but must be considered as nearly allied to
JSunerea, Costa, though in colour, etc., they are exceedingly
unlike that species. By Schletterer’s Tables one might
suppose them to be his ewgenia, but from the description
of that species it seems impossible that such should be
the case. Even if it be so, unless | am wrong in referring
them to Spinola’s species, they must retain the name
given to them by that author.

Three f # taken by Mr. Eaton appear to me certainly
to belong to the present species. As C. fischeri in both
sexes has always been somewhat of a mystery to hymeno-
pterists, I will attempt a diagnosis of the characters
which I find in the specimens before me.

2. Clypei haud elevati pars apicalis (ut in emarginata, etc.)
subtriangulariter impressa. Segmenti ventralis 2" basis elevata.
Segmenti penultimi apex late ac profunde emarginatus, angulis
eiusdem lateralibus ita elevatis ut quasi dentiformes videantur (minus
tamen acute quam in C. funered).

Caput nigrum; facie cum carina brevi interantennali, mandibulis
(apicibus exceptis nigris), antennarumque scapis flavis (flagellis harum
fulvis). Pro- et mesothorax nigra plus minusve rubro-variegata ;
scutellum rubrum ; collare utrimque, tegulae alarum, et postscu-
tellum flava. Propodeum (aut totum, aut excepta area media nigra
rubro-bimaculata,) cum metapleuris et abdominis maxima parte rubra.
Huius segmentum 1™™" totum rubrum ; segmenti 2% dorsum macula
magna basali flava, venter eiusdem (an semper ?) vestigiis quibusdam
obsoletis fasciae apicalis flavae signatus: 3°" annulo lato apicali
completo (7. e. ventrem quoque complectente) flavo : 5'"" apice dorsali
flavo. Bases segmentorum intermediorum superne in medio plus
minusve late denigratae. Pedes flavi, coxis trochanteribus femori-
busque rufescentibus, tibiis intus immaculatis.

Caput superne punctis densis subopacum ; thorax vero et abdomen

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria: the Sphegidae. 81

superne. punctis dispersis vel subdispersis nitidissima. Propodei area
media, basi non aut vix striolata, sed in medio longitudinaliter im-
pressa vel sulcata, disco eiusdem (etiamque partibus adjacentibus
arearum lateralium satis late!) omnino impunctatis et laevibus.
Ventris puncta crassa et valde inaequalia, partim confluentia, partim
sparsa, partim fere obsoleta.

6 (exceptis excipiendis) feminae simillimus. Paullo minus copiose
rufescens, propodel area media tota nigra. Flavedo ut in 9, sed
6" quoque segmenti dorsum fere totum flavet. Forma gracilior—
petiolus praesertim multo magis elongatus. Coxae anticae (ut in
Q) valde cuneiformes, flavae. Structura ventris cum ? congruens,

32%. Biskra, on Polygonum aviculare, 30. vi, and on
Ammi visnaga, 8. vu, 97. A. HE. E.

1 2. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 24. v, 97. A. E. E.

be Biskrasl6sve-9s. 8. Dy Me.

CERCERIS EMARGINATA, Pz.

This species is so common in all Mediterranean countries
that a complete list of localities, etc.,seems hardly needed.
Mr. Eaton took ¢ # as early as March (at Biskra in 97),
and as late as October (Azazgain’93). They occurred visit-
ing many different plants, as Antirrhinum ramosissimum
at Biskra, Marrubium vulgare at Constantine, Eryngium
triquetrum at Médéa, Ammz visnaga at Biskra and Hippone.
My own captures of it were all made at Biskra and most
probably on Ammz visnaga.

15 ff and 5 $F at various dates and places.
A. E. E. and F. D. M.

CERCERIS STRAMINEA, Duf. (?)

A single ¢ taken by Mr. Eaton may possibly (?) belong
to this species. It agrees with it at least (and with no
other whose description is known to me) in being absolutely
without black on the body except at the apices of the
mandibles! There is, however, a slightly infuscated line
behind each antenna running along the sides of the
usual interantennal carina.

In structure the insect 1s practically a gigantic emarginata
(quite 10 mm. long). Dufour’s type was a 9, and he gives
no characters but of colour; so that the identification I
have suggested is a mere conjecture, and very likely wrong!
Mr. Eaton’s specimen is entirely pale yellow (with the

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1911.—PARTI. (MAY) a

ie
82 Rev. F. D. Morice on

thorax slightly more rufescent—perhaps only a result of
death by cyanide).
1 @. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga. A. E. E.

CERCERIS DACICA, var. OPULENTA, var. nov.

The coloration of this form is utterly unlike that of
normal dacica; but in structure I can find absolutely no
difference, except that the puncturation of certain areas,
and also the fine oblique striae on the “cordiform” area,
seem to be slightly feebler and shallower. Schletterer
describes a var. magnifica of his dacica, differing from
the type in being much more copiously ornamented with
yellow: but the specimens before me not only have all the
yellow markings of var. magnifica, but many more: thus
the tempora, scutellum, all the areas of the propodeum,
and the Ist abdominal segment, are practically yellow
in both sexes, the vertex is marked posteriorly in the
gf ¢ with a large yellow spot and in the 2 ? with a pair
of obliquely converging streaks, the collar is entirely
yellow, and so is the interantennal carina which, as in
all forms of dacica, is very strongly developed and in the
2 practically reaches right up to the anterior ocellus;
finally, in the 2 even the mesonotum is not entirely black
but shows two discal and two lateral yellow streaks, such
as occur in highly-coloured specimens of the related but
very distinct and much smaller species annexa, Kohl.
(Mr. Eaton’s 2 specimen is greatly disfigured by the
effects of cyanide, and also seems to have been originally
less highly coloured than any of my own; but even in
it the mesonotum and cordiform area show markings
which no doubt were yellow once, though now they are
merely reddish and scarcely noticeable, having become
almost as dark as the surfaces surrounding them.)

T should have referred these insects without hesitation
to caspica, Morawitz, had not that author expressly dis-
tinguished his species from dacica, as lacking impressed
punctures on the tegulae and at the base of the pygidial
area. Such punctures are distinctly visible in the speci-
mens before me, so that, if the character be reliable,
they cannot be caspica. Otherwise, both in structure and
colour, they agree closely with Morawitz’s description of
the brighter (and apparently the normal) forms of that
species. I am much inclined to suspect that dacica,
caspica, magnifica and opulenta will ultimately prove to

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria: the Sphegidae. 83

be local races of a single widely-distributed species, which
extends from Algeria to North China. I may add that
the few specimens which I have seen determined by
competent authorities as “ caspica, Morawitz,” are all less
highly coloured than my own of opu/enta, and apparently
also than the form which Morawitz origimally described.
(None of them, ¢.g., have the cordiform area yellow!)

2 gf gf and 1 &. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 17. v. 97.
A. E. E.

1 g. Biskra, on Ammz visnaga, 19. v, 97. A. E. E.

2 oO. Biskra, 26, v, and 6: vi, 98.7 F Di M.

1 9. (Label giving date and locality is lost; but no
doubt it was taken at Biskra in v or vi, 98.) F. D. M.

On 20. v, 98 I took a single $ in many ways much
resembling the above, but with vertex, scutellum and
“cordiform area” black, tempora with only a small yellow
spot behind each eye, collar only yellow at the sides, and
puncturation of abdomen coarser and more rugose. (This
perhaps may be a specimen of dacica, var. magnifica,

Schlett.)

CERCERIS LUNATA, Costa
422,399. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 18. and 25. v, 93.
E. E.

229. Hippdne, on Ammi visnaga, 12. viii, 96. A. EH. EK,

13,329. Médéa, on Hryngium triquetrum, 26. vi, and
Peri, 93.

3 9 2. Biskra, 24.—27. v, and 11. vi, 98. F. D. M.

CERCERIS PALLIDULA, Morice
The single specimen taken perfectly agrees with my

“type” from Egypt.
2 Biskra, Vos vic 98. FD. M.

CERCERIS PRUINOSA, Morice

I described this species (perhaps rather rashly) in 1897
from a single ? taken near Cairo, and am glad to find
my ideas as to its distinguishing characters confirmed by
further captures of what is evidently the same insect at
Biskra in both sexes. In all, Mr. Eaton and myself have
taken there 3 ¢ f and 4 2 9, the 2 ¢ corresponding in
all respects with my Egyptian “type,” and the f ¢
strongly resembling them both in colour and structure—

G2

a
84 Rev. F. D. Morice on

in fact the two sexes can scarcely be distinguished without
counting the abd. segments or examining the clypeus !

C. pruinosa f differs from the f of C. pallidula in the
shape of the collar, which is much less profoundly im-
pressed or emarginate in the middle; the 8rd antennal
joint looks about as long as the 2nd and 4th taken
together, while in pallidula it is scarcely longer than
the 4th alone. Its average size seems to be a trifle
greater, and its general tint is just a shade deeper—a
pale lemon-yellow, while pallidula is rather creamy than
actually yellow. The silvery pilose covering of the face
in all my pruinosa f f is more conspicuous than in
pallidula, but I have not sufficient material to determine
whether this character is constant, though it appears to
me that in pruinosa the actual hairs are longer than in
the other species.

Mr. Eaton’s specimens were taken on Ammi visnaga,
and so probably were my own. He notes that the eyes
of the ? in life were “light yellowish green.”

1 9. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 23. v, 97. A. E. E.
1g. Biskra, on Amm2 visnaga, 29. v, 97. <A. E. E.
Ig. Biskra, 30, v.09. Hn. UNE:

lf and: 2)0).9" Biskra, 72 -va293.. HsDr aM.

1 © Biskra, 9;-vi, 98. FE. M.

CERCERIS ANNEXA, Kohl

A species resembling the two last in many respects, but
smaller and far more delicately punctured. It seems to be
common at Biskra every year in May, as Mr. Eaton took
it in that month of 793, ’94,’95 and ’97, and I found it
abundant in the same month of ’98. According to Mr.
Eaton’s notes it appears to frequent first Zizyphus lotus
and then Ammw visnaga.

2242. Biskra, on Zizyphus lotus, 30. iv and 3. v, 95.
A. E. E.

12,19. Biskra, on Zizyphus lotus, 10. and 14. v, 97.
A. E. E

22%. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 17. v, 97. A. E. E.
229. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 29. v, 94. <A. E. E.
1 2. Col de Sfa, near Biskra, 27. v, 93. <A. E. E.
132g. Biskra,( v to: 9: vi; 98: ) BM

10 9:2, Biskra, 20.:v to 9. vi, 98) > EDM,

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria: the Sphegidae. 85

CERCERIS LUTEA, Tasch. (= nilotica, Schlett. !)

I have carefully compared my single (2?) specimen, both
as to colour and structural details, with one from Egypt,
and can find no difference whatever.

1 fg. Biskra, 7. v, 98. F. D. M.

CERCERIS EATONI, n. sp.

Caput nigrum, facie cum carina interantennali, mandibulis
(praeter apices nigros) fascia pone ocellos, macula (vel striga) pone
utrumque oculum flavescentibus. Thorax niger; collari, tegulis,
scutello, postscutello que flavescentibus; pleuris sternis et pro-
podei areis lateralibus plus minusve (in 2 opulentius) flavo-pictis.
Pedes flavescentes, femoribus posticis (praeter genua) nigris. Ab-
dominis segmenti 2" fascia lata antice emarginata, 4" (interdum
etiam 5") basis nigra ; reliqua pars abdominis flava vel flavescens,
segmentorum ventralium discis plerumque concoloribus. (Hisce in
exemplaribus omnibus flavedo nonnusquam in aurantiacum vel
ferrugineum transit, forsitan post mortem insecti decolorata). Alarum
apices subfusi.

Oculi divergentes sed leniter. Clypeus antice impressus, apice
haud libero, Collare (propter impressionem transversam) postice
marginatum videtur, angulis inferis prominulis non autem spinosis.
Coxae anticae valde dilatatae acute cuneiformes. 2 mesopleurae
(desuper visae) latera in medio denticulo acuto armata. Propodei
area media polita ac nitida, in medio sulco longitudinali divisa.
Petiolus elongatus, marginibus lateralibus aequaliter convexis.
Segmentum ventrale 2" patella, ut mihi videtur, basali instructum,
sed valde minuta, semicirculari. ¢@ corpus crasse punctatum, 9
minus crasse sed tamen fortiter, inter puncta (¢ et 9) evidenter
nitidum.

Long. 6-9 mm.

This is evidently a very near ally of albicincta, KL. but
judging from Schletterer’s diagnosis of that species, I
scarcely think the two forms can be specifically identical.
Schletterer expressly says that albicincta has no basal
elevation of the 3rd (2. e. according to my reckoning the
2nd) ventral segment, but such an elevation seems to me
certainly present in eatont. Nor does he allude to the
cuneiform production of the front coxae and the spine-like
tooth on the 2 mesopleura—characters which he would
scarcely have overlooked had they existed in his albipwncta
9. (The latter was first described by Schletterer, Klug’s

type being a f.)

-
86 Rev. F. D. Morice on

It is certainly nothing else known to me. It is not
subimpressa, nor rulida; and though several antiquated
and altogether imperfect descriptions might be strained
into more or less agreement with it as far as colour-
characters are concerned, I think it is really useless to
consider seriously to which of these it might with least
improbability be referred; and believe that an erroneous
identification of a species already described is likely to
cause more trouble to future systematists, than the re-
description of it under a new name, which can be “sunk,”
if necessary, hereafter as a synonym.

1 f. Biskra, on Zizyphus lotus, 30. iv, 95. A. E. E.

1 f, 19. Biskra, on Zizyphus lotus, 14. v, 97. A. HE. E.

2 ¢ g. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 17. and 20. v, 97.
A. E. E. (One of these a dwarfish specimen, hardly
6 mm. long !)

1 g. Biskra, “on the wing,” 7. v, 97. A. E. E.

CERCERIS KOMAROVII, Rad.

This very remarkable species seems to be quite common
at Biskra. The 2, I believe, is still undescribed. As
might be expected, it has not the dentate tempora of the
?; but in colour and general appearance resembles it
almost exactly, except that the yellow markings on its
mesonotum are narrower than is usual in the §, which
sometimes has them dilated to such an extent that prac-
tically the whole area appears yellow—much as in Judea.

I should describe it as follows—

gd. Structura maribus priscae et capitonis valde affinis. Color,
ut in ?, pallide citrinus ; mandibulae apice et parce vertex nigro-
maculata: mesonotum nigrum citrino 4-vittatum: Alae hyalinae,
apicibus infumatis.

Clypeus haud dentatus, convexus, antice late deplanatus. An-
tennae apice subtruncato uncinatae; harum articulus ultimus
incurvatus, basi subtus (cum parte apicali articuli penultimi)
rotunde excavatus. Collare in medio impressum, lateribus callosis.
Segmenta abdominis dorsalia 1-5 in medio, ante apices saltem,
(nonnunquam a basibus ad apices,) lineis impressis vel foveolis plus
minusve elongatis incisa. Segmentum 1™™ vix petioliforme, 2° non
multo angustius. Segmentum ventrale 2°" basi haud elevatum :
5™" in medio a basi ad apicem semilunariter impressum, (are
impressa pilis stratis curvis ita obtecta, ut credat aliquis segmentum
ipsum profunde emarginatum esse :) 6" quinto haud dissimile, sed

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria: the Sphegidae. 87

impressione pilosa magis transversa; 7" pilis apice non fimbriato
sed lateraliter fasciculato ; 8°" penicillis quattwor (!) ornatur, duobus
in medio marginum lateralium (brevissimis), duobus apicalibus
(tenuibus quidem sed longis). Metatarsus intermedius gracilis,
curvatus, mox post basim ad apicem sensim dilatatus. Tempora
subtus haud ut in femina dentata. Ocelli postici inter se multo
magis quam ab oculis distant(!) Corpus, facies praesertim et seg-
mentorum ventralium apices, pilis argenteis vestitum; his tamen,
nisi sub certa lucis incidentia, vix conspicuis. Integumentum
corporis (exceptis scutellis et areis quibusdam ventralibus) sub-
opacum ; propodei area media lateribus oblique striolatis et punctulis
nonnullis obsoletis impressa nitore poene caret, areae eiusdem
laterales cum dorso abdominis confertim sed haud profunde punc-
tantur. Area pygidialis apice quam basi fere latior, certe haud
angustior (1).
Long. cire. 13 mm.

Mr. Eaton notes that the eyes in this sp. are in life
“light yellowish green.”

22 f. Biskra, on Zizyphus lotus, 24. v, 94. A. E. E.

1 g. Biskra, on Zizyphus lotus, 22. v, 97. A. E. E.

22%. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 25. v, 98. A. E. E.

1 f. Biskra, on Amini visnaga, 21. v, 97. A. E. E.

32 9. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 23. v, 18 and 22 vi, 97.
A. E. E.

; : Bh Biskra, 20. v to 9. vi, 98. F. D. M.

CERCERIS CAPITO, Lep.
1 f. Biskra, on Tamarix, 29. iv, 97. A. EK. E.
Bet te Piskras bev to, 9) va 98.) “FAD: M.

CERCERIS HARTLIEBI, Schulz

This is probably the only recorded Cerceris which is
practically black entirely—body, legs, and even wings!
Certain parts, it is true, are obscurely rufescent, but its
general appearance is of an insect uniformly black.

It was described first so lately as 1905 from a single @
taken in Tunisie (Sfax) by Rittmeister v. Hartlieb, and no
corresponding ¢ form has as yet been recorded.

I must confess myself to be not quite convinced that it
is anything more than a local melanic 2 form of capito,
with which species, until Dr. Schulz’s description appeared,

had intended to treat it as specifically identical. My

an
88 Rey. F. D. Morice on

reasons were—(1) That, on comparing its structure and
sculpture in detail with those of a typical capito 2 from 8.
France, I could find no substantial difference except that
the latter had certainly a larger head,—and the difference
in this respect is not greater than that between two ?
specimens from Egypt (determined for me by Herr Kohl)
of the closely-allied species prisca, Schlett. Their punc-
turation seemed to me quite similar; and they agreed
also as to the characters of clypeus, mandibles, petiole,
cordiform and pygidial areas, ventral segments, meso-
pleural (tooth-like) tuberculations, ete., ete. (2) That
g g of capito occurred in some numbers (and not accom-
panied by their normal @ 2!) on the same flowers of
Ammi with my hartliehi 2 2; but neither then nor after-
wards could I find any ¢ ¢ of similar (black) coloration,
though I naturally tried hard to do so, for I knew, of
course, that an entirely black Cerceris must be something
out of the common and probably undescribed.

I feel, however, that it may be rash to unite forms super-
ficially so distinct, without more conclusive evidence than
the above, and therefore follow Dr. Schulz in treating
hartliebi as a good species.

AO 9+ Biskra, 19.y to.22..v1, 98... EF. DM.

CERCERIS NASUTA, Lep.
9¢3,22 9. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 19. v to 22. vi,

Oi. Ae HG:

1 ¢, 19. Biskra, on Ammz visnaga, 24. v, 93. A. E. E.

1a Ao 2S Biskrasveane vi, 98; ) tae

CERCERIS BUCCULATA, Costa

From Costa’s figures I feel satisfied that this must be
his species, though I have seen no other specimens of it.
The clypeus is exactly as he represents it, very like that
of ferrert (= propinqua, Cost.), but much broader than
long. These Algerian examples, however, seem to have
more yellow on the abdomen than Costa’s type; segments
1, 2, 4 and 5 having very broad fasciae, which are scarcely
at all emarginate basally.

2° 9. Biskra, on Tamarix, 19. and 30. v, 97. A. E. E.

CERCERIS ARENARIA, L.
24.9. Médéa, on Eryngium triquetrum, 29. vi, 93.
A. E. E. .

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria: the Sphegidae. 89

1 9. Woods near Médéa, on (?) Daucus setifolius, 8. viii,
93. A. E. E.

1 g Bone (“border of estuary—near the railway
works”). A. E. E.

I think these are all arenaria, but the § and the Bone
a seem to have wider and less emarginate yellow bands
(esp. on segments 1 and 2) than normal European
specimens.

(I am not quite certain that Mr. Eaton’s record of
Daucus as the plant visited by the ? refers to the insect to
which I have attached it, but that is how I understand his
note on the subject.)

CERCERIS NITRARIAE, 0. sp.

This is evidently one of those pale-yellowish species,
very sparingly marked with black (chiefly on the vertex
and mesonotum), and with somewhat silvery pilosity,
which seem especially characteristic of the N. African
desert-fauna. Unfortunately all the specimens before me
seem to have had their original colour much altered by
cyanide, and I have no means of ascertaining how far this
circumstance is responsible for the varying combinations
of different yellowish tints (cream-colour, fulvous orange,
and even testaceous red) which their paler parts now
exhibit. I think, however, that these parts were not even
originally quite unicolorous—some being probably lacteous,
and others distinctly lemon-yellow. Abandoning the
attempt to distinguish these tints, the coloration of the
insect may be described as “flavescens sparse nigro-
maculata.” The vertex is crossed by a wide black fascia
which is produced in front (biramose) so as to embrace the
insertions of the antennae. The mesothorax, the pleurae
at least in part, and the shining “‘cordiform area” are
black, and some at least of the abdominal segments (all
in the f) are more or less widely black at their bases. As
in most species the f shows a greater extension of black
not only on the abdomen but on the head and thorax than
the 9, ¢.g. in the latter the tempora are yellow or fulvous,
but in the ¢ they are black as well as the vertex and only
bear a small spot of yellow behind each eye. In both
sexes the collar, tegulae, and postscutellum seem to be
always yellow. The scutellum may be yellow, or merely
spotted with that colour (or with red ?), or entirely black.

90 ¢... F. D. Morice on

The following diagnosis indicates the chief structural
characters which I notice in nitrariae. It will be seen
that they agree to a surprising extent with those of a very
differently-coloured species, viz. luctwosa, Costa. The latter,
however, besides differing from aitvariae in colour, has a
very much stronger and closer puncturation, as will be
seen at once if the abdomens of the 2 2 in the two species
are looked at side by side.

2. Clypeus apice in medio acute bidenticulato. Carina inter-
antennalis usque ad ocellum anticum prolongata. Propodei area
media laevis, nitidissima, impressione lineari longitudinaliter divisa.
Petiolus transversus, cum sequentibus 4 segmentis ante apicem
evidenter impressus vel sulcatus (longitudinaliter), area pygidialis
subovalis, apice et basi angustatis, deinde subtruncatis, lateribus
subdense fimbriatis. Segmentum ventrale 2° basi hand elevatum,
penultimum (quantum video) simplex. Punctatura mediocriter
fortis, nusquam rugosa, intervallis punctorum subnitidis ; partim
(e.g. in scutello) fere dispersa dici potest.

Collare lateribus gibbose elevatis in medio depressum, angulis
inferis spiniformibus. Antennarum articuli 3 et 4 latitudine sua
plusquam duplo longiores. Flavescens vel partim albescens, verticis
fascia lata antice biramose producta nigra. Nigra sunt etiam—
occiput (non autem tempora) mesonotum cum parte pleurarum,
propodei area media (nonnunquam etiam areae laterales partim), et
segmentorumn abdominis dorsalium maculae basales subtriangulares
(interdum obsolescentes).

¢ feminae simillimus, crassius punctatus, flavedine magis
restricta. Caput postice nigrum, pone oculos flavo binotatum ;
thoracis latera tota (plerumque etiam propodeum totum) nigra ;
abdominis fasciae flavae angustiores quam in 92. Antennarum
articulus ultimus leniter curvatus, dein recte truncatus. Clypei
margo apicalis evidenter dentatus.

Oculorum margines interni in utroque sexu fere paralleli. Alae
hyalinae apicibus fuscis.

222,19. Biskra, “visiting Mitraria edentata,” 19. v,

97, A. E. E.
282,229. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 15. v to 8 vii, 97.
KE. E.

CERCERIS QUADRIMACULATA, Duf.

1 2. Constantine, 16. vi, 94. A. E. E.
629. Constantine, 14-18. vi, 98. F.D.M

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria: the Sphegidae. 91

CERCERIS TRISTIOR, 0. sp.

This small dark species, of which I found ¢ 9 only, in
general appearance and coloration much resembles guadri-
maculata, and occurred at the same place and time with
that species. But, besides being very much smaller, it is
at once distinguishable by its almost unsculptured “ cordi-
form” area, and the shining surface of its head and thorax
above, the punctures on which are comparatively small
and sparse. The almost entirely black face with merely
a small pale spot adjoining each eye (as in many
Prosopis 2 2) 1s a curious character, and appears in all my
specimens.

Q. Nigra, nitida ; macula in medio orbitae internae utriusque
oculi, et segmentorum abdominalium 3" 5" que fasciis latis apica-
libus (antice in medio emarginatis) ‘flavis.

Antennae fulvescentes apicibus denigratis scapis flavis. Mandi-
bulae breves (in medio marginis haud dentatae) fulvae apicibus
nigris. Pedes cum tegulis alarum flavi vel plus minusve fulves-
centes. Alae apicibus haud obscurioribus subfumatae, costa
stigmate etc. brunneis.

Clypeus totus niger, forma simplici, sed valde tumidus (convexus).
Segmenta ventralia omnino simplicia. Caput superne sparse,
mesonotum cum scutello etiam sparsius punctatum ; pleurae rugosae ;
propodei area media disco laevigato, lateribus subtilissime (fere
microscopice !) striolatis ; areae eiusdem laterales dense punctatae.
Abdomen superne punctis mediocribus subnitidum, area pygidialis
anguste subovalis, coriacea, plus minusve rufescens vel brunnescens.

Oculorum margines interni fere paralleli: ocelli inter se minus
quam ab oculis distaut.

Long. circ. 9 mm.

3 2 2. Constantine, 16. vi, 98. F. D. M.

CERCERIS QUADRICINCTA, Pz.

This is evidently an abundant species in Algeria, and
must have, I should conjecture, more than one generation
in the year. I have taken it as early as March (at
Cherchell) and abundantly in April 1910 (in the Province
of Oran), while Mr. Eaton’s records of it extend from the
middle of May to the 19th of September in various years.
(It is rather curious that in ’98 I do not seem to have
met with it, but possibly I may have given away or mislaid
my specimens.)

eo
92 Rey. F. D. Morice on

1 @. Near Azazga, on Eryngium tricuspidatum, 1. ix, 93.
A. E. E.

1 gf. Forest of Yakouren, on Lryngium tricuspidatum,
19..1x, 93. | A, E. EE.

1 ¢. Le Tarf, on Foeniculum vulgare, 26. vii, 96. A. E. E.

1 g. Biskra, on Foeniculum vulgare, 15. v, 97. A. E. E.

329. Biskra, on Amini visnaga, 24. v and 3. vi, 93.
tAg ie E.

1 g. Bone, on Tamarix (2), 25. vii, 97. A. E. E.
19. Médéa, on Eryngium triquetrum, 27. vi, 93. A. E. E.

CERCERIS LATICINCTA, Lep.

This identification I owe to Herr Kohl.

My specimen is a very darkly-coloured insect, the body
being entirely black except a small yellow spot above the
base of the clypeus, a very broad orange fascia (covering
the whole of the 2nd and 8rd abd. segments both dorsal
and ventral!), and the tegulae, legs (except the coxae),
and the base of the mandibles, which are also orange (but
this colour on the mandibles is very obscure—perhaps
darkened by cyanide 2).

The constrictions between the abdominal segments
appear to me slighter than is usual in Cerceris. The
cordiform area is dull, somewhat coriaceously rugulose all
over without distinct striations. The mesopleurae are
strongly toothed or tuberculated in the middle as in
capito, etc. The clypeus in my specimen has unfortu-
nately been damaged (probably by a needle employed to
open the mandibles), and I cannot describe its form in
detail, but the apex appears to have been narrowly pro-
duced (porrect ?) and perhaps incised in the middle (?).
The eyes are divergent. The mandibles simple (7. e. un-
toothed within) and blunt at the apex. The surface of the
body in general is rather shining, its puncturation neither
very close nor coarse. ‘The pygidial area is barrel-shaped,
slightly narrowing to its apex, and coarsely rugulose. The
broad petiole and the segments following are distinctly
impressed before their apices in the middle. The length
of the insect about 15 mm.

ee Biskras28. wv, 98. FB. De NM:

CERCERIS SCHMIEDEKNECHTII, Kohl

1 2,2 29. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 18. v, 93. A. E.
12,12. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 28. v, 94. A. EK

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria: the Sphegidae. 93
3 Hae 4 29. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 15.23. v, 97.
A. E

1 9. *Méaéa, on Daucus carota, 8. vu, 93. A. E. E.

Th. 23. 999. Biskra, 14, v—4. vi, 98. F. D. M.

The species is excessively like specularis, Costa, but has
a much more closely-punctured abdomen; and the inter-
rupted abdominal fasciae seem to be always narrower than
in that species, which I have taken freely in Greece and
Palestine but never in Algeria.

PHILANTHUS TRIANGULUM, F.

Abounds everywhere, so it is needless to quote every
record. Mr. Eaton found it visiting Matricaria (Alger),
Eryngium triquetrum (Médéa), Ammi visnaga (Hippdne
and Biskra), Yewcriwm poliwm (Biskra), Senecio (Bone).
Near Médéa a specimen was found at an altitude of over
3200 feet.

Many $f and tae from May to September inclusive,
A, E. E. and F. D. M

PHILANTHUS VARIEGATUS, Spin.

Found by Mr. Eaton visiting Nitraria tridentata, Tama-
riz, Zizyphus lotus, and Ammi visnaga. —

1 9. Biskra, 28. v, 94. <A. E. E.

fe oeBiskne, 29: 1v, 05. Ave:

24. Biskra, 11. and 24. v,97. A. E. E.

499. Biskra, 30. iv—26. v, 97. A. E. E.

it foAleer Al. 1,98. FE. Dy M.

5 $3, 10 29. Biskra, 16. v-12. vi, 98. F. D. M.

PHILANTHUS RUTILANS, Spin.
1 9. Biskra, 24. iv, 94. A. E. E.

PHILANTHUS KOMAROVII, Morawitz (?)
1 g. Biskra (on the sandhills), 5. v, 97. A. E. E.

PHILANTHUS MELLINIFORMIS, Sm.

This is not (as D.T. Cat. makes it) a synonym of
venustus, Rossi, but = the species described by Herr Kohl
under the name andalusiacus.

1 g. Forest of Yakouren, on Eryngium tricuspidatum at
altitude of 2000 to 3000 feet, 3. ix, 98. A. E. E.

-
94 Rey. F. D. Morice on

22%. Bone, visiting Luphorbia paralias, 14. viii, 96.
A. E. E.

1 ¢. Bone, “commonly basks on stems of Juncus
maritimus,” 4. viii, 97. <A. E. E.

PHILANTHUS (PHILOPONUS) THERYI, Vach,
5 29. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 18. v, 93. A. E. E.
i Biskra, 29.9v 940A, 1K,
2°¢ 4. Biskra, 2ieand 23..v, 97. ‘Ay EO:
8¢¢ and 2 22. Biskra, 5. v—4. vi, 98: FF. D. Me

PHILANTHUS (PHILOPONUS) sp. ?

19) Biskra, 25-7. 08. 0H. iD. Mi:

This is probably “ new,” but I abstain from describing
it as such on a single specimen. The abdomen bears
lateral white spots on the basal segments, segment 1 is
red, the other segments black. It is much more shining
on the thorax (especially the prothorax in front, and the
sides of the propodeum) than théryi, the body seems un-
usually pilose, and the spines of the legs (pecten, ete.)
particularly long.

It is not dewitzi (!), the only Philoponus (besides théryi)
with which I have had the opportunity of comparing it.

ASTATUS (or ASTATA ?), Latr.

I have hesitated a good deal as to my proper course in
dealing with the records relating to this Genus. By some
unlucky accident all save one of my own captures have
escaped mention of any kind in Mr. Saunders’s MS. list
now lying before me. My determinations of these, there-
fore, have not his authority, and this I have thought it
best to indicate by enclosing them between square
brackets [ ]. But a greater difficulty is that on full
consideration I find myself unable to agree with the con-
clusions to which (if I rightly understand his MS.) my
friend had come, as to certain identifications of Mr. EKaton’s
insects; and yet Ido not think I should be justified in
silently ignoring those conclusions, and modifying the list
he had prepared in accordance with my own notions. I
shall therefore publish the list as he left it; and in cases
where it seems necessary, shall record my dissent and the
reasons for it between square brackets. As to the name of
the Genus I should have preferred myself to acquiesce, as

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria: the Sphegidae. 95

v. Dalla Terre and most authors have done, in Latreille’s
emendation of his first proposed name, and written
“ Astata” ; but this question I do not wish to argue ; and,
as I find ‘‘ Astatus ” employed throughout in the MS, list,
it shall remain so.

ASTATUS BOOPS, Spin.
1 #. Constantine, visiting Thapsia garganica, 17. v, 99.

A. EK. E.

1 9. Constantine, 17. vi, 98. F. D. M.

[My ¢ is, I have no doubt, bodps, as determined by Mr.
Saunders. But it is a remarkably large specimen, and
has exceedingly dark wings—quite as dark as in /wii-
pennis, Saunders. |

ASTATUS MINOR, Kohl

1 g. Hippone, “eyes [in life] pitch brown, or rufo-
piceous,” 15, vii, 96. A. EK. E.

1 3,19. Le Tarf, “on Foeniculum vulgare,” 24, vil, 96.
A. E. E.

1 2. Biskra, “5-6.30 pm,” 11. v, 94. A. EK. E.

1 9. Bone, “along the shore across the Seybouse,” 3. ix,
96. A. E. E.

[I took a 9 at Constantine 14. vi, 98, and 2 ff and 1 9
at Biskra 24. and 25. v, 98 (F. D. M.) which Mr. Saunders
does not appear to have noticed when he revised the
collections, but which seem to belong either to this species
or the next. See below under radialis, Saunders. |

ASTATUS RADIALIS, Saunders

Described in Trans. Ent. Soc. 1910, Part. IV.

12,3 2 2. Le Tarf, on Foeniculum vulgare, 24. and 26. vii,
OG. ake. BB,

1 2. Bone, “along the shore across the Seybouse,” 5. 1x,
96. A. KH. E.

1 9. Bone, “along the shore across the Seybouse,” on
Euphorbia paralias, 23. viii, 97. A. E. E.

[I cannot help feeling a doubt as to the association of
the above {with the 29. The latter appear certainly
unlike the 2 2 called by Saunders minor which were
taken in the same localities with them and (at Le Tarf)
on the same plant. But except a slight and, as it seems
to me, hardly specific difference in the truncation of the

ee
96 Rev. F. D. Morice on

radial cell I can find no reason to think that all the #2
here recorded (after Saunders’s MS.) as minor and radialis
do not belong to the same species. Their agreement in
antennal characters, degree of clouding in the wings, ete.,
outweighs (I think) the difference of neuration, which in
Astatus spp. generally is often erratic. And if they be
identical, I suspect they are the ff of Saunders’s mznor,
rather than of his radialis. But further, I do not feel
certain that the former species is really Kohl’s minor, of
which I possess several specimens named by the author.
The ¢ antennae, to my eye, are not identical with those
of minor, Kohl (det. ipse), the joints beneath being less
convex and more simply so (not at all sinuate in the
middle!). Also the ventral pilosity appears distinctly
longer. They seem to me more to resemble the # of a
Spanish species kindly sent to me by Sefior Mercet,
under a name which I refrain from quoting as I am not
sure that it is yet published.

As to radialis 2, I feel pretty sure that it is really (or
rather was when described) a “new” form. Whether it will
prove to be more than a local variety of some species already
described from other districts, is another question. Several
of the characters which are commonly utilised in defining
the species of this difficult Genus are, to my mind, likely
to prove unreliable. Even such comparatively well-de-
fined species as bodps and stigma are exceedingly variable,
not only in colour-characters, but in neuration, size, and
even sculpture; and many of the existing descriptions are
based entirely on characters of this kind.]

ASTATUS LAETUS, Saunders
1 2. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 19. v, 97. A. E. E.

ASTATUS FUMIPENNIS, Saunders
1 9. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 25. v, 97. A. E. E.

The above two species are both described in Trans. Ent.
Soc. ¢.c.

NOTOGONIA NIGRITA, Lep.

1 @. Biskra, visiting Moricandia arvensis, 10. x, 97.
A. E. E.

1 9. Hussein Dey (Alger), 4. iv, 93. A. E. E.

1 9. Biskra, “near the Barrage, on the neighbouring

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria: the Sphegidae. 97

hill, carrying off an Achetid from a stony slope.” 22. in,
Sanya) Kp Et
a2 @ Paskra, 18.4, and 15) 1, 955 12. iv, 97. A.
2¢ f, 19. Biskra, 4-20. v, 98. F. D. M.
299. Alger, 19. and 21. iv, 98. F. D. M.

NOTOGONIA POMPILIFORMIS, Pz
ie, 1 9. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 18. and 23. v, 93.
EK. E.

1 9. Biskra, on Moricandia arvensis, 10. 11,97. <A. E. E.
Lt ate Biskra, 30. ii, and 22. iv, 97. A. E. E.

if : Bone, 30. vii, OF; Ay Ee.

17,1 @ Biskra, 12. and 14, v, 98. F. D. M:

209. Alcer, 16. ii and 12..iv, 98. F.D, M.

NoToGONIA SCULPTURATA, Kohl

5 99. Alger, 16. 11i-4, iv, 98. F. D. M.
1 f. Biskra, 16. v, 98. F. D. M.

NOTOGONIA OPALIPENNIS, Kohl
1 9. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 24. v, 97. A. E. E.

TACHYTES SUPERBIENS, 0. sp.

This is by far the largest Palaearctic Tachytes known to
me. In size and general appearance it agrees with 7’
monetaria, Smith, an Indian species. But on comparing
it with the “type” of the latter at South Kensington (a
9) I find that monetaria has the eyes further apart on the
vertex, differently-clouded wings (darkest in the costal
region and near the stigma and with only a small area
slightly infuscated near the apex, while swperbiens has
them perfectly hyaline except at the apex, where a very
broad and dark band runs along the margin), very ditfer-
ent pilosity on the thorax (simple erect griseous hairs all
over it), and a differently-coloured abdomen (the base
being black, while in swperbiens it is entirely testaceous).
Nor is it veloc, Smith, with whose “type” I have also
compared it. It is far larger, and altogether different in
colour and general appearance. It seems almost incred-
ible that so magnificent a Palaearctic species should not
have been long ago detected and described; and this is
probably the reason that Mr. Saunders, though marking it
as a “new species” in his list, has apparently neither

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1911.—PART I. (MAY) H

H8 Rev. F. D. Morice on

named it, nor prepared a description of it. Limagine that
he expected to find one, when he should be able to return
home and consult books which he had not by him in the sea-
side lodgings where his last MSS. were composed. I have
failed, however, to encounter such descriptions; and as a
search through the collections of Larridae (European,
African, and Asiatic) in the British Museum (South
Kensington) has revealed no species much resembling the
present—except, as aforesaid, monetaria, Sm.—I can only
treat it as new.

What Smith calls the “ beautiful tessellated appearance ”
of the golden-haired abdomen in monetaria is a striking
character also in superbiens. The same phenomenon is
described in greater detail by Lepelletier in his account of
7’. illudens (but that is generally supposed to be a Liris,
and it cannot, at any rate, be the insect now under con-
sideration). Really the whole abdomen is clothed with
minute golden hairs, but these only become visible when
they reflect the light at certain particular angles; and the
result is that, when looked at from behind, the abdomen
appears chequered (like a chessboard) with alternate
squares of hght and darkness, these squares shifting their
position, and sometimes actually becoming reversed, when
the point of view is altered.

Nigra, dense punctulata; abdomine, mandibulis in medio, pedum-
que apicibus testaceis ; tegulis ochraceo-flavidis ; alarum superiorum
margine apicali late infuscato, basi ac disco hyalinis. Pedes robusti,
spinosi. Metatarsi antici serie subaequali 6 spinarum armati, spinis
his in 9 testaceis, validis, rectis, in ¢ albidis, multo minoribus.

Oculi in vertice (praecipue in ¢) valde approximati. Distantia
horum longitudini antenn. artic. 4 in 9, 5° in ¢ subaequalis
(certe non maior sed ut videtur aliquanto minor quam in T’ frey-
gessnert, Kohl). Neque antennae, neque clypeus notam ullam
singularem praebent. Huius parsapicalis in 9 nonnihil deplanatur
vel imprimitur, margine (in medio) subproducto, sed lenissime.

2. Caput, thorax cum propodeo, basisque segmenti abdominalis
1™, pilis tenuibus albidis subhirta. Praeterea facies, tempora pone
oculos, latera thoracis plus minusve, pedesque partim (e.g. femora
quatuor anteriora subtus), itemque margo mesonoti totus (7. e. antice
postice et in lateribus) et postscutellum (non autem scutellum) pilis
stratis vel substratis argenteis pulcherrime resplendent, Abdomen
pube aureo-sericea revera quidem totum conspersum, specie vero,
secundum lucis incidentias varias, varie tessellatum ; (parte pilositatis

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria: the Sphegidae. 99

nunc hac, nune illa, modo apparente, modo oculos fallente). Area
pygidialis pilis rufescenti-aureis vestita.

g. Pilositas dispositione similis, sed pallidior; neque argenteo-
(facie excepta) neque aureo- tam distincte ac conspicue quam in 9
micans.

Long. 17 mm. (¢ )-22 mm. (? ).

1 7, 1 9. Bone, on Statice, 30. vii, 97. A. EK. E.
2274, 1. Bone, visiting Cynanchum acutum, 17. 18., and
20. vii, 97. A. E. E.

Mr. Eaton has noted that in life the eyes of the ? are
greenish, those of the ¢ “ pitch-black.”

TACHYTES MACULICORNIS, Saunders

Described in Trans. Ent. Soc. 1910., Part IV.

2 $4,1 9. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 24. and 28. v and 19.
yi, 9%. AEE.

S 5,0 29%. Biskra; 18.v to 4. vi; 98,, .F. D. M.

The ¢ taken by Mr. Eaton was stylopised.

TACHYTES AENEA, Saunders

Described in Trans. Ent. Soc., /. ¢.
2 ¢¢. Biskra, “near railway, kilom. 199,” 25. iv, 97.
A. E. E.

TACHYTES FREYGESSNERI, Kohl

38 4. Bone, “on sandy ground,” 29. vii, 97. A. E. E.

229. Médéa, on Daucus setifolius, 30. vii and 2 viii, 93.
A. E. E.

229. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 18, vi and 2. viii, 97.
A. E. E.

“ Hyes of f dull green”... “eyes of 2 green” (A. E. E.
MS.).

TACHYTES BISKRENSIS, Saunders

Described in Trans. Ent. Soc., 1. ¢.
1 3,19. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 22. vi, 97. A. E. E.
(In the Coll. the # is accidentally ticketed as a 9.)

TACHYTES SIMILLIMA, Kohl
394,499. Biskra. “Eyes caesious, visits Zizyphus
(abusincoxdy, Oi A
OFidew poe Biskra; 9.cy-L1.vi, 98.;. FD: M.
H 2

Fe
100 Rev. F. D. Morice on

TACHYTES TRICOLOR, F,
1 g. Biskra, “ visiting Amberboa lippit ; eyes light green-
ish or light yellowish-green,” 11. iv, 95. A. E. E

1 g. Le Tarf, in the cornfields on Ammi visnaga, 27. vi,
96. A.B. E.

TACHYTES OBSOLETA, Rossi

1. f. Biskra; 9, v, 98... EF. D. M.
This specimen was determined by Herr Kohl.

TACHYTES AMBIDENS, Kohl (det. ipse !)
i 2 Biskra,: 20. Wace. 0 pe. eI,

TACHYTES EUROPAEA, Kohl

2 ff. Between Tizi Ouzou and Azazga, on Mentha:
“ eyes light sap-green,’ 13. vi, 938. A. E. E.

1 @. Médéa, on Eryngium triquetrum: “eyes black,”
26..v1, 03.. CAS Ba:

TACHYSPHEX SYRIACUS, Kohl

Mr. Saunders in his MS. list calls this species “ heliopo-
lites, Morice.” But I am satisfied that it is not the species
described by me under that name from Egypt. It is far
larger. The hairs of the face are silvery in the 9, fuscous
or even black in the f. (In heliopolites both sexes have
the face white-haired.) The pygidial area of the @ is
different both in shape and sculpture (vide infra—in helio-
polites it is tectiform, shining, and very slightly striated,
almost smooth except for a few large but ill-defined
punctures). The ff quite agree with specimens from
Egypt which were determined for me as syriacus by the
author, and so I venture to call it. (In rubbed specimens
only two bands of silvery hairs appear on the abdomen,
and Kohl’s original description gives this as a character of
his species. But others in better condition show 3 or even
4 complete silvery bands in a good light. They are best
seen by looking at the specimen from in front.)

As I am not aware that the 2? has yet been described, I
give a diagnosis of its characters.

Q mari simillima. Nigra, abdomine concolore, albido-pilosa.
Frontis, clypei, etc., pilositas argentea, non (ut in ¢) fusca vel
nigra. Segmentorum abdominalium apices fasciis latis argenteis
ornati, revera continuis, quamvis, postice visae, interruptae videan-

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria: the Sphegidae. 101

tur. Mandibulae basibus argenteo-pilosis, in medio cum parte pedum
(tarsis, tibiarum apicibus, etc.) testaceae. Tegulae venaeque alarum
lutescentes. Harum cellula cubitalis 2"* superne angusta, 3"*
Jatior ; forma huius paene ut in 7, panzeri.

Metatarsi antici spinis plurimis (12-13) longis sed tenuissimis
pectinati. Oculi in vertice circiter antenn. articuli 3"! longitudine
(vel paullo minus) inter se distant. (Minus certe quam in 7’
fluctuato.) Area pygidialis opaca, plana, dense granulosa (vel
reticulato-punctulata), punctis nonnullis maioribus subobsoletis
conspersa.

Long. circ. 13 mm.

1 gf. Médéa, on Daucus setifolius, “Eyes light egg-
yellow,” 8. vii, 93. A. EK. E.

1 f,1 9. La Calle, 4. and 19. vu, 96. A. E. E.

1 f. Le Tarf, “ visiting heads of Cynara cardunculus, 28.
vii, 96. A. E. E.

2 $4,199. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, “ Kyes of f¢ light
yellowish green, of 2 dull greenish,” 20-25. v,97. A. KE. E.

1 f. Bone, “ Eyes bright yellow,” 30. vii, 97. A. E. E.

3 2%. Biskra, 20. and 30. v, 98. F. D. M.

TACHYSPHEX FLUCTUATUS, Gent.

i. Biskra, 28. iv, 95. A. EH. E.

2 ff. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, “ Eyes bright yellow or
greenish yellow, according to the point of view,” 22. vi, 97.
A. E. E.

1 gf. Bone, on Luphorbia paralias, 5. vi, 96. A. E. E.

1 gf. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 18. vi, 97. A. E. KE.

(A very large specimen with red legs and dull-red base
to the abdomen. Mr. Saunders submitted it to Herr Kohl,
who considered that it was a variety of fluctwatus.)

Sita: miskra, 15.-25, v, 98, F.1D. M.

So many specimens having occurred, it seems rather
curious that all were f 2.

TACHYSPHEX FILICORNIS, Kohl

1 9. Hussein Dey, 4. iv, 98. A. E. E.
1 9. Alger, 18. iv, 93. A. E. E.
12) Biskra, 19> v, 985 FL... M.

TACHYSPHEX MEDITERRANEUS, Kohl
1 9. Philippeville, 21. vi, 98. F. D. M.

i
102 Rev. F. D. Morice on

TACHYSPHEX NITIDUS, Spin.

“ee 1 g,1 9. Biskra, on Euphorbia guyoniana, 1. ii, 95.
EK. E.

1 ¢. Médéa, on Eryngium triquetrum, 29. vi, 93. A. E. E.
5 oo; 2 29 Biskra, 2. 10,95 and 6-21. wv, 97" BoE
2g 1-2) Bene! 3! ix 96and 31. vit, 97) EE.
823,399. Alger, 29. iii-21. iv, 98. F. D. M.

OE WPS edo Biskra, B20) hy 98) Fe AE

(7) 1 &% Biskra (probably nitidus, but Mr. Saunders notes
of it, “has the vertex rather more convex and narrower
than in normal specimens ”), 20. v, 98. F. D. M.

TACHYSPHEX EATONI, Saunders

Described in Trans. Ent. Soc. 1910, Part IV.
1 2. Biskra (road to Hammam es Salahin), 5. iv, 97.

TACHYSPHEX, sp. ? (probably schiniedeknechti, Kohl)
12. Biskra, 19. v, 98. F. D. M:

TACHYSPHEX PHILIPPI, Saunders

Described in Trans. Ent. Soc. 1910, Part IV.
1 2. Philippeville, 21. vi, 98. F. D. M.

TACHYSPHEX COSTAE, Kohl
1 ¢. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, “eyes yellow,” 22. vi. 97.

A. E. E.

TACHYSPHEX JULLIANI, Koll
Lf? 2.0 iBiskra 20k 98: HI. ME

TACHYSPHEX LATIVALVIS, Thoms. (Black variety.)
19. Bone, “visiting Huphorbia paralias. Kyes
piceous,” 2. vii, 97. A. EH. E.

TACHYSPHEX PYGIDIALIS, Kohl

3 ff. Biskra, on Ammz visnaga, 25. v,93 and 15.-24.
v, 97. AEE

4 $f. Biskra, among Tamarix, etc., above the barrage,
10. and 11. 1iv, 97. A. EB:

Of these specimens Mr. Eaton notes: “Eyes yellowish
green, Basks on the sand with antennae porrect, and
though common is hard to catch, because it very often

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria: the Sphegidae. 103

frequents spots at the borders of bushes and under the
ends of their branches.”

1 gf. Bone, on Huphorbia paralias, 5. viii, 97. A. E. E.

1 9. Le Tarf, “visitng heads of Cynara cardunculus,”
23. vil, 96. A. E. E.

1 9. Biskra, on Zizyphus lotus, 25. iv, 97, A. EK. E,

229. Biskra, about Nitraria tridentata, 21, and 28. v,
Bio SA Hie Be

32d. Constantine, 15.‘and 17: vi, 98: -F: DM.

1 g. Philippeville, 20. vi, 98. F. D. M.

9 f f and 3 2 9. Biskra, 4. v. to 30. vi, 98. F. D, M.

This is probably the commonest of all Zachysphex spp.
in Algeria, occurring everywhere, and under all sorts of
circumstances.

TACHYSPHEX PSILOPUS, Kohl

3 ¢ 2%. Biskra, “above the barrage. Eyes dull light
yellowish green,” 4-18. iv, 97. A. E.E,

ae a... Biskra, 5.'v and fv, 98, °F. D) Me

TACHYSPHEX [EDUARDI], Saunders
Described in Trans, Ent. Soc. 1910, Part IV.
1 f. Biskra, on Zizyphus lotus, 30. iv, 95. <A, EK. E,
24g. Biskra, “eyes light yellowish green,” 22. iv, 97.
A. E. E. ‘
19. Bone, “visiting Zryngium triquetrum,” 6. vii, 96.

A. E. E

TACHYSPHEX PECTINIPES, L.

19. Constantine, 16. vi, 98. F. D. M.

It would seem that this extremely common European
species is quite a rarity on the other side of the Mediter-
ranean! (Kohl, however, mentions North Africa as one
of its habitats, and this specimen was submitted to and
its determination verified by him.)

TACHYSPHEX GRACILITARSIS, Saunders

Described in Trans. Ent. Soc. 1910, Part 1V.

16 2 9. Biskra, 30. v to 9. vi, 98. F. D. M.

Although the 2 @ were so abundant, I do not seem to
have taken any $2, and I had very nearly the same
experience in the same locality with the allied species
ponzeri, The 29 are of course larger and more striking

104 fe F. D. Morice on

insects than their partners ; and it may be that, finding
them simply swarming on Ammuz visnaga, I unconsciously
limited my captures to what appeared the finest specimens.
(Or, possibly, the ¢ ¢ of gracilitarsis were “over” at
Biskra before I arrived, but this seems less likely.)

TACHYSPHEX PANZERI, Kohi

Lf 1 9. Biskra- 16-24. iv, 97. ALE,

1 ¢. Médéa, on Centaurea nicacensis (or Scabiosa
maritima ?), 26. vi, 93 A. E. E.

1 g¢. Aine Draham (Tunisie), 22. vi, 96. A. E. E.

22°. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 24. v, 97. A. E. E.

1 9. Biskra, on Mitraria tridentata, 21.v, 97. A.E. E.

2 ft, 12. Bone, on Salsola kali, 19. and 20. viii, 97.

2 ta 9. Bone, S00. -wit, (975) VAS Woe:

From Mr. Eaton’s notes I gather thatthe eyes of the f f
were generally bright or yellowish green ; those of the ? 2
darker, bluish or sea-green (glaucous).

89 9. Biskraa.v—7. vi, 98: FS DOM

1 2. Constantine, 15. vi, 98. F. D. M.

TACHYSPHEX PANZERI, var. ORANIENSIS
1 2. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 30.v, 97. A. EB. E.

TACHYSPHEX PANZERI, var. DISCOLOR
1. Biskra, 20 av, 97.) A: BOB,
Dt Biskran ivy 96.) 0b. ), M.

TACHYSPHEX VESTITUS, Kohl

1 g. Biskra (“‘ Hammam es Salahin on the sandhills”),
boy, Oi AEE,

1.0; sBiskiras2 0); 498.;, ch’. .,.M.

Mr Saunders has a note in the margin of his list as
follows :

“The ¢ specimen of this species was named for me
by Kohl himself. The 2 which I associate with it resem-
bles the ¢ in the dense silvery (in some lights more or
less golden) pubescence which so clothes the head, thorax
and propodeum that the sculpture is invisible. The vertex
between the eyes is about equal to the length of the 2nd
joint of the flagellum. The abdomen (which is broadly
banded with silvery pubescence), and the legs are entirely

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria: the Sphegidae. 105

clear testaceous. The front metatarsi with a comb of
seven long pale spines, the two basal ones shorter than
the others.”

TACHYSPHEX PSAMMOBIUS, Kohl

1 . Constantine, “ visiting Hehiwm caeruleum,” 16, v. 95.
A. E. E.

TACHYSPHEX CAPITALIS, Saunders }

Described in Trans. Ent. Soc. 1910, Part IV.
Oe Biskra: 9! vir 98.0" FD, M,

TACHYSPHEX PIAGETIOIDES, Saunders

Described in Trans. Ent. Soc. 1910, Part IV.
io. Biskray 12>vi.98..- Ho. MM.

TACHYSPHEX, sp. ?

3 $2, probably belonging to one species, and unde-
scribed ; but without the other sex, and possessing as they
do no striking characters, it seems impossible to deal with
them satisfactorily.

Biskra, 6.—12:'v, 98. F. D. M.

TACHYSPHEX, sp. ?
A single f with the antennae evidently deformed.

Biskra, 14: vy, 98.2 2. D.: M.

ANCISTROMMA EUROPAEA, Mercet

19. Azazga (at an altitude of 1600 feet), 22. ix, 93.
A. E. E.

This species, and also the Genus to which it is referred,
are very recent additions to the Palaearctic Fauna. Both
were introduced along with a second species (A. maligna)
by Sefior Mercet in February 1910. Mr. Eaton’s specimen
was taken some years before the earliest capture yet re-
corded of a Palaearctic Ancistromma, and is also (I believe)
the only one hitherto recorded as occurring elsewhere than
in Spain. Previous to 1910 the genus was known only
as North American ; and it was first established (by W. J.
Fox) in 1903—the same year in which Mr, Eaton made
his capture! (Cf. Kohl Die Gattungen der Sphegiden,
Genus 38.)

a
106 Rev. F. D. Morice on

PROSOPIGASTRA MORICEI, Mercet

Described in Boletin de la Real Soc. espanola de His..
nat., July 1907, from one of the specimens here recosded..
The species is so like P. laevior, described by myself in
1897 from Egypt, that neither Mr. Saunders nor I had
considered it distinct, and, in fact, I sent it to Sefior Mercet
as a “duplicate” of laevior. In Mr. Saunders’s MS. list.
it still bears the latter name, but I think he had not
seen the specimens since the description of moricei was
published. The ? 2, both of /wevior and moricei, are still
unknown; the chief difference between the ? 9 lies in the
form and sculpture of the “area pygidialis” (vide figs. 2
and 3 in Mercet’s Paper).

4 2 2. Constantine, 16.-18. vi, 98. F. D. M.

PROSOPIGASTRA INSIGNIS, Saunders

Described in Trans. Ent. Soc. 1910, Part IV.

The species, or at least the type-specimen here recorded,
is quite startlingly larger than any of our other Proso-
pigastra spp. !

Le. Biskra, Vivi, 98: “B.D: M.

GASTROSERICUS MORICEL, Saunders
Described in Trans. Ent. Soc., /. e.
1/o) Biskray 7 ive 98ou H, 1). IM.

DINETUS SIMPLICIPES, Saund.

Described in Trans. Ent. Soc., /. ¢.

4 fg f. Bone, 4. vi, 96. A. E. E.

Mr. Eaton notes as to these specimens, “Eyes tinged
towards the orbits in front and behind with brownish,
this colour leaving the middle lateral space (from the jaw
upwards) olive-greenish, and intersected subvertically by
a movable dark streak that slants downwards towards the
lower end of the posterior orbit.”

ligfste Vari hi, iy96:. (A. 1. Wis)

DINETUS DENTIPES, Saund.

Described in Trans. Ent. Soe., /. ¢.

320.4, 1 9... Biskra, BOsiv,.94 Ac HE:

“ Aoile and difficult to net. . . . They rest on the sand,
with antennae porrect and close together, Often near

- Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria: the Sphegidae. 107

Cynodon dactylon, and beside hummocks of Limonrastrum
guyonianum.” (A. EK. E. MSS.)
8 a4. Biskra, 6. and 9. iv, 97.. A. E. E.

LAPHYRAGOGUS PICTUS, Kohl

1 9. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 6. v, 98. F. D. M.

I think I took at least one other specimen, but gave it
away very soon. The same species has occurred to me at
Cairo, but only 2. The Z, if I mistake not, is still

unknown.

PALARUS HUMERALIS, Duf.

2f 2,19. Médéa, on Hryngium triquetrum. “ Kyes of
f reddish-brown,” 27. vi and 10, vii, 93. A. E. _
5 a & 499. Biskra, on Ammz visnaga, 19. v—22. vi, 97.

ee 1? &. Biskra, 0) vo. vi, 9S. °F. DD: M.

PALARUS LEPIDUS, KI].

The synonymy of the smaller Palarus spp. is much
confused, and Mr. Saunders appears to have had some
doubt what to call these specimens.

They agree entirely with Egyptian insects in my collec-
tion which were determined for me by Herr Kohl as
lepidus. I did not find this species in Algeria myself;
probably I left before it had appeared.

1 f. Médéa, on Lryngium triquetrum, 29, vi, 938. A. EK. E.

1 2. Médéa, on Lryngiwm triquetrum, 28. vi, 93. A. EH. E.

12 Aine Kriar, 22. vi, 96. A. E. E.

PALARUS SP. ? (aetus, K1., sec. E. Saunders)

Mr. Saunders considered this to be a 2 of laetus, K1., of
which, according to Herr Kohl i. litt., Aistrio, Spin., is a
synonym. As I only know f f of laetws (taken by myself in
Egypt and determined by Kohl), I cannot say for certain
that this is not its 2; but I am more inclined to think
that it belongs to the species next to be recorded whose f
was taken in the same locality (Biskra), and in general
appearance agrees extremely well with it. (I believe that
laetus is only recorded from Egypt, though it is quite
likely that it may occur algo in Algeria.) But it must be
admitted that the present insect agrees perfectly with

er
108 Rev. F. D. Morice on

Klug’s description of /aetus , except that the antennae
cannot, I should say, be called “fusco-annulatae.”

1 2. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga. “Eyes bluish-ash,”
8. wil; OF. Ae:

PALARUS DISPUTABILIS, n. sp.

3d. P. laeto, K1., fere omnibus notis similis: sed forma segmenti
ventralis 2", pyg ae et seutelli, certe (ut opinor) distinctus.

Antennae pedum que bases vix conspicue infuscatae. Scutellum
totum flavum, magis transversum quam in laeto, forma trapezoidali,
antice quam postice multo latius. Segmenti ventralis 2" pars
apicalis callose quidem assurgens, sed leniter ac sensim, haud (ut in
laeto) a latere visa in formam tuberculi magni subquadrati elevata.
Abdomen apice haud “ tridentato,” sed potius uni-mucronato (angulis
lateralibus pygidii non dentiformibus, sed omnino obtusis vel rotun-
datis ; apice medio solum in mucronem satis longum producto).
Segmenta abd. dorsalia 1-5, quodque ante flavedinis suae apicem
utrinque maculam minimam curvatam, vel potius impressionem,
tenuem sed distinctam, plus minusve decoloratam, spiraculo haud
dissimilem, exhibet: cuius rei in P. laeto ne vestigium quidem
invenire potui.

Oculi (nune quoque, hoe est post duodecim annos !) colore omnino
alio atque in laeto; scilicet rufo-brunneo suffusi (in laeto potius
virescentes).

Scapi antennarum antice flavi (in /aeto obscuri).

Long. cire. 8 mm.

The above characters appear to me amply sufficient to
distinguish disputabilis ¢ from laetus ¢. Unfortunately
the most important of them relate to points of structure
in which the sexes differ, and cannot therefore be used to
ascertain their respective ? 9.

Two of them at least, however, viz. (1) the feeble dis-
coloured impressions at the side of each abdominal yellow
fascia (looking like a row of spiracles down each side of
the dorsum) and (2) the transverse trapezoidal form of
the scutellum and its entirely yellow colour, appear in the
Q just mentioned, and called by Mr. Saunders laetus 9.
On this ground, and also on account of its complete
general resemblance to disputabilis 2, and its occurrence
in the same locality at a slightly later date in the season,
I believe it to be the @ of the latter.

(I ought to say that in /epidus also, though not in laetus,
I can see indications of spiracle-like impressions in the

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria: the Sphegidae. 109

yellow abdominal fasciae, but they are not nearly so
noticeable as in the insects now under consideration.)

1 ¢. Biskra, 6. vi, 98. F. D. M.

(2.19. Biskra, 8. vit, 97. A. E. E. Vide above.)

Nysson BRAUERI, Handl.

1 2. Le Tarf, on Foeniculum vulgare, 26. vii, 96. A. E. E.
1 f,2 29. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 23. v—19. vi, 97.
E. E.

‘1 ft Biskra, 27. v, 98. F.D. M.

I cannot find any records of the capture of this insect
since it was described by Handlirsch from a single $ (taken
at Sétif, Province of Oran) in the Vienna Museum. My
specimen was determined by Kohl.

The ? is therefore, I suppose, undescribed. As might
be expected, its structural characters (like those of the 2)
connect it closely with scalaris. The antennae, however,
and also the scutellum with the adjoining posterior corners
of the mesonotum, and the apex of the pygidial area are
fulvous or yellowish (not black); and the latter area
appears somewhat more strongly and regularly punctured.
The silvery tomentum, characteristic of many desert
species, is very conspicuous in these insects. The carinated
frontal tubercle seems to me to be quite identical in the
two forms. In fact, I can see nothing except colour and
pubescence-characters to distinguish them,

NyYSSON EPEOLIFORMIS, var. DITIOR, var. nov.

I am not sure but that this form has as good a claim
as brauert to be described as a distinct species. It ditfers
from typical epeoliformis very much as brauert from
scalaris. The antennae are not infuscated except at their
extreme apices. The whole pronotum, nearly the whole
of the mesopleurae, the whole scutellum and postscutellum,
and a great part of the propodeal spines are yellow, and
the abdomen is principally of that colour, none of the
fasciae being interrupted, and only those of segments 2
and 3 being incised (triangularly) at their bases. Its
puncturation and rugulosities (propodeal, ete.) appear
weaker and shallower than in epeoliformis ~ f from
Albania; but the difference is slight, and in all main
points of structure it agrees with the latter so exactly
that I cannot convince myself of its specific distinctness.

110 F. D. Morice on

(In one specimen the 2nd and 3rd cubital nervures are
exactly confluent on the radius, in the other they are
separated by an exceedingly small interval—about equal
to the thickness of the radius itself.) The quadridenticu-
late clypeus is exactly that of epeoliformis.

Zio id biskra; Ol y.98. 1D: Me

NYSSON, sp. ?

19. Médéa, 29..vi, 93. A. EH. E.
19, Bone, 10. vi, 96. iA. HE, E.
1 9. Philippeville, 20. v, 98. F.D. M.

This is perhaps undescribed, but I think it better not
to give it a name, especially as I have a suspicion that it
may be the other sex of a new Spanish % kindly com-
municated to me by Sefior Mercet. In size and colour it
resembles dimidiatus, but is much more strongly punctured,
the antennae (at least beneath) are distinctly pale, and
the collar bears two transverse oval spots of yellow which
are conspicuous and quite similar in all three specimens.

NYSSON ERUBESCENS, n. sp.

1 g. Biskra, 24. v, 98. A- E. E.

1 9. Biskra, 4. vi, 98. F. D. M.

This species, | think, must be new. In colour it seems
very nearly, though not in every detail, to resemble
rufus, Hdl. of which the author only knew the . But
in structure it appears to be altogether unlike that species,
having a distinct though small tuberculation between the
antennae, a different form of 2nd ventral segment, and
a perfectly normal 9 pygidial area.

Rufo-testaceus, argenteo sericans ac partim pilosus, capite et
sternis nigris, propodeo (¢) et abdominis dorso (¢ et 2) plus
minusve nigricante vel nigro (in @ solum lateraliter). Flavent
antennarum fulvescentium bases antice, mandibulae in . medio,
clypeus, pronoti fascia subinterrupta basalis, tegulae alarum, pedumque
fulvescentium tibiae cum genubus externe. Segmentum abd. dorsale
1™™" macula magna utrinque flava, segmenta 2-4 fasciis angustis
flavis ornata, his in @ vix, in ¢ latius interruptis. Spinularum
propodealium apices albidi.

Tempora pone oculos satis longe distincte marginata. Frons inter
antennas quasi in tuberculum elevata et plus minusve rufescens.
Antennae in ¢ subclavatae articulo ultimo curvato ac truncato,
penultimis 2 simul sumptis parum breviore. Segmentum ventrale

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria: the Sphegidae. 111

2""" basi truncatum potius (sed obtuse) quam simpliciter rotundatum :
segm. ventralia subapicalia fimbriis nullis. Pygidium ¢ bidentatum
vel bispinosum, 9 simplex (haud ut in rufo quasi-bidenticulatum),
Collaris anguli apicales bene definiti, in Q etiam acuti.

Puncta corporis subcoriacei mediocriter densa ac crassa.

Alae anticae venae cubitales 2 et 3 in radio haud confluentes, sed
inter se fere tantum distantes quantum cellulae 2° apex a radio.
Area analis alae posticae paullo post originem cubiti terminata.

Long. circ. 6 mm.

ALYSON RATZBURGI, Dhlb.

2224, 1 §. Constantine, visiting Thapsia garganica
17. and 18. v, 95. <A. E. E.

DIDINEIS NIGRICANS, n. sp.
1 g. Biskra, 24. v, 98. F. D. M.

Species D. crassicorni, Hdl.,statura parva, antennarumque articulis
penultimis latitudine sua haud longioribus, similis et affinis. Differt
tamen articulo harum ultimo simpliciter curvato et elongato (haud
contorto) fere ut in D. lunicorni sed evidenter crassiore : item clypeo,
orbitis oculorum, scapis antennarum, tegulis alarum, tuberculisque
humeralibus flavedine omnino carentibus; facie inferne non
argenteo—sed potius pallide aureo—pubescente ; segmentis que
abdominis basalibus haud distincte rufis, sed poene totis nigris,
tantum marginibus ipsis valde obscure rufescentibus.

Clypeus evidenter tridentatus. Vertex politus, fere impunctatus,
Thorax cum abdomine toto superne subtilissime punctatus, et
inconspicue breviter pilosus. Puncta abd. segmenti 1™ sparsa sed
distineta, reliqui corporis densiora. Abdomen infra pilis longis
sub-pilosum.

Long. 5 mm.

This # seems clearly to stand nearer to crassicornis than
to lunicornis, but to be in certain respects intermediate
between them. Itseems far too small to be the 7 of either
wustnet or pannonica, since Handlirsch puts the length of
their 22 at 9-10 mm. and 9 mm. respectively. These
species are only known from the north part of the Balkan
district (Dalmatia, Hungary), and it is perhaps not very
likely that they should occur in Algeria.

It must certainly be a close ally ‘of erassicornis, but the
differences indicated above appear to me sufficient excuse
for treating it as specifically distinct.

It differs from any Didineis yet described in not. having

ee
112 Rev. F. D. Morice on

the base of the abdomen red, but whether this character
is specific or individual must be decided by means of
further captures,

GORYTES RHOPALOCERUS, Hdl.
1 &. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 21. v, 97. <A. E. E.

GORYTES SAHARAE, Hdl.

1 &. Biskra, on Deverra chlorantha, 13. v, 97. A. E. E.

1 @. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 30. v, 97. A. E. E.

The ¢ I believe is undescribed. It is exceedingly like
rhopalocerus, but differs from it (as does its 2) in being
considerably more strongly and deeply punctured and in
having all the hind tarsi conspicuously annulated at
their apices with black. (In rhopalocerus there is no black
on any of them except the claw-joint !)

Mr. Saunders in his MS. alludes to these specimens, and
also that which I call rhopalocerus, as “rufinodis?”. But I
feel sure they are to be separated and named as above
(cf. Handlirsch’s Supplement to his Monograph).
hujfinodis is an astern form, and not (as yet) known
except from the Araxes-valley in Armenia.

GORYTES GAZAGNAIREI, Hdl.

1 ¢. Sidi Ferruch (on coast to west of Alger), 8. v, 93.
A. E. E.

1 ¢. Constantine, visiting Thapsia garganica, 18. v, 95.
A. EK. E.

1 g. Bone, on Mentha rotundifolia, 10. viii, 97. A. E. E.

1 9. Philippeville, 20. vi, 98. F. D. M.

GoORYTES FAIRMAIREI, Hdl.
2 ¢%. Constantine, visiting Ferula communis, 14-22, v,
Ob PAUSE,
1 ¢. Bone, on Huphorbia helioscopia, 4. v, 96. <A. E. E.
I found this little-known species quite abundant in both

sexes, always on Merula, at Hammam-bou-hadjar (Province
of Oran) in April 1910.

GORYTES PLEURIPUNCTATUS, Costa

2 $f. Constantine. “ Both asleep, standing on all their
legs, with wings half open, and chins rather tucked in,
fully exposed—a few inches apart—on a leaf of

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria: the Sphegidae. 113

Athamantha sicula...in an old quarry,” 31. v, 95,
A. E. E.

1 & Bone, 23. v, 96. A. E. EB.

None of these males have the antennae simply black
except the yellow scape (cf. Handlirsch Mon.), but quite
fulvous beneath and nearly so above until the last 3 or 4
joints, which ave black practically. (On this account Mr.
Saunders’s. MS. queries them as “ pleuripunctatus?”. But
I have similar ¢¢ determined by Kohl and Schmiede-
knecht, and the character seems to vary indefinitely in
different specimens.) In one specimen only the sides of
the propodeum are marked with yellow, and this is the case
also with an Oran ¢ in my collection.

GoRYTES (HARPACTUS) LAEVIS, Latr., var. (?)
Lf 1 2, Biskra, 13. and 16.;iv, 97... -A.H. E.

I give the name with a note of interrogation because I
have reason to think that Mr. Saunders referred these speci-
mens to pulchellus, Costa. Apart from descriptions the latter
species is not known to me for certain. But I am quite
convinced that the present insects are only a form (closely
resembling in some points that described by Radoszkow-
sky under the name morawitzi) of the widely-distributed
and variable species to which I here assign them.

The yellow markings are exactly as in normal laevis,
except that the Ist abd. segment is immaculate. The
vertex behind the eyes, the whole dorsal surface of the
thorax, except the black middle area of the propodeum,
and the base of the abdomen are red.

Having compared these insects with many specimens
of laevis from other Mediterranean countries, I find no
character of structure or sculpture on which to separate
them. But they are rather small (cire. 54 mm.) and differ
from all my other specimens in having the hind tibiae and
tarsi not fuscous but clear testaceous, segm. 1 entirely
red, and segm. 2 mostly of that colour, but banded or
spotted at its base with black, and with a yellowish-white
apical fascia dilated at its sides exactly as in normal
laevis.

(Handlirsch, perhaps on Shuckard’s authority, makes
laevis not only acommon Palaearctic, but even a British
insect. This, I think, is a mistake. But its range is
certainly very wide. It has been taken by Saunders on

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1911.—PARTI. (MAY) I

a
114 Rev. F. D. Morice on

the coast of Brittany; by myself in Spain, South France,
Greece, Anatolia, Syria, and Egypt; and it was found by
Handlirsch himself in Algeria, though in a variety differ-
ing considerably from that here recorded. If the present
form be thought to require a distinguishing name, I would
suggest “ pyrrhobasis, var. nov.”)

GORYTES (HARPACTUS) DELICATULUS, n. sp.

A very small, brightly-variegated species; no doubt
nearly allied to laevis, pulchellus, ete., and especially to the
latter. The extent of red on the abdomen is unusual—it
is not confined to the basal segments, in fact it occupies
the discs at least of all the segments. Its white markings
also are very copious—they occur on every segment but
the last. The ocellar region and the middle of the meso-
notum are black, but otherwise even on the head and
thorax there is very little black except on the under-side.
And the generally pale appearance of the insect is made
paler still by the silvery pilosity which, as in other desert
species, clothes it more or less densely all over. Unfortu-
nately this pilosity conceals the fine sculpture (punctura-
tion, rugulosity, etc.) of certain areas (especially the pro-
podeum) so that any “characters” that may exist in it
are made practically unavailable. I have looked in vain
for any special peculiarity of a structural nature in these
insects, but their general appearance seems unlike that of
anything yet described. (In Mr. Saunders’s MS. list they,
appear as “sp. ?”.)

Caput antice lacteum fere totum, superne nigrum, postice (pone
ocellos) dilute-brunnescens temporibus fusco-maculatis. Pictura
facialis lactea vel albida fere usque ad ocellum anticum ascendit,
parvoque intervallo excepto spatium inter oculos totum oceupat,
In thorace albida sunt vel pallide flava—pronotum paene totum,
mesonoti areae laterales cum tegulis alarum et parte pleurarum, scu-
tellum,postscutellum, et propodei maculae 2 magnae laterales. Abdo-
men usque ad apicem pallide-testaceum, segmentis nonnullis partim
nigricantibus (sed parcissime !), apicibus omnium (excepto ultimo)
albido-fasciatis, fasciis latis et, ut videtur, semper integris. Antenne
pallide fulvescentes, superne plus minusve infuscatae, basi antice
albida. Pedes colore simili, fusco plus minusve distincte lineati vel
maculati, tibiis tarsisque vel totis vel antice saltem albidis. Corpus
argenteo-sericans pilosumque, ita ut sculptura integumenti non facile
dignosei possit, Clypeus simplex, apice lenissime late emarginato,

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria: the Sphegidae. 115

Vertex fere planus (certe haud tumidus !). Ocelli utriusque postici
distantia et ab ocello antico et ab oculo fere eadem (scilicet diametri
sui longitudini subaequalis!), Antennae ¢ normales, articulis
omnibus longioribus quam latioribus, forma fere simplici.

Long. 35-5 mm.

1 gf. Biskra, “Eyes sap green,” 30. iv, 94. <A. E, E.

12.1 9, Biskra, 9. iv,97. A. EE.

KOHLIA COXALIS, Morice

3 ¢ 2. Biskra, on Amz visnaga, “ Eyes glaucous or sea-
green, 24. and 5£.v, 97. A. E. E.

3 2 4. Biskra, 31. v and 6. and 9. vi, 98. EF. D. M.

24 2. Biskra,.o, and 9. yi; 98. B.D. M.

STIZUS TRIDENS, F. var. ?

The 2 have the clypeus and labrum more or less
largely marked with yellow, whereas Handlirsch says of
tridens , “Facies semper omnino nigra.” Notwithstanding,
I believe these insects belong to that species. Saunders
in his MS. list refers them doubtfully to cyanescens, Rad.
But with the latter as described by Handlirsch they agree
neither in puncturation nor pilosity. Apart from the
yellow ? clypeus, ete., they seem to me absolutely normal
tridens; and I may say that I have a 2 from Palestine,
determined by Herr Kohl as ¢ridens, in which though the
labrum is black, and the clypeus mostly so, there is a
small patch of yellow on the latter (towards the apex of
its longitudinal diameter).

I do not know whether the ordinary form of tridens &
has been recorded from Algeria. There is none such
among Mr. Eaton’s captures, and I did not find the species
there at all.

2 ff. Bone, on Luphorbia paralias, “eyes dark greenish,”
Bevin, OF. A. Hy B.

2 f f. Bone, “ visiting Homopterous blight on Jamar,”
9. vill, 97. A. E. E.

5 29. Bone, on sandy ground, 6.viii, 96, 2. ix, 96, 26. vii,
oy. A. K, E.

1 2. Médéa, on Lryngium triquetrum, 10. vii, 93. A. E. EH.

5 22. Le Tarf, on Foeniculwm vulgare, 24, and 27. vii.
po. A. EL E. : ;

299. La Calle, burrowing in sand “near the water’s
edge,” 4. and 15. vii, 96. A. E. E.

1 9. Biskra, visiting Tamaria, 21. iv, 97. <A. E. E.

[2

cae
116 Rev. F. D. Morice on

STIZUS ACANTHOMERUS, 0. sp.

Tridenti, F., simillimus et affinis ; pictura simili, sed pallidiore
(subvirescenti-lactea), et paullo ditiore, (Scutellum fascia magna
continua vel interrupta, postscutellum fascia continua semper
ornatum. Abdominis fasciae omnes continue, fascia segm. 1™
postice haud emarginata.) ¢ antennis ut in tridente constructis,
ventre inermi. facie semper flavo-picta.

A tridente propter notas sequentes certe distinctus—(a) Ocelli
postici ab oculis evidenter minus quam inter se distant. (b) Anten-
narum insertiones a clipeo area frontalis oblonga bene definita (lati-
tudinis suae dimidio haud (g) vel non multo (9) brevior) separat.
(c) Femora postica ¢ subtus excavata in fine sulci huius apicali
armantur (fere ut in S. meridionali) spinula wna erecta nigra.
(d) Corpus minus hirsutum, pilis brevioribus et, ut videtur, mol-
lioribus plerumque minus erectis. Punctulatio thoracis concinnior,
aequalis, subtilissima, densissima, sine punctis maioribus conspicwis.
(e) 2 praeter corporis flavedinem ditiorem distinguitur statim
antennis pedibusque nigredine omnino carentibus (solum nonnus-
quam leniter rufescentibus). (f) ¢ tibia postica fortius incrassato-
dilatata sed minus spinosa (spinulis saltem brevioribus).

624,299. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 18.80. v, 93.
A, E. E.

3 2. Biskra, on Deverra chlorantha, 13.v,97. A. E. E.

1 f. Biskra, on Zizyphus lotus, 14. v, 97. A. E. E.

3224. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 19. and 21. v and 19.
vi, 97.) Al Rak.

8 ff. Biskra, 18. v—4, vi, 98. FD) M.
11 9 9. Biskra, 20. v-11. vi, 98. F. D. M.

STIZUS DISCOLOR, Handl.

1 9. Biskra on Ammi visnaga, 18. v, 93. A. E. KE.
224,329. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 24. v-22. vi, 97.
K. E

‘733,59. Biskra, 30. v-9. vi, 98. F.D. M.

STIZUS MAYRI, Handl.

19,19. Azazga, on Mentha, “altitude of about 1420
ft; 13, vi, 93.0 A... EK,

4 $. Le Tarf, “on sandy ground,” 17. vi, 96. A. E. E.

The ? seems to be undescribed. Comparing it with
peregrinus § I find no distinguishing structural character
whatever, and even the coloration is almost identieal—

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria: the Sphegidae. 117

only the abdominal fasciae appear wider, through being
much less widely and deeply bi-excised in front. (This
makes the two sexes superficially more similar than in
other related species (peregrinus, gazagnairer) where the ¢
is generally a more brightly-coloured insect than the 9.)
(Mr. Saunders’s MS. alludes to another ? “ Near Médéa,
alt. about 3180 ft., burrowing in sandy soil about 1 p.m.
15. vii, 93, A. E. E.,” but I cannot find this specimen in
his collection, and do not know what has become of it.)

STIZUS GAZAGNAIREI, Handl. (?)

1 2. Constantine, 15. vi, 98, F. D. M.

I am somewhat doubtful about this determination,
partly because of the date of the capture, and partly
because the specimen is a little (but only a very little)
more highly coloured than any of a series of 2 2 before
me which are certainly gazaynairei, taken by myself-with
their males at Hamman Bou Hadjar (Province of Oran) in
April, before any other Stizus had appeared. In this
specimen the clypeus is entirely yellow, and the legs show
no black markings between the extreme bases of the
femora and the unguiculi, while in all the Oran 2 ? the
former has a black central spot at its base, and the latter
vary considerably in the extent of their infuscation but
are never quite immaculate. Still I do not know what
else it can possibly be, and its abdominal fasciae are
abbreviated at their sides, and that on segm. 5 reduced to
a mere central spot, exactly as in normal gazagnairei. It
seems not impossible that the brighter coloration of the
Constantine specimen may be a consequence of its appear-
ance at a later date, or to some climatic difference between
East and West Algeria; but it is perhaps rash to theorise
about a single specimen which may after all belong to
some distinct but cognate species. Several forms of this
Group and those near to it have their f f abundantly
distinct, but their 2 2 almost indeterminable when they
occur in isolated specimens apart from the other sex; (cf.

Handlirsch’s Synoptic Tables of the 2 2 passim !)

STIZUS ZIBANENSIS, 0. sp.

In Mr. Saunders’s MS. these specimens are listed as
meridionalis, Costa, but that species is not otherwise
represented in his collection, and though its description

or
118 Rev. F. D. Morice on

suits them in the main point, viz. that the 8rd ¢ ventral
segment bears a tooth, it appears to me that they have
structural characters which distinguish them from the real
meridionalis, Of the latter I have several specimens, but
unfortunately ¢ ¢ only, from 8. Italy (Taranto) and Corfu.
All these, besides being darker insects, with narrower
abdominal fasciae, than zibanensis and very much more
black on the legs, differ from it in at least three points of
structure, viz. the hind femora have a definite and fairly
long ante-apical spine (in z2banensis there is only an
extremely short black tooth—more like a minute tubercle
than a spine !—), the hind tibiae are simple (in zibanensis
they are somewhat paradoxically compressed and twisted
slightly in the middle, so that in a particular point of view
both their lateral outlines appear distinctly sinuated
inwards between their bases and apices); and finally the
7th ventral segment is “inerme” (Handlirsch) in mert-
dionalis, while in zibanensis its extreme apex forms a tooth-
like projection, much as in discolor, which is distinctly
visible when the insect is viewed in profile from either side.
Mr. Eaton was so fortunate as to capture a 2 together
with one of his ~~. It completely agrees with their
rather bright coloration, and is therefore probably dis-
tinguishable “at sight” from meridionalis 2, which, accord-
ing to Handlirsch, would seem to resemble its own J, and
therefore to be darker than the specimen before me.

¢. Antennis fere ut in meridionali constructis ; segmento ventrali
3'° dentato (dente plerumque minore magisque incurvato, sed et
forma et magnitudine variat!) 7™ apice dentiformi, angustato ac
reflexo. Femora postica ante apicem haud spinula setiformi, sed
dente nigro vel tuberculo brevissimo instructa. Tibiae posticae in
medio singulariter compressae ac leniter quasi contortae, propterea
marginibus ambobus ut videtur intus sinuatis. Pictura opulentior
quam in meridionali, fere omnino utin gazagnaire: §. Flava sunt—
facies sub antennis tota: collaris margo posticus cui tuberculis
humeralibus: tegulae alarum etiamque mesonoti margines his adia-
centes: scutelli maculae 2 magnae triangulares: postscutellum
totum : abdominis segmentorum 1-6 dorsalium fasciae apicales latae
integrae (etiam in ventre plus minusve conspicue continuatae) ;
fascia 1™ postice late ac leniter semel emarginata, reliquis bi-excisis
ac propterea tri-lobatis. Fulva vel testacea—segmenti dorsalis 7™
macula magna apicalis: antennae (superne leniter infuscatae) :

pedesque (exceptis coxis trochanteribus que nigris)

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria: the Sphegidae, 119

Q. Pictura mari simillima: sed facie supra clypeum, etiamque
segmento abdom. ultimo fere usque ad apicem ipsum, nigris.
Caput antice latius (minus rotundum) quam in peregrino, fere ut in
kotschyi sec. Hand]. in Monogr. VI, Tab. iii, fig. 2

4 is é 1 2. Biskra, on Zizyphus lotus, 29. and 30, iv, 95.
Fe Biskra,:7. and 20:-y, 98; F. D: M.

STIZUS TRIDENTATUS, Fabr.

12. De Tarf, on Foeniculum vulgare, 24. vii, 96
A. E. E.

1 9. Aine Draham (Tunisie) on Centaurea, “ altitinde
from about 2700 to 3300 ft.,” 21. vu, 96. A. E. E.

1 ¢#. Constantine, 15. vi, 98, F. D. M.

STIZUS MELANOPTERUS, Dhlb.

1 f. Biskra, on Zizyphus lotus, “ visits also Nitraria tri-
dentata and Statice pruinosa. Eyes red purple.” 24. v,
94. A. EK. E.

1 9. Biskra, on Ammz visnaga. “Eyes brown purple.”
25. v, 93. A. E. E.

124,499. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 30. iv, 95 and 21.
We vino, A. th, Ei.

Pa biskra, 20) y, 98. EB. DM.

STIZUS CRASSICORNIS, Fabr.

1 f. Biskra, “near Railway kilom. 198.” 17. v, 94.
A. EH. E.

Toe biskre, 14 -v lo vi, 93. . BF. 1. M.

6 79. Biskra, 20. v—7. vi, 98; Hf. D. M.

STIZUS KLUGI, Smith
14,299. Biskra, 20. and 26. v and 3. vi, 98. F. D. M.

The ¢ has the 2 apical segments and a streak at the

apex of segm. 5 testaceous; “the ° 2 have only obscure
indications of that colour on segm. 6.

STIZUS POECILOPTERUS, Handl. (= fasciatus, Kl. nec
Fabr.)

1 gf. Biskra, on Amini visnaga, 22. vi, 97. A. E. E.
This is a remarkable and interesting capture. As the
f is unrecorded, and the 2 known only from Ambukob! in

120 Prev. F. D. Morice on

Ethiopia, Mr. Saunders’s determination of it was inevitably
conjectural; but the insect clearly belongs either to that,
or to some nearly-related species as yet unknown at any
rate to the Palaearctic Fauna, such as calopteryx, Handl.
(from India). It may be desirable, therefore, to give some
description of its main characters. (Its general appear-
ance is quite that of atropical,rather than ofa Mediterranean
insect. )

Comparing it with Handlirsch’s Analytic Tables one
arrives without hesitation at the dichotomy calopterys or
poecilopterus, but there hesitates because the former is
called “Species orientalis,” and the latter (‘Species
africana”) has the propodeum red, while in this specimen
the “triangular area” at least is black! Such a character,
however, cannot be thought to be conclusive: and even if
it holds in the $ ?, the ¢ may differ.

The head is more or less like those of melanopterus and
tridentatus, the eyes converging somewhat similarly, and
the apex of the clypeus folded in at its sides, so as to
embrace the labrum, as in those species. But the clypeus
appears decidedly less elongate; and the eyes approach
much nearer to the posterior ocelli—the interval being
much less than that which separates the latter from the
anterior ocellus, or from one another. The neuration is
just as in the above species (1st cubital cell very narrow
above, etc., etc.). The insect is entirely without yellow
markings, and is black only in the neighbourhood of the
ocelli, on the triangular area of the propodeum, and (more
or less dilutely) on some of the dorsal abdominal segments.
Its general colour varies between two reddish shades, one
lighter, the other darker. The antennae are subclavate,
the 3rd joint hardly as long as the two following together,
the apical joint about as long as the 12th much curved and
sharply truncate. The head round about the ocelli is
rather tumid and glabrous; but below these swollen areas,
the face is somewhat impressed, and covered with beautiful
silvery flat-lying hairs. The convex clypeus is separated
from the bases of the antennae by a subtriangular “ tecti-
form” area (so raised centrally as to appear carinated).
The pronotum is almost without sculpture; the mesonotum
closely and rugosely punctured, the scutellum finely and
sparsely so; the propodeum has much larger punctures,
very sparse in the middle, but becoming dense and even
rugose on the sides. Behind, the propodeum is not

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria: the Sphegidae. 121

rounded off, but ends in a very sharply-defined truncation
the corners of which are angular or even tooth-like,
depressed and then reflexed, with a curiously jagged or
denticulate outline. The triangular area is large, well
defined, and bisected by a shallow linear impression.

The colour of the wings is the most striking of all its
characters. At their bases they are clear hyaline up to
the points at which the veins begin to branch and form
“cells.” The wpper wings only are clear along a part
of their apical margin, viz. from the apex of the radial cell
to that of the vein which André calls “ nervure posterieure.”
The rest of their extent is occupied by a most conspicuous
dark fascia, with a sharp, nearly straight, interior margin.
It is umber-brown by transmitted light, but by reflected
light exhibits a most beautiful blue and purple iridescence,
which contrasts quite startlingly with the clear glassy basal
areas adjoining it.

STIZUS GRANDIS, Lep.

1 gf. Biskra, on Ami visnaga, 15. vi, 97, A. E. F.
1 2. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 25. v, 97. A. E. E.

STIZUS TRICOLOR, Hand.

LO; hf. Bislera, dy ito 25. v,/98.... B.D. M.

5 2 9. Biskra, 16. to 25. v, 98. F..D. M.

I have little doubt that I am correct in this identifica-
tion. Most of the ¢ f agree in every respect with Hand-
lirsch’s description of one of the two % ¢ (from Syria and
Cyprus) on which alone he based it, viz. that in which
the yellow band on the 2nd abd. segment was entire.
The rest are in all main characters exactly similar, but
exhibit one or other of certain slight differences in colour
which, I feel certain, are individual and not specific,
e.g. the propodeum may show either more or less of yellow
than in Handlirsch’s types, and in one specimen is black
entirely; the apical abd. segment also is narrowly streaked
with black longitudinally in one specimen, more broadly
so in another, and in two black altogether.

The 22 were taken along with them, and evidently
belong to them. All the specimens (ff and 2? 9) have
the basal segment of the abdomen distinctly red, and the
yellow bands on the following segments uninterrupted
and exceedingly broad. In the 2? the yellow markings on

122 &.... F. D. Morice on

the propodeum invariably unite into an entire arcuate
(or semicircular) band—this is the case also with one at
least of the ¢ ¢—and the apex of the abdomen is invariably
a little rufescent.

Having carefully considered all Handlirsch’s descriptions
of the species assigned by him to the fasciatws-group
(rufiventris, niloticus, etce.), and examined in the light of
them the structural characters (puncturation, J antennae, )
as well as the colour of the wings and body in these
insects, I can find nothing to which they seem likely to
belong except tricolor. Characters of the latter which are
conspicuous in them are the rather strong yellow staining
of the wings, the dark violaceous-brown cloud over their
radial area, and the clear exterior and inferior margin ;
also the even thoracic puncturation, the narrow posterior
and broad anterior, yellow edging round the eyes, and to
judge from Handlirsch’s figure (Plate II, 10) the form of
the apical joints in the ¢ antenna.

I believe that the following specimens, which are all
¢ ¢, may safely be referred to the same species. Certainly
they now look very different from it; but only, I believe,
because their original coloration has been completely
altered by the effects of cyanide. In all of them, the red
and yellow markings of normal ¢ricolor alike on thorax
and abdomen are represented only by slightly-differing
shades of sordid brownish orange. The pattern, however,
of these markings seems to be the same as in ¢ricolor ;
and, curiously, the yellow on the face (clypeus, etc.) is
very little affected, though even here, occasionally, it
inclines slightly to become rufescent.

3 $2. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, “ eyes reddish purple-
brown, 18. and 25. v, 93.. A. E. E.

2 2 f. Biskra, on Zizyphus lotus and Nitraria tridentata,
‘“‘ Hyes purplish brown,” 24. v, 94. A. E. E.

(One of these is very small and dark, with the basal
abd. segment practically black, and the band on the
second segment interrupted. But I think it is only an
aberration.)

2 ¢. Biskra, on Zizyphus lotus, “Eyes brown,” “ Kyes
brown agate,’ 29. and 30. iv, 95. A. E. E.

1 ¢. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 24. v, 97. A. KE. E.

2 $f. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, ‘ Eyes light red-purple,”
25.¥, and 22.:v1, 07. A. Hel

5 fg. Biskra, 14. to 24. v, 98. Fi.D. M.

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algertu: the Spheqidae. 123

(It is odd that the cyanide, while reddening the yellow
tints, seems to have had exactly the opposite effect on the
ved—expelling it and leaving the surface yellowish! In
certain lights, however, a slight difference in colour
between the (originally) red and yellow areas can be
recognised ; though there is no longer such a positive and
striking contrast between them as is apparent in fresh
specimens.)

STIZUS HYALIPENNIS, Handl.

if biskrao ok. vy, 9o.,,8. D. M.

© 2. biskra, 2. v1.98. 1. 1D. M.

The ¢ has unluckily lost both antennae, so I cannot
appeal to their characters to support this identification.
But the colour, and unclouded wings, seem sufficient
evidence.

STIZUS MARTHAR, Handl.

1 ¢. Biskra, on Zizyphus lotus, 24. v, 94. A. E. E.

1 9. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, “ Eyes greenish, or
glaucous,” 30. v, 93. <A. E. E.

2 - 2. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 17. and 30. v, 97.
A, E. E

3 at Biskra, 28. and 31. v and 6. vi, 98. F. D. M.

6 29. Biskra, 14. v to 3. vi, 98. F. D. M.

STIZUS TUNETANUS, Costa
ee Biskts, 24) ¥,98. FA DEM

STIZUS ARENARUM, Handl.

1 gf. Biskra, “about 8.30 a.m., “ Kyes olive-green,’
Bs, WL, Gos, A. E. E.

i pt Biskra, on Zizyphus lotus, 29.iv, 95. A. E. E,

1 #2. Biskra,14. v to 6. vi, 98. F. D. M,

38 22. Biskra, 25. v and 6. and 9. vi. 98. F. D. M.

STIZUS RAPAX, Handl.

1 g. Biskra, on Amini visnaga, “Kyes light yellowish
green or olive-green,” 28. v, 94. A. E. E.

1 9. Biskra, among Tamaric near the barrage. ‘“‘ Hyes
very light yellowish olive-brown.” 30. iv, 97. A. ELE.
-sVGig fo. Biskray 122 y¥) to:20,.v,98.. FD: M.

er
124 Rev. F. D. Morice on

STIZUS FULIGINOSUS, KI.

1 2. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 31. v, 93. <A. E. E.

294,429. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 28. v to 22. vi,
Die Avie Er

2 od. Biskra, 23; ¥ and 6, vi, 98. -F)/M.

The wings in one of Mr. Eaton’s $f are discoloured in
a very singular manner. The infuscation has vanished
entirely from the middle of every “cellule,” but remains
persistent at their edges. Consequently every nerve and
vein appears thickened and blurred ; as though one should
make a pen-and-ink sketch of the neuration, and dry it
hastily with imperfectly absorbent blotting-paper! This
seems to have happened before, and not after, the death of
the insect.

SPHECIUS INTERMEDIUS, Hdl.

1 ¢@. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 29. v, 9
1 2. Biskra, on Amma visnaga, 26. v, 9
1 2: iBiskra; 20\sv.- 08:08 1: IME

My 2 was determined long ago by Herr Kohl as prob-
ably the undescribed 2 of intermedius. Mr. Eaton’s 9
agrees with it, and his f answers to Handlirsch’s description.
(The apical sinuation of the last antennal joint below is
so slight that it might easily be overlooked, and the joint
supposed to be sinuated once only !)

This 9—still, I believe, undescribed—is coloured just like
the g, and has the upper wings similarly clouded along
their upper margin (more narrowly and indefinitely than
in hemixanthopterus described below). The antennae
have their scapes flavous in front, black behind; the
flagellum is fulvous simply at its base; but towards the
apex the colour grows more and more dusky, and the apical
and two penultimate joints are practically quite black.
The orbits of the eyes are very narrowly yellow. The more
apical yellow fasciae on the abdomen are scarcely visible
in Mr. Eaton’s dreadfully discoloured 9,in my own they
are bright and well defined, those on segments 1 and 2
are largely interrupted, that on segment 3 narrowly so,
the rest continuous (though, in certain positions only,
they Jook interrupted), those on segments 4 and 5 are
bisinuate on their basal margins (but much less deeply so
than in S, /wniger), and that on segment 3 incloses a little

Ayo) Ay ie
4. A.B. E.

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria: the Sphegidae. 125

black spot. On the thorax the collar, tegulae, and
humeral tubercles alone show any trace of yellow.

SPHECIUS HEMIXANTHOPTERUS, Nh. Sp.
3 f$fand 19. Biskra, 27. v-9. vi, 98. F. D. M.

This and the next species agree in most structural
characters, and also in certain details of coloration which
seem to be constant in both sexes, and which do not seem
to characterise any of the species yet described from
Palaearctic localities. The yellow fasciae of the abdomen
above, which (as in wljanini, Rad.) are extremely wide
and almost or quite continuous on all the segments, are
ornamented with a series of little oval spots or specks
(black in the ¢ 4%, reddish in the $$) on segments 2-5.
The spots stand out conspicuously in the middle of the
yellow spaces surrounding them. On each segment there
are two of them, one on each side. On segment 1 they
are wanting, but instead—at the same distance from the
sides of the segment—the basal margin of the yellow
fasciae is interrupted by a little punctiform or linear
incision, as though the blackness or redness at the extreme
(declivous) base of the segment had just a little “ over-
flowed” on to its yellow disc. The phenomenon is so
similar in both species, that at first I did not doubt they
were identical; but the characters given below make me
certain that they should be distinguished. (Cf. the
description following of claripennis, n. sp.)

The 2 of hemixanthopterus is extraordinarily like that
of uwljanini as figured by Radoszkowsky, and redescribed
from the type by Handlirsch; but the character just men-
tioned does not seem to occur in wljanini, and there are
other differences which I shall note below. Uljanini f is
unknown.

Species in utroque sexu singularis alarum discis brunnea quadam
flavedine infuscatis quae cellulam radialem, cubitalesque 1™™ et
2"“"non autem 3"*™ !—occupat.

¢. Antennarum fulvescentium articuli 2 penultimi basisque
ultimi subinfuscata : artic. ultimus in medio fortiter ut in nigricorni
semel flexus (infra haud bisinuatus !). Metatarsi intermedii ut in
antennato (non ut in nigricorni). .

Pictura opulenta. Flava sunt facies tota sub antennis cum
oculornm orbitis interioribus latis: mandibulae (exceptis apicibus
nigris) ; collaris margo posticus : mesonoti latera cum tegulis tuber-

or
126 Rev. F. D. Morice on

eulis que humeralibus: pedes que (exceptis coxarum basibus).
Scutellum in exemplaribus hisce omnibus rufescit potius quam
flavet: postscutellum omnino nigrum est. Segmenta abdominis
dorsalia aut tota flava sunt, aut flavo-latissime fasciata, flavedine in
medio non aut vix interrupta, sed in segmentis 1™ et 2% antice
plus minusve emarginata vel excisa. Segmenti 1™ basis declivis
tota nigra, etiamque incisurae duo punctiformes in ipso margine
fasciae segmenti huius flavae. Segmentorum 2-5 fasciae flavae una-
quaeque utrinque ante apicem suum punctum quoddam vel guttam
nigram subovalem transversam includit. Pilositas corporis albida.

Q. Mari similiter sed multo opulentius picta. Nigredo fere
omnino deficit, vel in colorem rufum transit. Antennae usque ad
apices testaceae (nusquam obscuratae) scapis antice flavis ; facies tota
flava. Vertex inter ocellos posticos rufescenti-flavo biguttatus.
Occiput in medio et pars temporum pone oculos colore simili.
Mesonotum lateribus basique in medio flavis, etiam in disco utrinque
vitta lineari rufa ornatur. Flavent quoque collare totum, meso-
pleurae (mesosternum vero nigrum !), scutellum, postscutellum,
propodei pars basalis, abdominisque fasciae (ut in ¢) latissimae, sed
segmentorum 1 et 2 bases, itemque series supra descriptae macu-
larum ovalium flavedine inclusarum in segmentis 2-5, rufae sunt
(non nigrae).

Long. g 15-17 mm., 9? 19 mm.

SPHECIUS CLARIPENNIS, n. sp.

Ae Sle Oe Biskra, all on Ammi visnaga, “eyes light
yellowish green,” 18. v to 18. vi, 97. A. E. E.

Big el 2. Biskra, 26. v, 98. F, D. M.

6 fg. Biskra, 25. v to 3. winiess') EDM.

The males are very like those of the last species, but
seem to be on an average rather larger. They are easily
separated by having entirely fulvous antennae, bright
yellow (not reddish) scutellum,* and the bases of the
abdominal segments more widely black, the yellow fasciae
consequently being reduced so much as sometimes to
encircle the black oval side-spots only behind, and later-
ally allowing them to become confluent with the blackness
at the base. These mere colour-characters by themselves
might seem unimportant, and those of the abdomen are
subject to variation within certain limits—in fact in some

* Unless darkened by cyanide as in some of Mr, Eaton’s speci-
mens, in which case the other yellow markings are reddened also.
In all mine the scutellum is distinctly yellow.

WA

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria: the Sphegidae. 127

specimens all the black ‘side-spots are surrounded with
yellow entirely. But they are associated (in both sexes)
with a character which I think more important, viz. in
elaripennis the wings are entirely unclouded, in hemixan-
thopterus always strongly clouded, and to exactly the same
extent in all my specimens. The only 2? among my ten
captures is coloured precisely like the $7, and therefore
very differently from hemixanthopterus 9. Mr. Katon’s
2 was evidently similarly coloured in life, but has suffered
much from cyanide. (The resemblance between these
species and our commonest forms of Vespa, e.g. vulgaris
and germanica, is really quite extraordinary, but of course
entirely superficial.)

d@ antennarum flexione apicali et metatarsi intermedii structura
hemixanthoptero affinis, illis vero ante apices haud infuscatis et
articulis evidenter magis elongatis.

Pictura in ¢ et 2 paene eadem. Flava sunt, facies sub antennis
tota cum mandibularum parte basali et oculorum orbitis interioribus:
collare, tegulae, tuberculi humerales, macula (haud magna) meso-
pleuralis, latera mesonoti, scutellum, striga transversa postscutell,
segmentum abdominis apicale totum, et reliquorum segmentorum
fasciae fere ut in hemixanthoptero g sed inter se nigredine basali
segmentorum magis evidenter separatae. Fascia segm. 1™ con-
tinua, 2" distincte quamvis anguste (per vittam nigredinis) in
medio interrupta, reliquorum incisae quidem plus minusve profunde
sed tamen continuae. Segmentorum 2-5 fasciae flavae maculam una-
quaeque utrinque nigram vel totam, vel saltem lateraliter posticeque,
includunt. Pedes flavi, vel partim subrufescentes. Antennae in
utroque sexu usque ad apicem testaceae, scapis flavo pictis. Caput
postice, thoraxque infra nigra. Abdominis venter niger flavo-
fasciatus, fasciis plus minusye angustatis atque interruptis, apice
toto flavo,

Long. ¢ 15-20 mm., 9 22 mm.

SPHECIUS, sp. ?°
lite dniskia," 25; yy 98s", Wad. M,

This specimen is no longer in my possession. I gave it
away without keeping note of it, and the above record is
quoted from the “ Hymenopteren-Studien” of Dr. W. A.
Schulz, who states that it has found its way into the
Strassburg University Museum.

Dr. Schulz considers it to be a form of antennatus, Klug ;
but his very careful and detailed description of the speci-

al

128 Rev. F. D. Morice on

men leads me to a different opinion, I think it must be a
duplicate of the $f described above as claripennis, n. sp.
As Dr. Schulz points out, previous records of antennatus
are limited to the eastern parts of the Palaearctic Region
(from Turkestan to the Balkan peninsula, and nowhere on
the African side of the Mediterranean). Again, from all
that I can make out, antennatus (of which I possess only
a single { specimen* and the Saunders coll. another), is a
species of very constant coloration, with far less of yellow
either on thorax or abdomen than any of my claripennis
specimens or than the insect described by Dr. Schulz.
Handlirsch, after examining 20 specimens of antennatus
from many localities, has satisfied himself that the long
apical joint of the f antenna with its inferior margin bi-
sinuate is a constant character of antennatus; whereas in

Antennatus

Hemixanthopterus ie caL
Claripennis qeayite a.

claripennis and in the specimen now in question (vide
Dr. Schulz’s description) the apex of the antenna is con-
structed otherwise, viz. nearly as in nigricomis. The two
antennatus ff before me quite answer in this respect, as
well as in colour, to Handlirsch’s statement; and in the
absence of positive proof that the antennal character is
variable, I should hesitate to discard the conclusions of so
accurate and experienced a systematist as Handlirsch. In
the present state of our knowledge, or rather ignorance,
as to the possible variations of structural and other char-
acters in Sphecius, and the precise distribution of nearly
all its recorded forms, I think it safest to act on the
hypothesis that two forms from widely-separated locali-

* This specimen, I ought to say, was taken by myself at Syracuse,
and therefore at the extreme western limit of the recorded range of
antennatus.

i

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria: the Sphegidae. 129

ties, with definable colour-differences, and obviously dis-
similar apices to the g antennae, are in all probability
really distinct; and that, for the present at least, it is
safest to call them by separate names.

The accompanying figures, or rather “silhouettes,” of
the apices of the f antenna in antennatus, hemixanthopterus,
and claripennis (placed as nearly as I can manage it in
the same position and viewed from beneath) are obtained
by photography from actual specimens in Saunders’s and
my own collections.

BEMBEX BARBARA, Hdl.

2 29. Near Médéa (alt. 2980-3000 ft.). 29. vi, 93, on
Eryngium triquetrum, and 12. vi, 93, on Centaurea
caleitrapa. <A. EK. E.

2$2,629 (one of the latter a dwarf !). Constantine,
i6Pand 17.71, 98. F. D: M.

BEMBEX GALACTINA, Duf.

1 ¢. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 25. v, 93 (“afternoon”).
A. E. E.

Me do 2S. Biskray 7. wv to 9. -v31,,98. 7 F Di M.

Handlirsch (Mon.) mentions this species as unknown to
him. Mr. Saunders identified the A. E. E. ¢ from com-
parison with a specimen sent to him as “ galactina” by
M. Vachal. The $f by Handlirsch’s Table work out as
pallida, Rad., but they cannot be that species, as (apart
trom colour-differences) the intermediate femora have
rather long, sharp and quite conspicuous “ spinulae ” on
their inferior margin. Dufour’s description, as far as it
goes, suits them, and his type was an Algerian insect (from
Ponteba). Mr. Eaton has a note, “ EKyes subolivaceous,
light markings of the thorax and abdomen ashy blue.”
(In the latter character, however, there seems to be con-
siderable variation—some specimens having also a distinct
tinge of greenish yellow—much as in chlorotica, which
galactina superficially a good deal resembles.)

BEMBEX BRUNNERI, Hdl.
1 2. Biskra, on Echinops spinosus, 8. v, 97. A.E. E.
839,429. Biskra, 16, v to 2. vi, 98. F. D. M.
Determined with the help of Egyptian specimens named
for me by Handlirsch.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1911.—PARTI. (MAY) kK

F |
130 Xev. F, D. Morice on

BEMBEX ROSTRATA, F.
1 gf, 19. Médéa, on Hryngium triquetrum, 29. vi, 93.
K. E

322,329. Le Tarf, 23. vi, 96. AEE.

It will be seen that this common European species did
not occur to either Mr. Eaton or myself at Biskra. (Its
coloration is perhaps ill adapted to desert surroundings.)

BEMBEX MEDITERRANEA, Hdl.

Many 2¢ 2 of this common species were taken by Mr.
Eaton and myself from April to August, but curiously
only one @ (on Zizyphus lotus, at Biskra, 30. iv, 95.
A. E. E.).

af occurred on Scabiosa iotundifolia at La Calle in
July, on Nitraria tridentata at Biskra in May and April.
Also at Hippdéne (“by the railway ”) and at Bone (“along
the sands by the sea”).

BEMBEX DAHLBOMI, Hdl.

1 f,2 29. Biskra, on Ammz visnaga. “ Kyes of f sap-
green, of 2 greenish blue. Thorax with light yellow
stripes on black ground . . . abdomen light ashy blue.”
hSsand 25. y.98.0 Acwbe Be

2 £4. Biskra, oly, Os., AL Be i:

1 2. Between Tizi Ouzou and Azazga, 13. vi, 93. A. E. E,

2.4 ¢ and 1-2) Biskra, iw to LO: wi. 98) «BME

BEMBEX RADOSZKOWSKYI, Hdl.

1 f. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga. “ Eyes light bluish ash,”
20.%; 900 A. H.W,

224. Biskra, 31. v, 98. F.D. M.

I have taken the same form exactly in Egypt (det.
Kohl).

BEMBEX OCULATA, Latr.

Mr. Eaton took both sexes (dating from April to October)
in various districts, and I (at Biskra) 7 22 (an May and
June), but apparently no f &.

The following plants are recorded by Mr. Eaton as
visited :—Lryngium triquetrum and Mentha rotundifolia
(Médéa), Ammi visnaga (Biskra and Hippéne), Zizyphus
lotus and Echinops spinosus (Biskra), Scabiosa rotundtfolia
(La Calle), Znula viscosa (Constantine).

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria: the Sphegidae. 131

MISCOPHUS GALLICUS, Kohl
1 g. Médéa, 27. vi, 93. A. E. E.

MISCOPHUS EATONI, Saunders

1 f, 12. Biskra (‘‘near Kilom. 199”), 9. and 14. ini, 95.
A. EH. E.

MIscoPHUS HANDLIRSCHI, Kohl

1 9. Biskra, “by the river above the barrage amongst
Tamariz,” 21. iv, 97. A. E. E.
2 99. Biskra, 25. iv and 9. v, 97. A. E. E.

SOLIERELLA (SYLAON) COMPEDITA, Picc.

1 g. Biskra, “ by Oued, Biskra, above the barrage amidst
Tamarix and amongst Cynodon dactylon, on sandy ground
loose on the surface,” 16. v,97. A. E. E.

(?) 1 §. Biskra, 19. v, 98. (A Sylaon ; but perhaps another
species?) F. D. M.

TRYPOXYLON SCUTATUM, Chevr.
1 2. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 19. vi, 97. A. E. E.

TRYPOXYLON ATTENUATUM, Smith

1 f. Bone, on Chlorophora tinctoria, 3. vii, 97. A. EWE,
1 % Bone, on Rubus discolor, 13. viii, 97. A, E. E.

1 gf. Constantine, 10. xi, 95. A. E. E.

2 fg. Alger, 4. iv, 98. F. D. M.

OXYBELUS LAMELLATUS, Oliv. (= arabs, Lep.)

Mr. Saunders called this sp. “ arabs, Lep,” and no doubt
it is so. But it is the species identified by Herr Kohl as
lamellatus, and as that name has priority, I use it. The
Algerian specimens are exactly like others from Egypt
determined for me by Kohl, and one of my Biskra captures
also bears his ticket ‘ Jamellatus, Oliv.”

1 g. Biskra, “amongst Tamarix,” 30. iv, 97. A. E. E.

1 2. Biskra, on Ammz visnaga, 28. v, 94. <A. E. E.

1 ee 5 29. Hippéne, on Ammi visnaga, 12.-15. viii, 96.
A. E

5 ey 1 . Bone, “Common along the coast. . Fond
of settling to Haak on black or dark- eoiated clea”
14. ix, 96 ‘and OVEN OC...) Ax Bs Hi,

K 2

-
132 Rev. F. D. Morice on

1 g. Médéa, 26, vi, 93. A. E. E.

1 f. Constantine, on Atractylis gummifera, 1. x, 93.
A. BK. KE.

32. Biskra, 14, 16. and 30. v, 98. F.D. M.

99.0. Biskra,.2he Ws, Do. sD. ME

OXYBELUS 14-NOTATUS, Jur.
224,399. Biskra, amongst Tamarix, 7. iv-19. v, 97.
E. E.

‘1 ft, 1 9. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 13. v, 93. and 28. v,
94, A. EK. E.
1 3,529. Hippone, on Ammi visnaga, 12-15. vin, 96.
E. E

13,19. Le Tarf, on Foeniculum vulgare, 26. vu, 96.
A. &. E.

842. Biskra, 14., 17. and 26. v, 98. 2..D.M.
3 9 9. Biskra, 11., 14. and 16. v, 98. F. D. M.

OXYBELUS AFRICANUS, Kohl
1 f. Biskra, amongst Tamaria, 2.v,97. A. EK. E.
1 9. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 27. v, 97. A. HK. E.
2.94. Biskra, 4.v, 98. F. D. M.
3 9 2. Biskra, 14, and 23. v, 98. F. D. M.

OXYBELUS PUGNAX, Oliv.

Some specimens are much darker than others, answer-
ing, as far as colour goes, to the descriptions usually given
of nigripes (e.g. those of Gerstaecker and Marquet). But
they have all the strong puncturation of pugnax, and I
think all may safely be so called. (One of my captures
was determined as pugnax by Kohl.)

1 9. Hippdne, on Ammi visnaga, 10. viii, 96. A. E. E.

39 9. Biskra, among Zamarix (two very dark, one
quite the reverse !), 4.iv and 1.v,97. A, E. E.

4 $2. Alger, 22.-30. iv, 98. F. D. M.

1S) Biskra, 14.9, 98. Doe.

OXYBELUS MELANCHOLICUS, Chevr. ( = analis, Gerst., nec
Cress., sec. D. T.)
1 ¢. Biskra, 14. v, 98, F. D. M.
19. Alger (det. F. Kohl ‘‘analis, Gerst.”), 30. iv, 98.

OXYBELUS BIPUNCTATUS, Oliv.
1? Biskra, amongst Tamaria, 29. iv, 97. A. E. E.

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria: the Sphegidae. 138

OXYBELUS, n. sp. ?

224. Biskra, 4. v, 98. F. D. M.

These specimens were submitted to Herr Kohl soon
after capture, and determined by him as “n. sp. near elegan-
tulus.’ But as one has since lost its abdomen, and the
other is evidently much discoloured by cyanide, I think it
better not to attempt a description, and therefore leave
the form unnamed.

BELomicrus opscuRus, Kohl
1 2 (det. auctor !). Bone, visiting Sedum cacruleum,

10. vi, 96. A. E. E.
299. Biskra, 7. and 11. v, 98. F. D. M.

BELOMICRUS ODONTOPHORUS, Kohl
12,7929. Biskra, “on sand amongst Cynodon dactylon
and Tamarix,” 15.-20. iv, 97. A.E. E.
1 3,1 (det. auctor !). Biskra, 14. v, 98. F. D. M.
243,19. Biskra, 14. v, 98. _F. D. M.
22%. Biskra, 20. v, 98. F. D. M.

CraBro (BRACHYMERUS) 5-NOTATUS, Jur. (= trochanterieus,
H. Sch.)
1 9. Azazga, 17. ix, 93. A. E. KE.
299. Béne, 14. v and 1. vi, 96. A. EH. E.
1 9. Hippdne, 16. v, 96. A. E. E.

CRABRO (SOLENIUS) HYPSAE, de Stef.

19. Alger, on Magydaris tomentosa, 5. v, 98. A. E. E.
1 2,19. Constantine, on Thapsia garganica, 19. v, 95.

A. E. E.
529. Le Tarf, on Foeniculum vulgare, 24.26. vu, 96.
A. E. E

1 Q. Bone, on Euphorbia paralias, 31. vii, 96. A. KE. E.
1 g, 1 9. Hippone, 15. viii, 96. A. K. E.

12,1. Bone, on Chlorophora tinctoria, 3. and 12. viii,
OF.) As BOE,

1 2. Constantine, 17, vi, 98. F. D. M,

CRABRO (SOLENIUS), sp, ?

Mr. Saunders has left this unnamed, It is like the
Jast, but larger and much more pilose. In structure and
sculpture it appears to me most like meridionalis, Costa,

er
134 Rev. F. D. Morice on

but the abdomen in both sexes is practically unicolorous—
black. (There is no meridionalis in Mr. Saunders’s col-
lection, and I believe it was unknown to him. My own
specimens from Greece and Turkey in Asia have just
been returned to me under that name by Herr Kohl, and
comparing them with the present insects, I can find no
difference except in colour. Hence I suspect, though I do
not venture to say positively, that specifically they are
identical.)

1 Z, 1 9. Constantine, on Ferula communis, 17. and 22.
v,95...A. KE.

CRABRO (THYREUS) CLYPEATUS, F.

Ate, Biskra, 16sand. 25. v;.98..) oD: MM,
4 OO: (Biskra, 10. and) 23.01v. 989 1 AON,
1 g. Constantine, 16. vi, 98. F. D. M.

All these specimens have been determined for me by
Herr Kohl. Mr. Eaton has taken what appears to me to
be the same form exactly, but Mr. Saunders seems to have
had a doubt on the subject, for his MS. has a note in
pencil, “n. sp. nr. clypeatus.”

The localities, etc., for these specimens are as follows—

1 g,1 9. Biskra, on Ammi visnaga, 3. vi, 98 and 15.
v97,, Ay HE:

Aft, 422. Le Tarf, on Foeniculum vulgare, “sexes
taken in cop.,” 24. and 26. vii, 96. A. E. E.

CRABRO (CROSSOCERUS) ELONGATULUS, Lep.

222,299. Biskra, on Euphorbia guyoniana, 22. iti,
94. A. EK. E.

124,19. Constantine, “f on Leballium elateriwm, 2
on Ferala scabra,” 30. ix, 93. <A. E. E.

1 9. Alger, 9. i, 93. A.E. E.

1 2. Béne, 14. v, 96. <A. E. E.

3 fg. Alger, 4.,15.and 21. iv, 98. F. D. M.

CRABRO (LINDENIUS) SPILOSTOMUS, Kohl
1 . Constantine, on Oenanthe fistulosa, 7. v, 95. A. E. E.

CRABRO (LINDENIUS) HANNIBAL, Kohl

1 f. Constantine, visiting Thapsia garganica, 17. v, 95.

A. E. E

Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algeria: the Spheqidae. 135

229. Hippdne, on Ammi visnaga, 10. and 15, viii, 96,
A. E. E.
Pare os] Biskra, 14) v, 98... F: D. M.

CrABRO (LINDENIUS), n. sp.
a0) 04 Biskra.S; and 20: iv, 97: A. H. HE.

I do not name or describe these specimens, as they will
be dealt with ere long in Herr Kohl’s nor now preparing
on the Crabronidae.

( 186 )

VI, Lxperiments in 1909 and 1910 upon the colour-
relation between lepidopterous larvae and pupae
and their surroundings. By ELIZABETH BRIDGES.
Communicated by Prof. E. B. Poutron, D.Sc,
M.A.,. F-R.S., ete

[Read November 2nd, 1910.]

I. Experiments on the larva of Uropteryx sambucaria.
Il. Transference experiments on the same.
III. Experiments on the pupa of the same.
IV. Note on some experiments on the larva of Odon-
topera bidentata.
V. Notes on the apparatus used.

I. Kuperiments on the larva of U. sambucaria,

The following experiments were undertaken with the
object of finding out to what extent the close resemblance
of certain lepidopterous larvae to their surroundings is
due to the adaptive power of the individual. — Prof.
Poulton * has already shown that several species (notably
fe. crataegata, A. betularia, O. lidentata, G. quercifolia,
etc.) do possess in a remarkable degree the power of
assuming the colour of their surroundings, and in the
summer of 1909 he kindly gave me some eggs of Sam-
byucaria, and suggested that I should test this’ species in
the same way. "The results of the experiments show that
it 1s one of the most sensitive hitherto investigated. I
will briefly describe the experiments, before giving the
details in tabular form.

As is well known, the larvae of most Geometers feed
only at night, and spend the day motionless in a twig-
like attitude on the woody part of the food-plant, which
in many cases they closely resemble, Prof. Poulton found

* Trans. Ent. See, Lond,, October 5, 1903, and December 1892 3 }
and “Colours of Anijals, " Lond., 1890, pp: 121, wz.

TRANS. ENT, $00, LOND. 1911.—PART |, (TAY)

Miss E. Bridges upon lepidopterous larvae and pupae. 137

that the larvae are only influenced by the colour of the
twigs on which they rest, or of those quite close to them,
and in the experiments here recorded, all were kept alike
in clear glass cases with white roof and floor, the only
difference being in the colour of the few sticks placed
among the leaves of the food-plant.

The eggs, about 130 in number, were all laid by the
same moth, and hatched between August 14 and 16, 1909.
They were introduced into the different environments
within a few hours of hatching. The environments were
as follows :—

A. Slips of white wood painted crimson with water-
colour.

B. Black twigs of birch.

C. Slips of white wood. (The wood not a dead white,
but the cream colour of common deal.)

D. White wood painted a pale green with water-
colour.

E. Dead sticks of oak covered with grey- lichen and
green powdery alga.

The food-plant employed was elder (Sambucus nigra).
The larvae proved to have only various shades of black,
brown and cream at their command. On the pale green
sticks (D), they became cream-coloured, on the red (A), a
reddish-brown ; on the lichen-covered sticks (E) no lichen-
like markings appeared as in the experiment on bidentata
(see p. 144), but the larvae became a rich black of the
same colour as the bark, and were most inconspicuous.
Their sensitiveness showed itself rather in the swiftness
and completeness with which they adapted themselves to
the black and white environments (B and C), On the
first day (August 21) that any were noticed on the black
sticks, four became black on the back (they were distinctly:
darker than any of the other sets), and three days after
this all but two were completely adapted, 7.e. were indis-
tinguishable in colour from the sticks. Those on the
white sticks took some time to get rid of all traces of
their dark markings: the first signs of the “bleached ”
appearance were not noticed until 12 days after they.
began to use the sticks (September 2): all but one were
adapted in 2] days (on September 11). Notes were taken
every three days with the exception of the first week.
Those between September 29 and Qctober 11 are omitted
ag n9 change was then recorded.

Miss Elizabeth Bridges wpon colowr-relation between

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lepidopterous larvae and pupae and ther surroundings. 139

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140 Miss Elizabeth Bridges upon colowr-relaticn between

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lemdopterous larvae and pupae and their surroundings. 143

Il. Transference experiments.

In order to find out to what extent the larvae were
susceptible after hibernation, some were taken from the
black surroundings in B, and given white sticks as in C.
In the same way some were taken from C and put into a
case containing black sticks. The results are best shown
by a table. One curious point is that the white sticks
produced their full effect sooner than the dark ones,
whereas in the experiments on the early stages the reverse
was the case.

TABLE II.
DATE IN Bl cl
1910. WHITE STICKS. BLACK STICKS,
March 11. | 8 introduced from B. 5 introduced from C.

April 27. | 1 lightest form (as in C). | 2 still as light as C. 1 of
3 nearly light, as C.| thesesmall. 2lightpink-
1 slightly darker. ish brown. 2 smaller
and rather darker.

April 28. | All but 1 as light as C.
This one nearly so.

April 30. | Retwrned to black sticks. All as before.

May 5. 4still as light as C. 1 much |
darker. |

June 13. | No change. All pupating.| All pupating. |

Ill. Eaperiments on the pupa of U. sambucaria.

When the first of the larvae used on the previous
experiments began to spin, all were arranged in various
environments with a view to testing the susceptibility of
the pupae. In the first set (Table III) the larvae were
left in the same environments that they had hitherto
occupied. The results of this set show clearly enough
that when the same conditions are continued, the pupae
are as well adapted to them as were the larvae. What
they do not show is to what period of susceptibility the
adjustment is due. Prof. Poulton thinks that it is effected
just before pupation, and independently of the previous
environment of the larvae. The results shown in Table

144 Miss Elizabet@Bridges wpon colowr-relation between

IV point to an opposite conclusion. The larvae in this
set were those used in the transference experiments : in
the table I have repeated the results of B (Table III) for
comparison,

In the third set, the larvae were placed during pupation
in compartments lined with variously-coloured papers and
leaves. The results, so far as they go, seem to show that
the pupae have a considerable power of adaptation, but as
in this set I omitted to note the previous history of the
larvae (they were taken at random from various environ-
ments), there is no real evidence of the extent to which
the pupal colours are independent of the larval. I hope
to repeat this experiment with more success next year.

TABLE III.

RECEPTACLE. COLOUR OF PUPAE AND COCOONS,

: 2 with no cocoon, 1 darkest form as B, 1 rather

(Crimson sticks). | — lighter.

2 cocoon of old skins, etc. 1 darkest form,
1 rather lighter.

B. 8 hardly any cocoon. Dark brown, smoked
(Black sticks). with black (Figs. 1, 1a).
3 cocoon of bits of leaf. Same colour.

: 6 hardly any cocoon. Cream-coloured with
(White sticks). rather sparing smoky specks and streaks.

2 rather more profusely speckled. 1 in
cocoon of skins, etc., like these (Figs. 2, 2a).

D. 1 slight cocoon, strong ochreous tinge with
(Pale green sight black marks.
sticks), 1 slight cocoon, darkest form.

, 3 no cocoon, darkest form.
(Dark lichen- 2 cocoons of bits of bark, same colour.
covered sticks).

IV. Note on some experiments on O. bident&ta.

In the summer of 1909 I experimented with about 20
bidentata larvae given to me by Prof. Poulton. The
results are not worth giving in detail, as the forms pro-
duced were exactly the same as those already obtained
and described by him.*

* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., October 5, 1903.

lepidopterous larvae and pupae and their surroundings. 145

They were as follows :—

(a) Black sticks painted to a dark crimson produced
bluish-black larvae.

(6) Brown sticks of sycamore painted with white rings

2 2a.

3a.

about 3 mm. wide, and the same distance apart; cream-
coloured larvae with smoky markings on back.
(c) Dark twigs of larch with patches of grey lichen:
very dark larvae with green and white lichen-like pattern.
(@) Slips of cream-coloured wood : cream-coloured larvae
with slight smoky pattern.
(e) Purplish-black twigs of birch: bluish-black larvae.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1911.—PART I. (MAY) L

146 Miss Elizabggle Bridges upon colour-relation between

(f) Black twigs of oak with pink spots painted on
them: bluish-black larvae.

(g) Slips of white wood painted with scarlet squares
(length of side about 2 mm.): cream-coloured larvae with
faint smoky pattern (slightly darker than in (7)).

It will be noticed that the twigs painted in geometrical
patterns produced no corresponding effect. The results
of all the experiments seem to show that although the
individual larvae and pupae are able to conceal them-
selves very effectually among surroundings to which the
species is accustomed, they are powerless to effect any
appropriate adaptation to an “artificial” environment.

TABLE IV.
Bis Be yg |
S is 2 6 Qe om
eeESa Ss 50 mi |
a) a =e cay
WHPE. ay Bug ei
& oO z - a Zi AS {
Ae ee Sens a
Hae Ay |) Te tis D PUPAL COLOURS PRODUCED. |

ema Pee He
72OR ° o<s Zz |
Aa me Qa Asa BQ |
5 al tess A Bon p } = |
FS --:-b=) 4 40o% | Fo |
On8m | g | ee | SE
ROm leo Hm |
be < S = | #8 | 5
Bs Role
Black. | Bl. | Bl. — Bl. | 8 with not much cocoon, 3 in cocoon

| of bits of leaf. All very dark brown

| | _ smoked with black.
Black. | Bl. Wh. BL | 2 in cocoons of laef, slightly less smok

| ’ to}

than the last set.

Black. | Bl. | Wh. | Bl. | 2 no cocoon, 2 in leaf cocoons, These |

| 4 of a uniform light reddish brown
| | with very sparing black specks, 1 in
| leaf cocoon, darkest form. |

V. Notes on the apparatus used.

The larvae were kept in clear glass cylinders or lamp
shades, varying froin 8 to 10 inches in height, and from
3 to 5 in diameter. The tops were covered by white
muslin or calico. The floors were of wood covered with
white paper: a hole in each floor allowed the stems of the
food-plant to pass through into a jar of water. As the
larvae became larger, some were transferred to other
cylinders, so that they were never crowded.

The pupae which were not left in their original environ-
ments were tested in cardboard compartments (about

epidopterous larvae and pupae and their surroundings. 147

3 in. deep by | in. wide) with glass fronts, at an angle of
about 45°. Both larvae and pupae were kept in a strong
north light. _

The hut in which the experiments were carried out
was roofed with iron, and was generally a good deal
warmer than the outside air. This probably had the
effect of hurrying on the stages, for the larvae never
attained a greater length than about 1% in.

TABLE V.

RECEPTACLE. COCOON, IF ANY, PUPAL COLOURS.

Black. Scanty. | 1 light reddish brown, 3 |
| | very dark.

Dark green. | 3 cocoons of variouslvy- |
coloured paper and ,
leaf. |

|
Darkest form. |

White paper. | 2 cocoons of paper 1 darkest form, 1 greyish.
and leaf.

White calico. 1 cocoon of white Lightest form (cream- _

threads, ' coloured).
| Bark and grey | 2 cocoons of bits of Fairly dark.
_ lichen. | paper, ete.
Dead oak 1 cocoon of leaves, Exact colour of leaves |
| leaves. | (Fig. 3, 3a).

L2

os Home>

VII. On the early stages of Latiorina (Lycaena) orbitulus,
an amyrmecophilous Plebeiid “ Blue” butterfly. By
T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.Z.S.

[Read November 16th, 1910.]
PLATES XI—XXVII.

NOTHING seems to bave been recorded about the earlier
stages of this species, except Rogenhofer’s record in the
Verw. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien in 1875, until accident afforded
me the opportunity of making some observations in 1908.

Rogenhofer appears to have met with the larvae on the
Stelvio Pass, under stones, when preparing to pupate, and
gives us a very good description of. it, though, as it
happens, without any reference to the one point that gives
this larva its greatest interest, viz. the entire absence of a
honey-gland on the seventh abdominal segment and of the
correlated fans on the eighth.

In the summer of 1908 I found Z. orbitulus ovipositing
on Androsace vitaliana; my experiences are noted in the
Entomologist, Vol. xl (1909), p. 105. Failure in a sup-
ply of the food-plant prevented my getting the larvae
into the 2nd instar. In the following year I followed the
matter up at Arolla, and found that the food-plant there
was Soldanella alpina. I recorded the Arolla observation
in the Entomologist, Vol. xli, p. 221 (1909). The
young larvae I obtained furnished me with one specimen
in the third (hibernating) instar, but this did not survive
the winter, I found, however, that it was without the
ant-attracting honey-gland (and fans) characteristic of the
Blues, and this determined me, if possible, to carry my
observations further. The honey-gland is present in this
stage in all the species that possess it that I have ex-
amined. The question was, did it appear later in orbitulus,
or was it entirely absent ?

Taking into account the habits of growth of Androsace
vitaliana and of Soldanella, I thought that to search for the
larvae in spring on the latter plant was not very hopeful,
whilst the tufted growth of the Axdrosace made the latter
plant one on which the larvae could probably be searched
for with success. The result was that I found myself at
Binn on June 20, 1910. I knew approximately the places

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1911.—PART I. (MAY)

en

Dr, T. A. Chapman on Latiorina orbitulus. 149

where the Androsace grew there, and where LZ. orbitulus
had been fairly common two years before.

The weather was chiefly to blame for nothing but some
reconnoitring being done until June 28, when I visited
the Tschampigen Alp (circa 7000 ft.), and with the aid of
my sisters and nephew (Mr. C. L. Milligan) I succeeded in
obtaining over a dozen of the desired larvae.

The smallest found was about 6 mm. long, the largest
14 mm.; 18 mm. seems to be the length of an average
full-grown larva not specially extended.

Several were found somewhat hidden in rather bushy
plants of Gregoria (Androsace) vitaliana, but most were
fully exposed, on or close to the plant, as if sunning them-
selves, though one or two of these were actually feeding
on the flowers. ;

In captivity they will eat the leaves of the plant, but
preferred the flowers, eating enough of the corolla to
enable them to reach the centre of the flower, and they
were seen with their heads buried deeply therein, and
abandoned flowers consisted of nothing but the calyx, the
whole interior having disappeared, probably uneaten
portions of the corolla had dropped off.

In the autumn, before hibernation, the larvae have only
the leaves to eat, either of Androsace or Soldanella, prob-
ably in spring they eat the flowers of the latter plant as
they do those of Androsace.

The larvae obtained at Binn were in the fourth and fifth
(last) instars, except one specimen which was found with
an ichneumon cocoon attached to it; the larva was alive,
and remained so for some time, it was still in the third
hibernating instar, the same stage to which my most
advanced larva had attained in the preceding autumn,
thus showing that I had obtained all the stages, the
relative sizes of the heads of the five instars obtained
being in a series showing none was absent.

The measurements taken of length of head were—

An exactly proportional series

Actual measure. would give
1st Instar ‘18 mm. 18 mm.
2nd ,, oy aa yer
Beds. 73 42 =, <.'} Gomer
Ath ,, ‘GO 4 0 *.;;

5th ,, ‘84s, ‘90

150 iw +. A. Chapman on the

In measuring from preserved specimens, the measure-
ments are as close to the proportional series as one could
reasonably expect.

Already in the first stage the larva, when somewhat
grown, has a colouring approaching that of the full-grown
larva, and in the third stage they are, so far as my few
specimens indicate, quite like the full-grown larva; the
panoply of hairs, lenticles, etc., becomes more abundant
with each moult. A full description of these would be very
lengthy, and not convey as good an idea of the facts as a
few glances at the photographs of the larval skins of each
stage presented herewith. The most notable peculiarity
of the larva in the first instar is the marked development
of the hair of tubercle III. In most Blues III appears to be
represented by two very minute hairs, those that approach
very near to orbitulus as regards this hair are astrarche
and minimus, the latter not a Plebeiid; in these there
seems to be a definite IIJ, with or without a minute hair
point, making up the two that are nearly always present.

I may quote my description taken from the living, full-
grown larva, though this is hardly necessary, with Mr.
Knight's excellent figures to refer to.

“Tt is of a bright, but rather bl uish-green (assuming this to be the
ground-colour), with a brown dorsal stripe bordered on each side
with white, and on the middle of each segment by pink. On the
‘slope’ of each segment, centrally, is a short dark line or patch,
obliquely placed, occupying the hollow above the spiracle. The
obliquity is downwards and backwards, it is conspicuous on the 3rd
thoracic and first 6 abdominal segments, but exists before and behind
this, in most specimens somewhat obscurely.

“ The lateral line along the flange is white, margined above by pink
or pinkish-brown, more or less bright in different specimens, which
graduates into the green slope below the spiracles. Below the white
band is a darker border, shading into the dull olive-green of the
underside. The spiracles are small black points. In one speci-
men, the oblique dark lines on the slope are much extended, and the
colour bordering the dorsal and lateral lines is very broad, so that
the green ground-colour is very restricted; this specimen is young in
last skin and may become more normal later, but cannot wholly do
so (by comparison with fairly normal younger specimens).

“The surface is everywhere furnished with black hair points, not
very closely placed, and from these short black hairs arise, though
without a lens one is inclined to regard the larva as quite smooth,

early stages of Latiorina orbitulus. 151

its very shining and polished skin adding much to or almost causing
this illusion. The head and legs are black.”

The form of the larva is the usual Lycaenid one, up to
14 mm. long and 3 to 4 wide, according to the amount
of stretching out; a trifle wider anteriorly, but of nearly
uniform width from the mesothorax to the sixth abdominal.
The 7th to 10th abdominal are perhaps a little less fused
together than usual in Lycenids. Each segment rises
dorsally into a low arch, and the lateral margin (seen
dorsally) is a series of slight curves. The remarkable
feature of the larva is the absence of a honey-gland.

On July 4 several larvae had suspended themselves
on the side or lid of the box for pupating. The carpet of
silk is slight, the cremastral pad hardly stronger than the
rest of the carpet, and the girth consists of half-a-dozen
threads nearly all separate, and arising from a scattered
base, but connected together near it by a few cross
threads. The whole arrangement is very slight and flimsy
and quite unequal to bear the slightest strain.

As the larva approaches pupation the colours get duller,
the pink almost disappears and the white gets dim. The
brown dorsal line with a little white near it, the oblique
brown dashes of the slope and the brown lateral lines are
all much of a tint. The lateral line is lost on the thorax
(owing to wings beneath) and the thoracic segments,
especially the mesothorax, become larger. The head is
quite sunk in the prothorax, the thorax is nearly one-third
of the total length.

On July 10 the first specimen pupated; immediately
on pupation the pupa is of the same brilliant colours as
the larva at its best, not the dull ones immediately pre-
ceding the change ; the oblique lines are Jost on the thorax,
but the white lateral line, with broad, pink band above
and brown below, is very distinct, even where covered by
the wings, which are quite transparent. After some hours
the thorax and wings become of a bluish-grey (leaden
lavender), the abdomen almost yellow rather than green,
but very pale. The red dorsal line very narrow on thorax,
but spreading along front of prothorax, head colourless
(transparent glassy green). Tracheal nervures of wings
very distinct in the transparent tissue. It may almost be
called hairy, with short white hairs most numerous
anteriorly and posteriorly.

152 DMT. A. Chapman on the

Twenty-four hours later the head, thorax and wings are
very dark, a nearly black-brown, not quite obscuring the
underlying green, the wing veins rather paler, a dark-
ochreous.

The dark dorsal line hardly visible on thorax owing to
the general darkening. On the abdomen the darkening
is not quite so great, so that the brown markings are
distinct on a brownish-ochreous ground-colour, through
which the underlying green is still very obvious. The
abdominal incisions (1 to 6) look double, owing to an
intersegmental subsegment, present as a very narrow raised
rib. The hairs are rather more evident, especially in profile,
of a pale-ochreous tint.

Later the pupa becomes darker, with little distinet
marking except the paler wing venation.

The first imago, ¢, emerged August 9.

On July 1 a larva, apparently still in the hibernating
stage, was found on the Eggerhorn on A. vitaliana, it
rested on top of a small yellow Apanteles cocoon, whose
tenant had escaped from its host on the left side of the
first abdominal segment. ‘The larva lived for a further
ten days. The cocoon gave exit on August 5 not to an
Apanteles but to a hyperparasite. Inthe search for larvae
of orbitulus, several of these Apanteles cocoons were seen,
but were left alone, as their connection with orbitwlas was
not suspected.

There is at least one other parasite of the larva of orbitu-
Jus ; a full-grown larva died and seemed to be hardening,
and supposing it to be suffering from fungus-disease, it was
put in pickle, so as not to sacrifice a better example. On
mounting it, however, it was found to contain an ichneu-
mon well advanced towards maturity. It was further
damaged in dissecting larva before its existence was known.
In the result Mr. C. Morley says in spite of the difficulties
thus put in his way that he has “ little doubt that it is
Cremastus bellicosus, Grav. f, an Ophionid Ichneumon.”

It is obvious, with two parasites detected in my small
acquaintance with the larva, that its being unattended by
ants is not due to its baving no enemies, from whom
ant-protection would be desirable.

The point of great mterest in this species is the absence
of the honey-gland. It belongs to the Plebeiid section of
the Blues, which are generally regarded as the most typical
of the myrmecophilous Blues.

early stages of Latiorina orbitulus. 1538

In order that this fact may be fully demonstrated and
not rest merely on my apse dixit, I present photographs of
the skin of the larva at each stage, and enlarged ones of
the region of the seventh abdominal segment, where the
honey-gland would be, if present. They show, instead,
hairs precisely as in the other segments, or rather in their
proper order as varying a little from segment to segment.

The photograph of the prothorax (Pl. IX) shows the
change in the character of the hair bases at the last moult,
and both show very well the peculiar angular hair of the

late.

. The detailed plates of the pupa-skin show the nature
of the sculpture and armature in different regions, in a
way more easily useful to any one interested than a
prolonged description.

Herr Viehmeyer, who has specialised on the honey-
glands of Lycaenid larvae, has only met with V. (Lycaena)
optilete as a species amongst our Kuropean “ Blues” with-
out the honey-gland, and this only on the basis of blown
specimen in the Staudinger collection. There can be no
doubt, however, that such evidence is quite trustworthy.
It is tolerably certain that pyrenaica, the Pyrenean cousin
of orbitulus, will be found to agree with it in this respect.

The possession of a honey-gland is so universal in the
Blues as to be almost a subfamily character, and one
inclines to search for reasons for including in the
Lycaenines those species usually placed in other sub-
families that possess this remarkable organ. How are we
to explain its absence in these species which are- typical
Lycaenines, and cannot be located by any excuse outside
the subfamily ?

Why they are without it is possibly because they are
such high-level species that few, if any, ants exist in their
habitats; optilete and orbitulus, with pheretes, whose larva
is practically unknown, are the species having their
habitats at the highest level of all the European Blues
(from 6000 to 8000 ft. in the Alps, rarely somewhat
lower, especially in the case of optilete). What the numbers
and activities of ants are at this elevation I do not know;
it is a point that wants investigating.

This may be a “ final cause” for these species wanting
the honey-gland. A more important question is, have
they lost it, or did they never possess it? If they never
had it, then these species must be ancestral to all the

154 ip T. A. Chapman on the

other Blues; if so, it should be possible to find some
characters in common to optilete and orbitulus which make
them less specialised than the others, 2.¢. some further
character than the want of the honey-gland. The only
trace of such a character I know of is that the segments
of the larva 7, 8,9 and 10 abdominal are less fused into
one than in various other Blues, corydon and bellargus for
example. On the other hand, if they once had the honey-
gland and have since lost it, it is difficult to explain how
they have regained the normal armament of dorsal hairs
that disappear at the site of the honey-gland in those
species that possess it.

There is one point worth noting, viz. the structure of
the Adoeagus.

In a short but important note on this structure in the
Plebeiid Blues in the Ent. Record, Vol. xxii, p. 101,
I pointed out that this structure has a peculiar character
in semiargus, optilete, pheretes and orbitulus, placing these
together and separating them from the other sections.

When I made that note, I had no suspicion that it had
any bearing on the present question. How or why
semiargus falls into the group is for the present purpose
a somewhat obscure puzzle, but leaving it on one side, it
places the other three species together, all of which have
a high-level distribution, two of them are without honey-
gland, and it would not perhaps be rash to expect that
the third will be found to be so also, but at present this point
is not known.

These four species have one other character in common,
viz. they are without the basal spot between veins 1
and 2 of the hindwings beneath, a spot rarely absent in
Plebeiids, except in Tutt’s genus Hirsutina.

These facts suggest that these three species are closely
related, and that they are derived from a common ancestor,
who never had, or who lost the honey-gland. Notwith-
standing that they differ in facies, perhaps more than any
other Plebeiids do.

The hypothesis that these species are at the base of
the myrmecophilous species seems much more than
doubtful in at least two respects. The myrmecophilous
Lycaenids belong toa number of different sections, and the
idea that they havea common ancestor in species of one of
these sections, that except in this one respect are fairly
typical numbers of that section, is contrary to our idea of

early stages of Latiorina orbitulus. 155

ancestral species, which must present characters that are
primitive in several directions, and do not belong to one
specialised group. The other difficulty is even stronger.

There are other sections of the Lycaenids which possess
both myrmecophilous and amyrmecophilous species, and
their amyrmecophilous species would be equally entitled to
claim ancestral rank. To keep within Palaearctic species,
the Theclas are largely amyrmecophilous, yet 7. w-albwm
has a somewhat ill-developed honey-gland, whilst Neoly-
caena, Thestor and Callophrys have well-developed glands.

If then these amyrmecophilous species never had a
gland, we are driven to believe that these glands originated
and developed, absolutely de novo, in half-a-dozen, perhaps
a score or more instances. That such a curious and special
organ, not found anywhere else, should appear so many
times over in one group, always with essentially the same
structure and always in the same place, and accompanied
in nearly all cases by the remarkable fans of the following
segment, is altogether in opposition to what we know of
evolutionary processes, and involves too large a draft on
our credulity.

We are driven then to suppose that all the groups,
some of whose species possess these special organs, have a
common ancestry, and that those genera and species within
these groups that are without them have lost them.

How, in this case, can the fact be accounted for that in
the species before us, and no doubt in others (certainly in
the Theclids), the segment that usually carries the gland
shows no trace of ever having possessed it ?

When the honey-gland is present, the special long hairs
(tubercles I and II) of this segment are wanting. There
is, indeed, reason to believe that the honey-gland results
from a modification of these particular tubercles. The
surrounding hairs are also specially modified. In J.
orbitulus the armature of hairs on the seventh abdominal
segment takes its place as entirely in accord with that of
the other segments, and has just the arrangement we
would expect on the hypothesis that it was an ancestral
form that had never had a honey-gland.

The forces available to eliminate the honey-gland in the
absence of ant attendants are considerable. There is the
loss of the constantly necessary selection for maintaining
it, a now useless and indeed wasteful organ must rapidly
degenerate, but there is further a strong selective force for

156 Dr, Toke Chgpman on Latiorina orbitulus.

its abolition in the fact that most educators of Lycaenid
larva have observed that in the absence of attendant ants
the gland secretion is apt to exude and accumulate over
the gland, where it decays and moulds, and infecting the
larva commonly leads to its death. There is also the
pressure of the common inheritance of the abdominal
segments which perhaps deserves a word of explanation.
It will probably require more than this note to make
zoologists accept it as an existing agency, but I have
myself no doubt that it is a vera causa in cases like that
before us.

There is abundant ground for assuming, without going
outside the Lepidoptera, still less citing orders of Annulosa,
more distantly allied, in which the numbers themselves of
the segments vary from group to group, that the abdominal
segments have to a great extent a common inheritance,
and vary together (from species to species). It is probable
in a high degree that this inheritance, which tends to pass
from one segment to another any feature such as the
dermal armament of the dorsal region which we are con-
sidering is in continual action, tending to eliminate the
honey-gland and replace it by an armament similar to that
on the other segments, and that the honey-gland is only
preserved, where it is preserved, by its usefulness, giving it
an efficient selective value.

A long essay would be necessary to show how this
common inheritance, say, of the dorsal dermal armature
of the abdominal segments, may be found enforcing the
uniformity of these structures. Where they differ from
each other there is usually some very special object in
view, but in the mass of Lepidoptera these segments are
identically armed and coloured, yet considering how
various this armature and colouring is in different groups,
it might be expected that a good deal of variety would be
found in the different segments of one larva, much more
frequently than actually occurs, were there not some force
keeping them together. The identical brushes on the
first four segments in Orgyia, the black dorsal pencils in
Acronycta leporina, which vary so much in their number
and size, may be cited as instances where these segments
inheriting one from another is a much more probable
explanation than the only obvious alternative one, viz. a
common response to a common environment.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1911, PL XI.

Explanation of Plates. 157

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Prave XI,

Orgyia splendida (Moncayo), dorsal view x 4.
lateral view x 4.

Fig.

” ” ”
L. orbitulus, dorsal view of full-grown larva x 3.

1

2

3

4. 3 lateral view on flower of Androsace vitaliana.

oy) ” ” ” ” ” ” ”

6 BS dorsal view on flower of larva with left side of
thorax abnormal.

Left side of front of same larva, more enlarged and showing
want of markings, the wings (?) are represented by
spiracle-like nodules. This specimen produced an
imago with left wings markedly smaller than right
(regenerated ?).

(See Trans. South Lond. Ent. Soc. 1910.)

Drawings by Mr. E. C. Knight.

=

Pare? XT.

Fie. 1. Two eggs of L. orbitulus on leaves of Androsace vitaliana
x 10, and empty shell, and one x 50.
2. Eggs of L. orbitulus on leaves of Androsace vitaliana x 20.
Eggshell x 150.
4, Micropylar area x 350.
1 and 2 photo by A. E. Tonge.
3 and 4 aS F. N. Clark.

So

The photographs from which the following plates are taken are
by Mr. F. N. Clark, and are on the same lines as those with
which I supplied Mr. Tutt to illustrate Lycaenids in the “ British
Lepidoptera.”

PLATE XIII.

Skin of larva in first stage x 67.

PLATE XIV.

Skin of larva in second stage x 40.

158 My lanation of Plates.
PLATE XV.

Skin of larva in third stage x 18.

Puate XVI.

Skin of larva in fourth stage x 19.

PiatTeE XVII.

Skin of larva in fifth stage (last) x 15.

PuratTE XVIII.
Skin of larva in fifth (last) instar x 18.

PLATE XIX.

To show dorsum of 7th abdominal segment (honey-gland region).

—_

. In second instar x 50.
WY jilanneal yy oe HOY

PLATE RON.

. In fourth instar x 60.
5, fifth eh eG!

moo

PRATE CAA

Showing prothoracic plate in fourth (1) and fifth (2) larval
instars x 100.

PLatTe XXII,

Showing 1, prolegs and 2, claspers of last stage larva x 100.

PEATE SOX LIT.

Fig, 1. Leaf of Soldanella alpina x 4, showing how young larva
makes small round holes and mines out the intermediate
tissue of the leaf.

2. Pupa case spread out x 6.

®

Trans. Lint. Soc. Lond., ror1, Plate X1J.

oto, A. E. Tonge, C. Hentschel.
F. N. Clark.

OVA OF LATIORINA ORBITULUS.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1911, Plate XILI.

Nee if

ney $ wh 4
a

C. Hentschel.

Photo, F. N. Clark.

LARVA SKIN OF LATIORINA ORBITULUS.

First stage x 67.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., rgrr, Plate XIV.

)
Photo, F. N. Clark.

|
|

C. Hentschel.

LARVA SKIN OF LATIORINA ORBITULUS.

Second stage x 4o.

hi

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., ror1, Plate XV.

Photo, F. N. Clark. C. Hentschel.

LARVA SKIN OF LATIORINA ORBITULUS.
Third stage x 18.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., rorz, Plate X VI.

pees
a Se

Fie

‘Photo, F. N. Clark. C. Hentschel.

LARVA SKIN OF LATIORINA ORBITULUS.
Fourth stage x 19.

ee

S 3
: :
be 8
x so
iS =a5
Ne
: a
: E
= ry
: 0
8 vo)
S <
Za
$ ie
if 6
. B®
s Ss
x LE
& fo)
z
M
op)
od
se
a
aa eunel
Age ae Jk
: s
3
a

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., ror1, Plate X VILL.

Weeds
Ae | «ay:

Bee
Ss *

Photo, F. N. Clark. C. Hentschel.

LARVA SKIN OF LATIORINA ORBITULUS.
Fifth stage x 18.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., rgrr, Plate XIX.

Photo, F. N. Clark. C. Hentschel.
LARVA OF LATIORINA ORBITULUS.

Honey-gland region (1) in second instar x 50, (2) in third instar x 60.

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., rgr1, Plate XX.

. Xe ry
Lan Pe
Siler

Photo, F. N. Clark, C. Hentschel.

LARVA OF LATIORINA ORBITULUS. ,
Honey-gland region (3) in fourth instar x 60, (4) in fifth instar x 60.

Boe

“4

Trans. Ent Soc. Lond., ror1, Plate XXTJ.

Hentschel,

CG:

Clark.

EN.

Photo,

LARVA OF LATIORINA ORBITULUS.

Prothoracic plate in

100.

and (2) fifth instar x

fourth,

(1)

2 ee lll
+]

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., rorz, Plate XXII.

Photo, F. N. Clark. C. Hentschel.

LARVA OF LATIORINA ORBITULUS.
(1) Prolegs, and (2) Claspers, in last stage x 100.

ie

wr

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1911, Plate XXIII.

Photo, F. N. Clark. C. Hentschel.

LARVA OF LATIORINA ORBITULUS.
(1) Leaf of So/danella mined by young larva x 4. (2) Pupa case x 6.

es

nt. Soc. Lond., 1911, Plate XXIV.

Trans.

tschel.

. Hen

(Gs

rhe

Photo, F. N. Cla

PUPA CASE OF LATIORINA ORBITULUS

(1) Face and appendage cov

(2) Portion of leg covers, &c. x 50.

ers X 20.

me

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., rorz, Plate XXV.

Photo, F. N. Clark. C. Hentschel.
PUPA CASE OF LATIORINA ORBITULUS.

Dorsal head-piece, &c. x 30.

S E

3

Xs S

Ss

Q

Ny

len

N

aS)

Ss

N

S

Y

s

~

is

3

5

N

N\
ne
BS
ie
=
Re
£
S
QR

PUPA CASE OF LATIORINA ORBITULUS.

fth abdominal spiracle x 100.

x0. (2) ee

&e.

Metathorax,

(1)

socmm §

et ecete wine
* -

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., ror1, Plate XX VII.

Photo, F. N. Clark. C. Hentschel.

PUPA CASE OF LATIORINA ORBITULUS.

(1) Ventral abdominal segments, 5-9, x 50. (2) Terminal segments, showing
cremastral hooks, x 50.

a

Jame , ony : hs ;
* UPe tes nt,” 1 Eten inn re han

Explanation of Plates. 159

PLATE XXIV.

Showing face and appendage covers x 20 and portions of leg
covers (and of antenna and. wings x 50), to show the lenticles over
the tibio-tarsal joints.

PATE OXY,

Shows dorsal head piece, prothorax, and mesothorax (of one side)
of pupa x 30.

PrATE XOX VI.

Shows metathorax (of one side) of pupa with parts of first and
second abdominal segments and of mesothorax and wing covers x 30
and the region of the right spiracle of the fifth abdominal segment,
with suture 4-5 in front x 100.

PLATE XXVIII.

Fig. 1. Ventral portions of abdominal segments 5, 6, 7, 8
and 9 x 50.
2. Continues fig. 1 on to dorsum, showing cremastral armature
of hooks. Segments 9 and 10 (abdl.) are not here
distinguishable x 50,

@ ( 160 )

VIII. The larva ef Orgyia splendida (dubia). By
T. A. CoApman, M.D.

[Read November 16th, 1910.]
PuLaTE XI.

I MET with this insect at Cuenca and Tragacete in 1901,
and in 1903 found the larvae abundantly at Moncayo, still
further to the north. My observations on the species
were published in the Ent. Record, XIV (1902), p. 41, and
XVI (1904), 195.

Two excellent drawings of the larva, however, by
My. E. C. Knight, have remained in my drawers from that
date unpublished. This seems very unfortunate, and they
are better to be printed now than not at all. Their special
interest lies in the larva being decidedly ditferent in
colouring from Freyer’s figure of dubia (Taf. 297), from
Rambut’s figure of splendida (Fauna d’ Andalusia, Pl. XV,
fig. 6d) and from Spuler’s figure (Nacht., Pl. II, fig. 13);
the latter, from some source unknown to me, being most
like it.

Moncayo appears to be the most northern habitat of
the species, the larvae are more brilliantly coloured, and
the imagines have a larger area of orange yellow than the
more southern or eastern examples.

The brilliancy of the larva depends on the deep black
especially of the tufts, contrasted with the white and red
brown rather than black being the ground-colour of other
figured larvae of the species. There are other colour-
differences, which the figures absolve me from specifying.
The species is certainly remarkable for having definite
geographical races differing not only in the imago, but also
in the larval state.

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1911.—PARTI. (MAY)

atc

GstGR sy)

IX. New Genera and Species of Striphnopterygidae and
Lasiocampidae in the british Museum. Described by
Cur. AURIVILLIUS.

[Read November 16th, 1910.]

Sir G. F. Hampson some time ago sent me a col-
lection of African Striphnopterygidae and Lasiocampidae
for identification. Among the species contained in the
collection the following seem to be new to science.
Figures of the Lasiocampidae will be published in my
revision of the forms of that group occurring in the
African region. I have to thank Sir G. F. Hampson
for the figures of the Striphnopterygidae here published.

Family STRIPHNOPTERYGIDAE.

Cyrtojana, nov. gen.

Proboscis aborted. Palpi porrect, hardly reaching beyond the
frons, compressed, broadly fringed beneath with hairs, last joint
moderately long, obtuse. Antennae reaching well beyond the apex
of the cell, broadly bipectinate in the male. Fore tibiae unarmed,
hind tibiae with apical spurs only. Abdomen of male reaching a
little beyond tornus of hindwing. Wings broad, with the termen
strongly and evenly arched ; costa of forewing straight, of hindwing
slightly curved. Forewing with vein 3 from well before angle of
cell, 4 from near angle of cell ; lower discocellular long and strongly
angled near its upper end ; veins 5 a